scholarly journals Foreign Trade of Russia and German States 1815–1837: Analysis of Import and Export Statistic

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
Maria I. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The Political ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
German States ◽  
Detailed Characteristic ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
The Creation

Introduction. Customs transformation was proceeded very actively in Russia and German states after the end of Napoleon Wars because of the essential need of changes in trade organization. Traditionally the researchers of this period are focused on the political aspects of reforms, however, its economical effect stays out of investigation. This article aims to provide a deep analysis of import and export of Russia and German states. The goal is to give a detailed characteristic of main goods and the overview of trade trends in the mentioned period. Methods. The basic methodology for this work is complex comparative analysis of local and foreign statistics sources and classical historical-systematical method. Results. In the study there were identified the main trade goods of export and import: wooden, potash and rye were mostly exported from Russia to German states, silk was the main subject imported from Prussia to Russia. There are also presented the dynamic changes in trade relations during the mentioned period. Discussion and Conclusion. The trade between Russia and German states was stable during the studied period, the creation of German Zollverein positively affected the dynamics of connections development. The results of this research open new perspectives for further investigation of trade connections and relations in German area.

The Political Participation of Alevis: A Comparative Analysis of the Turkish Alevi Opening and the German Islam Conference

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayca Arkilic ◽  
Ayse Ezgi Gurcan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Transnational Advocacy ◽  
Advocacy Networks ◽  
Transnational Advocacy Networks ◽  
German States ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This article focuses on the relationship between Alevis and the Turkish and German states. It does so by examining the Turkish Alevi Opening (2009–2010) and the German Islam Conference (2006–present), two unprecedented official platforms aimed at improving Alevis’ political participation. The study asks why such state-sponsored initiatives came into existence in Turkey and Germany, and why the German Islam Conference has proven more successful from the perspective of Alevis. It argues that even though the diffusion of EU norms and pressure from transnational advocacy networks have increased awareness regarding the Alevi issue, domestic factors have been more salient in the emergence and outcome of these initiatives in both countries.

scholarly journals The Political Participation of Alevis: A Comparative Analysis of the Turkish Alevi Opening and the German Islam Conference

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zekiye Arkilic ◽  
Ayse Ezgi Gurcan ◽  
Zekiye Arkilic
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Transnational Advocacy ◽  
Advocacy Networks ◽  
Transnational Advocacy Networks ◽  
German States ◽  
The Relationship

This article focuses on the relationship between Alevis and the Turkish and German states. It does so by examining the Turkish Alevi Opening (2009–2010) and the German Islam Conference (2006–present), two unprecedented official platforms aimed at improving Alevis’ political participation. The study asks why such state-sponsored initiatives came into existence in Turkey and Germany, and why the German Islam Conference has proven more successful from the perspective of Alevis. It argues that even though the diffusion of EU norms and pressure from transnational advocacy networks have increased awareness regarding the Alevi issue, domestic factors have been more salient in the emergence and outcome of these initiatives in both countries.

Vzorkaři v rámci jabloneckého bižuterního průmyslu v letech 1958–1989

Fontes Nissae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-63
Author(s):  
Kateřina Hrušková ◽  
Kateřina Nora Nováková
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The Political ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Quality Work ◽  
Serial Production ◽  
High Quality Work ◽  
Economic Influences ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Glass Metal

The study contemplates the topic of fashion jewellery design in the period of forty years of existence of the nationalized Jablonec nad Nisou jewellery industry, specifically between 1948–1989. The text introduces important designers and the process of fashion jewellery design in the production companies in the field of jewellery. The authors discuss the political and economic influences on the process of creating new samples and subsequent production. They classify and document in detail the work, sources of inspiration as well as the achievements and awards of specialized jewellery designers. They were behind the creation of an inexhaustible number of new components and thousands of complete samples and final products for the serial production of jewellery made of glass, metal, plastics or wood. Despite many limitations, the creative and high-quality work of these designers at domestic and international presentations was afrequent pride of Czechoslovak industry and, especially in the field of foreign trade, brought considerable profits to Czechoslovakia.

scholarly journals Trade العلاقات التجارية للدولة الصفوية مع الدول الخارجية

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 696
Author(s):  
دارا تؤفيق كاكةامين
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The State ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Import And Export

Trade relations of the Safavid state with foreign countries Trade is one of the most important economic activities, where the consumer gets to life through a point of communication between the producer and the consumer. Trade is divided into internal and external trade, where the internal trader's responsibility is to deliver and provide products and services within the geographical boundaries of the state. Foreign trade is the process of exchanging national economic products outside the country's geographical borders, as well as the transfer of ownership of products and resources to one another through the import and export process. Therefore, trade is the important areas of life, which have become important factors that affected the economy (Iran) in a record period in the Safavid era, which led to the expansion and development of trade relations with neighboring countries abroad, and in order to recognize the importance of this aspect, this research Shows the importance of trade and its impact on political treaties of that era. This research is divided into an introduction with three main sections, the first deals with domestic and foreign trade, while the second section highlights the attention on trade routes, either the third and last section was for the purpose of studying the commercial relations of Safavid with other Nations, which include the (Ottoman, The Portuguese, British, Dutch, French, and Russians).

Assessing the impact of sanctions on russian companies performance

2016 ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Fedorova ◽  
M. Fedotova ◽  
A. Nikolaev
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Processing Chain ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
German Investment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Domestic Companies

The paper presents the estimation of sanctions influence on the results of domestic companies on the basis of spillover effects. It is shown that the strength of sanctions influence is mainly determined by the processing chain in terms of industry foreign trade relations structure. During the whole period under analysis (from 2005 to 2012) the companies’ earnings were influenced mostly by German investment (import, export and horizontal country spillovers are significant). Investment from China also affected national companies during the crisis of 2008-2009. Import-driven (productive) industries suffer from sanction regime that is confirmed by the significance of import and export spillover of FDI from the countries, which introduced the sanctions.

1 Maccabees

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-168
Author(s):  
Doron Mendels
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Identity ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
The Political ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Land Of Israel

The main theme of the book of 1 Maccabees is the war of the Hasmonaean family against the Seleucids and their gradual participation in the political games of the neighboring Hellenistic kings and claimants to kingship, until the declaration of Jewish independence by Simeon and its aftermath. Subthemes are interwoven in the main subject of the book, which play a significant role within the narrative and are closely related to it. They are the conquest of parts of the Land of Israel, the refoundation of the Temple and its renovation, the relationship of the first Hasmonaeans with their neighboring kings and princes as well as with more remote but important states (Sparta and Rome), and various ethical and theological issues that seem to have had a major role in the creation of a new Jewish identity in Palestine. The book’s climax is the Jewish independence in the land of Israel achieved by Simeon; its anticlimax is the death of the latter.

scholarly journals The establishment of German Customs Union: towards the “Customs Union Agreement” of 1833

2020 ◽  
pp. 170-187
Author(s):  
Maria Iliinichna Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
German States ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Regional Projects

This article presents an overview of economic situation and trade relations in Germany during the 1815 – 1820s, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The customs question was especially urgent due to the disparity of territories, and was being resolved in several German states simultaneously. The author examines the Prussian plan of customs union that was implemented in future, as well as the alternative regional projects. For detailed assessment of the indicated projects, analysis is conducted on the flow of import and export of various products on the German territories. This article is founded on the German sources, including maps of German territories and summary statistical tables, which did not previously received wide coverage within the Russian historiography. The topic of establishment of the German Customs Union was in the sidelines for a long time; therefore, this research is relevant for broad audience within the framework of studying the economic history and the history of Germany. The author determines that the period of formation of the German Customs Union was not subjected to comprehensive analysis; the alternative plans of customs unions were not sufficiently covered by the national and foreign historians, despite the extensive source base. The main conclusion consists in description of the actual alternatives to the Prussian plan of customs union, which have not been implemented due to political discrepancies between the members of the South and Middle German unions. Translation of the Customs Union Agreement into the Russian language has not been previously conducted; its provisions would be the subject of the author’s further research.

scholarly journals Foreign trade of Russia and the German states in 1815-1837 in the context of customs reforms

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Maria Iliinichna Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
German States ◽  
Hanseatic League ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sustainable Trade ◽  
Xix Century

The object of this research is the trade relations between Russia and the German states after the Congress of Vienna, established in the conditions of the large-scale customs reforms. Such changes were substantiated by the provisions of the Final Act and the need for renewal of trade systems in accordance with the relevant requirements. The article examines the stages of trade relations prior to the creation of the German Customs Union, which led to fundamental changes in trade situation in the German space. The author also analyzes trade in the initial years of existence of the German Customs Union for assessing its effectiveness and role in foreign trade relations between the German states and Russia. The main conclusion consists in confirmation of the thesis on sustainable trade relations with Prussia as the key trade partner of Russia in the German space. This conclusion was made due to the absence of evidence in the available sources and historiography on trade relations with other German states, except scarce information on the trade with Hanseatic League. After the establishment of the German Customs Union, Prussia is still in the picture of the Russian foreign trade statistics, which testifies to its crucial role in the new union and international disregard of the German Customs Union in the initial years of its existence. The article may be valuable for the audience studying the economic history of Russia and the German states in the first half of the XIX century.

scholarly journals The Political Participation of Alevis: A Comparative Analysis of the Turkish Alevi Opening and the German Islam Conference

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zekiye Arkilic ◽  
Ayse Ezgi Gurcan ◽  
Zekiye Arkilic
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Transnational Advocacy ◽  
Advocacy Networks ◽  
Transnational Advocacy Networks ◽  
German States ◽  
The Relationship

This article focuses on the relationship between Alevis and the Turkish and German states. It does so by examining the Turkish Alevi Opening (2009–2010) and the German Islam Conference (2006–present), two unprecedented official platforms aimed at improving Alevis’ political participation. The study asks why such state-sponsored initiatives came into existence in Turkey and Germany, and why the German Islam Conference has proven more successful from the perspective of Alevis. It argues that even though the diffusion of EU norms and pressure from transnational advocacy networks have increased awareness regarding the Alevi issue, domestic factors have been more salient in the emergence and outcome of these initiatives in both countries.

Police Department and Slavophil Political Discourse

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Lyubov V. Ulyanova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article analyzes the political discourse of the officials of the main political surveillance structure, – the Police Department, – in the period of 1880s (organization of the Department) and until October, 1905, when the Western-type Constitution project finally prevailed. The comparative analysis of the conceptual instruments (“Constitutionalists”, “Oppositionists”, “Radicals”, “Liberals”) typically used in the Police Department allows one to come o the conclusion that the leaders of the Russian empire political police did not follow the “reactionary and protective” discourse, did not share its postulates, but preferred the moderate-liberal-conservative path of political development. Along with that, the Police Department also demonstrated loyal attitude to zemsky administration and zemsky figures, covert criticism of “bureaucratic mediastinum”, the tendency to come to an agreement with public figures through personal negotiations, intentional omittance of reactionary and protective repressive measures in preserving autocracy. All this allows to come to the conclusion that the officials of the Police Department shares Slavophil public and political doctrine.

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