Features of the Zemstvo Taxation in the Great Russian and Foreign Provinces of Russia in the Second Half of the 19th сentury

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-406
Author(s):  
Pavel N. Aleshin
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Income Taxation ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Land Taxation ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
State Taxes ◽  
The Russian Empire

Introduction. The introduction of the bodies of zemstvo self-government in the Russian Empire led to the need to form the system of zemstvo budgets with their own income items, often falling on the same objects of taxation as state taxes. Most of the income came from taxation of land (state, private and peasant). In addition, the items of income were receipts from the taxation of real estate, trade and industrial enterprises, trade documents, etc. The zemstvo extended not only to Great Russian provinces but also to foreign ones, in so doing the functions of zemstvo had their own characteristics, since it was necessary to take into account ethnic and religious characteristics in provinces with a predominance of the non-Russian population. The purpose of the article is to clarify the comparison of the main sources of income of the zemstvo budget in ethnically different regions of the Russian Empire. Materials and Methods. The solution of research problems was provided by a complex of complementary theoretical (analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization) and empirical (study and generalization of published and archival sources, hermeneutic) methods. Results. A comparative analysis of the principles and objects of taxation between the provinces of these groups (Kursk and Ufa) showed the similarity of approaches and priority of land taxation as the simplest and covering most of the payers. Discussion and Conclusions. The principles of forming zemstvo budgets throughout the Empire were unchanged, focused on the property approach of taxation, which was rather archaic due to the introduction of income taxation in the advanced countries, as the fairer one, while in Russia the main burden of taxation still fell on the shoulders of the peasantry, and led to the deficit of the zemstvo treasury. This brings the problem of forming zemstvo budgets to a further level of research into social, political and economic history.

Police Department and Slavophil Political Discourse

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Lyubov V. Ulyanova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article analyzes the political discourse of the officials of the main political surveillance structure, – the Police Department, – in the period of 1880s (organization of the Department) and until October, 1905, when the Western-type Constitution project finally prevailed. The comparative analysis of the conceptual instruments (“Constitutionalists”, “Oppositionists”, “Radicals”, “Liberals”) typically used in the Police Department allows one to come o the conclusion that the leaders of the Russian empire political police did not follow the “reactionary and protective” discourse, did not share its postulates, but preferred the moderate-liberal-conservative path of political development. Along with that, the Police Department also demonstrated loyal attitude to zemsky administration and zemsky figures, covert criticism of “bureaucratic mediastinum”, the tendency to come to an agreement with public figures through personal negotiations, intentional omittance of reactionary and protective repressive measures in preserving autocracy. All this allows to come to the conclusion that the officials of the Police Department shares Slavophil public and political doctrine.

scholarly journals A special meeting as an institution of emergency management of the russian empire during the First World war

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
V. V. Sinichenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Management Functions ◽  
State Defense ◽  
The Military ◽  
Special Meeting

The article examines the issue of the effectiveness of the work of the Special meeting for combining measures to provide the active army with items of combat and material supplies, headed by the Minister of War. It is noted that the Special Meeting, which appeared on May 13, 1915, received extraordinary powers to carry out the economic mobilization of the entire national economy of the Russian Empire. These powers were legally formalized on August 17, 1915. From that moment in 1915, a Special meeting for the discussion and unification of measures for the defense of the state, for the provision of fuel for communication lines, state and public institutions and enterprises working for the purposes of state defense, for the food business and transportation of fuel and food and military cargo. This body, created in wartime conditions, was entrusted with extraordinary powers to manage state, public institutions and enterprises. The chairman of this meeting was the Minister of War, appointed directly by the emperor. It was he who could form commissions and subcommissions that dealt with both the procurement of weapons, equipment and equipment abroad, and directly with the implementation of a general domestic economic policy in the state for the development of certain branches of industrial and agricultural production. However, as the materials show, the transfer of management functions to the state apparatus and the entire mobilized economy of the country into the hands of the military department led to distortions in the development of the country’s national economy. Primary attention was paid to industrial enterprises working for the purposes of state defense, while the organization of food supply and transport support in the Russian Empire, despite the initiatives of the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Trade and Industry, the All-Russian Zemstvo Union, which had a representative in a Special Meeting, did not found due support and attention from the Chairperson of the Special Meeting.

scholarly journals Agrarian reforms of Russia at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries in the coverage of economists of the XX century

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
I. K. Shcherbakova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Agrarian Reforms ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Different Parts

The article analyses the features of the development of agriculture in Russia at the end of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century. The paper studies and considers attempts to solve the agrarian issue in the specified period. The study considers the course and results of the reform of 1861, as well as economic reforms of the beginning of the 20th century. The author gives an assessment of these reforms, as well as the situation of the peasantry made by the leading economists of that time: N.D. Kondrat'ev, S.L. Maslov, A.V. Peshekhonov, A.V. Chayanov, and also analyses the measures aimed at alleviating the situation of the peasantry and solving the agrarian problems of that period. The research paper also presents a comparative analysis of the consequences of the 1861 reform, its impact on the solution of the agrarian issue in different parts of the Russian Empire, in particular in Poland after the Polish Uprising of 1863.

scholarly journals TAX AUTHORITIES IN DNIPRO-REGION UKRAINE DURING THE POST-REFORM PERIOD: CURRENT UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
A. Istomina
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The liberal reforms carried out in the Russian Empire during the 1860's and 1870's markedly affected the financial sector of a gigantic country. They also had their peculiarities on the territory of the provinces inhabited by Ukrainians. Especially significant was the reformation of the tax service, which became more modern and copied the principles and methods of their work from similar structures of Western European states. In the middle of the nineteenth century іn the Dnieper Ukraine there was virtually no special tax authority. These functions were carried out by a number of government institutions, and the state-owned chambers carried out the coordination of their activities at the local provincial level. After the defeat of the Russian Empire in the Crimean War, its government was forced to carry out a series of systemic reforms. One of the directions of the reformation of the Romanov Empire was the reorganization of the sphere of public finances, in particular, of financial management and financial control. Over the past decades, Ukrainian historical science has paid special attention to the functioning of the tax authorities of the empire on the lands of modern Ukraine. In view of this, the article analyzes the contemporary Ukrainian historiography of the question of the functioning of the tax authorities of the Russian Empire in the Dnieper Ukraine in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The main domestic researches of the activities of those power institutions that performed the functions of tax control in the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire were considered. Particular attention is paid to the works, which highlighted regional features of the work of tax authorities. Perspective directions of further researches of this problem are outlined. The article states that the problems of the activity of tax authorities in the Dnieper Ukraine in the pre-reform period became the subject of the research of many modern Ukrainian scholars. One can even note the fact of formation of scientific schools on the problems of the history of financial policy in Ukraine. This is the Kyiv Historical School of Professor O. Reyent, the Kharkiv School of History and Law of Professor O. Golovko and the Kropyvnytsky School of Economic History of Professor V. Orlyk. However, there remain a number of aspects of the problem that require further in-depth study.

scholarly journals MUTUAL CREDIT SOCIETIES OF NADDNIEPER UKRAINE IN THE CREDIT SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (SECOND HALF OF 19th — EARLY 20th CENTURY)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (39) ◽  
pp. 415-428
Author(s):  
S. Orlyk ◽  
G. Palchevich ◽  
M. Orlyk
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Russian Empire

Abstract. The problem of attracting financial resources for the growth of small and medium-sized businesses was and remains relevant at all stages of the market economy development, which actualizes market research in the historical context. The article provides a historical retrospective to the problem of the mutual credit societies (MCS) creation and activity in 9 Ukrainian governorates, that were part of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. The present paper makes attempt to examine the mechanisms and structure of lending, which was carried out by MCS in general. The objective is to establish the state of MCS’ development in the Ukrainian governorates. The paper also identifies the role of MCS in the lending system that had developed in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries in the Russian Empire. It was used several scientific methods which includes an interdisciplinary approach and are characteristic of research in the economic history field. Various historical sources like published statistical data and archival documents and materials were used. The study has found that the establishment and activity of MCS were focused on providing short-term loans to small and medium-sized businesses, that has been operating in governmental and provincial uyezd towns and cities where the banking system was poorly developed. It was carried out the analysis of development dynamic of quantitative and qualitative indicators of MCS activity. It was determined that the MCS share in the credit system of the Russian Empire constituted 5% in 1914. The study has found that rate of the MCS creating practice was influenced by many factors, which were mainly associated with unsuccessful financial reforms, belated legal regulation and weak episodic state support. The change in the structure of the credit-deposit and other operations provided by MCS has been processed. The range of banking services provided by MCS to their members and other clients was investigated. It has been proved the value of the historical experience of MCS crediting and the possibilities of its use to provide financial support for the development of domestic business are outlined. Keywords: Russian Empire, credit, crediting, loan, bank, mutual credit societies (MCS), banking system. JEL Classification B17, N24 Formulas: 0; fig.: 8; tabl.: 1; bibl.: 35.

scholarly journals Ethnological aspects of the history of the legislation of the Russian Empire regarding Jews (1762–1818)

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Irina Shikhova ◽  
◽  
Iulii Palihovici ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
State Taxes ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right

The article for the first time in Romanian examines the Jewish ethnological aspect of the history of law in the Russian Empire. The authors, using specific primary material of legislative acts, as well as other historical sources, investigate the history of the appearance of Jews within the borders of the Russian Empire, the history of the creation and functioning of the Jewish Pale of Settlement and the evolution of the official attitude towards them. The authors reveal three fundamental positions on which the entire policy of the Russian Empire regarding the Jews was built: Jews within the Russian Empire have the right to settle only in certain regions; they are attached to the kahals (later – Jewish societies), which are collectively responsible to the state; taxes from Jews are higher than from other citizens of the empire, regardless of their economic status. The particular study is devoted to the short period of liberalization in the first years of the reign of Alexander I, whose "Polojenie o evreiah" at the declarative level gave Jews almost equal rights with the rest of the citizens of the Empire and encouraged them to cultural and economic integration.. The research focuses as well on the regional aspect: history, population, territories of the modern Republic of Moldova and Romania. The chronological framework of this article is from the beginning of the reign of Catherine the Great (1762) to the creation of the Bessarabian region (1818). In the future the study will continue historically, until the collapse of the Russian Empire and the abolition of the Pale of Settlement

Subjects of Austria-Hungary in Western Siberia and Turkestan in the early twentieth century (1900–1917)

Rusin ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 135-153
Author(s):  
Y.K. Omarbayev ◽  
◽  
V.T. Tarakchi ◽  
K.К. Bazarbayev ◽  
Zh.Zh. Kumganbayev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Entrepreneurial Culture ◽  
Hungarian Population ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
European Migration

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Russian Empire played an important role in the processes of European migration. Of particular importance was the migration policy with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Czechs, Rusins, Poles, and Slovaks, who belonged to the Austro-Hungarian population, settled mainly in the European part of the Russian Empire and engaged mainly in agriculture, while the Austrians and Germans opened industrial enterprises in the cities of Western Siberia (Governor- Generalship of the Steppes, 1882–1918). In general, there were two reasons why the Austro-Hungarians settled in Western Siberia and Turkestan: some voluntarily resettled and contributed to the economic and social development of the regions, while others had to move here as prisoners of war. However, it should be noted that in both cases, the tsarist administration did not restrict their social and legal status. The article examines the reasons for the stay of Austro-Hungarian subjects in Western Siberia and Turkestan, as well as their impact on the socio-economic situation of these regions. Austro- Hungarian immigrants, as well as immigrants from other European countries, acted as transmitters of new entrepreneurial experience, advanced technologies, and Western entrepreneurial culture. The descendants of immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian lands became part of the multinational composition of Western Siberia and Turkestan.

Neogothic Public and Industrial Buildings in the Russian Empire XIX Century

2014 ◽  
Vol 1065-1069 ◽  
pp. 2669-2673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Yamshanov ◽  
Vasiliy Goryunov ◽  
Vera Murgul ◽  
Nikolay Vatin
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Industrial Buildings ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The publication is devoted to development of neogothic architecture in Russia. The little-known facts concerning features of a shaping of architectural forms in neogothic stylistics of the XIX century are considered. The comparative analysis of domestic and foreign monuments of architecture of neogothic style is carried out. Features of development of domestic neogothic public and industrial buildings are accented.

scholarly journals Development of National Procedural Law in the Second Half of the XIX – Early XX Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-164
Author(s):  
Д. В. Слинько ◽  
Л. І. Калєніченко
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Civil Proceedings ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Administrative Proceedings ◽  
Substantive Law

The authors have studied one of the current historical and legal problems concerning the development of procedural law in the Ukrainian lands, which were part of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. Based on the analysis of scientific literature and relevant regulatory material, it has been noted that the beginning of the reform of procedural legislation of the Russian Empire can be considered the introduction of the institution of forensic investigators by the imperial decree in June 1860. Thus, the preliminary investigation was separated from the police, and investigators were part of the staff of the judicial department. The next stage was the judicial reform of 1864. As a result of the reform, the judicial system and procedural law were completely changed. Substantive law was also partially amended under that influence; there was the separation of criminal proceedings from the civil one; procedural norms of administrative justice began to be formed in the Ukrainian lands during that period, and a new branch of knowledge within legal science emerged, which was aimed at searching for the essence and nature of procedural law. The development of procedural law in the Ukrainian lands, which were part of the Austrian and, since 1868, the Austro-Hungarian Empires, was characterized by the obsolescence and imperfection of procedural legislation and its focus on the establishment of imperial positions. At the same time, it is possible to state its certain democracy and succession. It has been concluded that national procedural law during that period was characterized by the preservation and strengthening of certain features of the medieval process (secular nature, rationality, phasing), by the separation of procedural law from the substantive, by the formation of procedural branches of law, by the codification of procedural legislation, by the separation of administrative proceedings from criminal and civil proceedings; the functions and competence of the authorities and their officials were differentiated.

scholarly journals Lepel district gentry at the turn of 18th–19th centuries

2019 ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
S. L. Lougovtsova
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
High Level ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The question of the distribution of the Belarusian gentry in cities, towns and rural settlements is poorly understood in Belarusian historiography. Specific data on the level of mobility of the Belarusian nobility are missing in the scientific literature. This determines the relevance of this study. The aim of the article is to clarify the place of residence of the Lepel district gentry of the Viciebsk province of the Russian Empire at the turn of 18th–19th centuries and to determine their level of mobility. The author of the article on the basis of archival sources comes to the following conclusions. Agriculture was the basis of the gentry’s activities, it identified as the main places of residence of its representatives villages, «okolitsy» and «zastenki» (about 77 % of the gentry of the Lepel district). About 4 % of the gentry of the Lepel district lived in townships. The proportion of gentry in towns was about 3 %. In the landed estates lived about 11 % of the Lepel district gentry. The «okolitsy» met most rarely in Lepel district among the settlements located in the countryside. The gentry changed their place of residence, first of all, in search of more favorable conditions for the lease of land, service in landlord estates, as well as for family reasons. The population of «zastenki», as a rule, did not exceed 20 people. For objective reasons, it was not possible to find out the place of residence of 5 % of the gentry of the district. Szlachta of the Lepel district was distinguished by a high level of its mobility: in the period from 1795 to 1819, at least 24 % of the gentry changed their residence, which seriously hampered the registration of this category of population in the Russian Empire.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document