scholarly journals The establishment of German Customs Union: towards the “Customs Union Agreement” of 1833

2020 ◽  
pp. 170-187
Author(s):  
Maria Iliinichna Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
German States ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Regional Projects

This article presents an overview of economic situation and trade relations in Germany during the 1815 – 1820s, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The customs question was especially urgent due to the disparity of territories, and was being resolved in several German states simultaneously. The author examines the Prussian plan of customs union that was implemented in future, as well as the alternative regional projects. For detailed assessment of the indicated projects, analysis is conducted on the flow of import and export of various products on the German territories. This article is founded on the German sources, including maps of German territories and summary statistical tables, which did not previously received wide coverage within the Russian historiography. The topic of establishment of the German Customs Union was in the sidelines for a long time; therefore, this research is relevant for broad audience within the framework of studying the economic history and the history of Germany. The author determines that the period of formation of the German Customs Union was not subjected to comprehensive analysis; the alternative plans of customs unions were not sufficiently covered by the national and foreign historians, despite the extensive source base. The main conclusion consists in description of the actual alternatives to the Prussian plan of customs union, which have not been implemented due to political discrepancies between the members of the South and Middle German unions. Translation of the Customs Union Agreement into the Russian language has not been previously conducted; its provisions would be the subject of the author’s further research.

scholarly journals Foreign trade of Russia and the German states in 1815-1837 in the context of customs reforms

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Maria Iliinichna Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
German States ◽  
Hanseatic League ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sustainable Trade ◽  
Xix Century

The object of this research is the trade relations between Russia and the German states after the Congress of Vienna, established in the conditions of the large-scale customs reforms. Such changes were substantiated by the provisions of the Final Act and the need for renewal of trade systems in accordance with the relevant requirements. The article examines the stages of trade relations prior to the creation of the German Customs Union, which led to fundamental changes in trade situation in the German space. The author also analyzes trade in the initial years of existence of the German Customs Union for assessing its effectiveness and role in foreign trade relations between the German states and Russia. The main conclusion consists in confirmation of the thesis on sustainable trade relations with Prussia as the key trade partner of Russia in the German space. This conclusion was made due to the absence of evidence in the available sources and historiography on trade relations with other German states, except scarce information on the trade with Hanseatic League. After the establishment of the German Customs Union, Prussia is still in the picture of the Russian foreign trade statistics, which testifies to its crucial role in the new union and international disregard of the German Customs Union in the initial years of its existence. The article may be valuable for the audience studying the economic history of Russia and the German states in the first half of the XIX century.

TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF ISRAEL IN THE MIDDLE EAST

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Evgenii V. Palamarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Major Trading Partner ◽  
Economic Interaction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
Israeli Economy

The lack of Russian-language research on the features of the economic development of Israel as an OECD member state underlines the urgent need to identify new trends in the Israeli economy. Not taking into account the existing variety of humanitarian studies, and especially the concentration of studies on the political history of Israel and its modern component, we can recognize a clear lack of work that would cover Israeli economy. Current trends in Israeli trade relations, which have begun to make the mselves clear, require both consideration of effective trade and economic interaction between Israel and Palestine, and identification of the peculiarities of hidden regional trade and economic ties. Israel and Palestine are in close cooperation on the exchange of labor and goods, despite the lack of a political settlement. For Palestine, Israel is a major trading partner, and Palestine plays a key security role for Israel. The second important aspect in covering new trends in the Israeli economy may be the need to study the nascent format of cooperation between Israel and the Middle East. The article explores the specifics of economic relations between Israel and the countries of the Middle East, reveals the growing role of economic relations between Israel and the countries of the region.

Why England and not China and India? Water systems and the history of the Industrial Revolution

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terje Tvedt
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Investment Capital ◽  
System Factor ◽  
Historical Accounts

AbstractGlobal history has centred for a long time on the comparative economic successes and failures of different parts of the world, most often European versus Asian regions. There is general agreement that the balance changed definitively in the latter part of the eighteenth century, when in continental Europe and England a transformation began that revolutionized the power relations of the world and brought an end to the dominance of agrarian civilization. However, there is still widespread debate over why Europe and England industrialized first, rather than Asia. This article will propose an explanation that will shed new light on Europe’s and England’s triumph, by showing that the ‘water system’ factor is a crucial piece missing in existing historical accounts of the Industrial Revolution. It is argued that this great transformation was not only about modernizing elites, investment capital, technological innovation, and unequal trade relations, but that a balanced, inclusive explanation also needs to consider similarities and differences in how countries and regions related to their particular water systems, and in how they could exploit them for transport and the production of power for machines.

Semantics of the Lexeme khram in Language and Text (Based on Russian Orthodox Sermons)

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Karina S. Khosrovyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Russian Linguistic ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
The Russian Language

This article scrutinizes the semantic structure of the lexeme khram (‘church’) in the Russian language. The paper is relevant due to the need to describe and analyse key lexemes in the Russian linguistic worldview. A special place among such units is occupied by religious words, including khram. Russian linguists’ turning to religious vocabulary elucidates the value of these words, which for a long time had been banned for well-known reasons. Currently, religious vocabulary is studied in different aspects: the history of individual words; the development of the semantics of specific lexemes and their functioning in various texts; the linguistic and cultural features of using religiously marked language units; religious concepts playing an important role in shaping the linguistic worldview, etc. In this paper, using the descriptive method and the comparative analysis of lexicographic sources and texts of sermons, the author characterized some peculiarities of the semantics of khram. The research showed that this word’s semantics is not confined to the meanings found in dictionary entries, which are clear and comprehensible to all members of a certain speech community. Noteworthy, linguoculturological information is not included in dictionary definitions. At the same time, a word belonging to the religious sphere is connected with a whole range of religious and cultural meanings. By studying the functioning of the lexeme khram in the texts we can trace the changes in its meanings and semantic content.

scholarly journals On the Prospects and progress in Philosophy

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-211
Author(s):  
G. V. Drach ◽  
E. I. Shashlova
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
French History ◽  
State University ◽  
Intellectual Culture ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Methodological Problems

A detailed assessment of the analysis of methodological problems of the history of philosophy is given, which is essential in A. A. Krotov's book "Philosophy of the history of philosophy in France (the problem of laws in the development of intellectual culture)" (Moscow: Moscow state University Publ., 2018). As one of the features that determine the specificity of this book, it is indicated that this is the first Russian-language generalizing understanding of the history of French philosophy, considered as a phenomenon of intellectual culture of France from the early Modern to the present time. At the same time, the main attention is paid to the identification and analysis in the reviewed book of Krotov of the laws of the development of intellectual culture in France of the considered historical time. And the main result of this analysis is that Krotov manages to show convincingly how the concepts of French philosophers are embedded in the intellectual history of France. Marked by unacceptable for Krotov prevalent today positions the consent with the death of philosophy. As the main advantage of his book under review, it is noted that the French history of philosophy is presented as a conceptual self-assessment carried out by philosophy itself.

scholarly journals Herzegovina in the “Turkish Empire”. The Russian Consul A. N. Kudryavtsev about the life of the region in the 1860s

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-75
Author(s):  
Ksenia V. Melchakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed List ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Ministry ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The present article dwells upon an unpublished essay about the Ottoman province of Herzegovina in the 19th century. The author of this text is a Russian consul in Mostar Alexei N. Kudryavtsev. The essay was written in 1867 and probably should have been included into the book “The Turkish Empire”. There are several evidences about the existence of this book, however it has not been found yet. Kudryavtsev’s essay embraces a wide range of problems of Herzegovina in the 19th century. It deals with the geography, ethnography and statistics, history of the region, as well as provides a general overview of trade, industry and communication routes in Herzegovina in 1866. The text is stored in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and is being published for the first time. Kudryavtsev’s essay tells us about the situation in Herzegovina and its problems. The consul gives a brief description of each area of Herzegovina. The description of trade relations is particularly important. The Consul provides a detailed list of imported and exported goods with an indication of their value. The article might be of interest to researchers focusing on the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the activities of the Russian Foreign Ministry, and on the economic history and ethnography of the Balkan peoples.

scholarly journals Urbanonyms of anthroponymic origin on the map of modern Kharkiv

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Cultural Work ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the functioning of urbanonyms in modern Kharkiv. Research methodology. Methods. The analysis of urbanonyms constitutes a number of methodological problems associated with the difficulties of generalizing and evaluating various data that reveal the internal heterogeneity of urbanonyms as a component of toponymy (urbanonyms). Urbanonym is primarily a linguistic phenomenon. The study is based on the classification of urbanonyms, built on the basis of two principles, morphological and semantic, which is common in linguistics. In the article, the author combines the analysis of urbanonyms and the processes of creating a new name with the study of the linguistic specificity of street names, using linguistic analysis, which involves the identification of a specific language unit, the identification of all its signs. Also, the author of the article used general scientific research methods: analysis and comparison. The scientific novelty of the study. For the first time in Ukrainian linguistics, a linguistic analysis of urbanonyms of anthroponymic origin was carried out, their word-formation specificity and social and cultural factors influencing the functioning of urbanonyms were studied. Conclusions. Kharkiv toponymy is a complex of special models of word formation of different productivity. The most productive way of forming Kharkiv toponyms is morphological. Other ways of formation of Kharkiv toponyms are inefficient. In the toponymy of Kharkiv there are names in the form of an adjective, based on which an anthroponym appears, but not all of them are formed from the names and surnames of people, but from those objects, in due time had in names these names or surnames. The Russian language was a feature of the official Kharkiv toponymy According to the author of the article, some of the names in Ukrainian at different times in the history of Kharkiv rangel from 3% to 8%. In Kharkiv for a long time there were, and some still exist, grammatically incorrect names. The name should always be based on the characteristic feature of the nomination. As evidenced by the facts of the last renaming, carried out in 2015‒2016, according to the requirements of the Law of Ukraine “on condemnation of the Communist and national socialist (Nazi) totalitarian regimes in Ukraine and the prohibition of propaganda of their symbols” in Kharkiv, several hundred inner-city objects were renamed, new names of which are provided with varying degrees of correctness. The results can be used to prepare special courses in regional onomastics, historical studies of local lore and urban studies, as well as in educational and cultural work.

scholarly journals Independent Ireland in Comparative Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Hjortshøj O’Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Full Effect ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Eu

This article surveys independent Ireland’s economic policies and performance. It has three main messages. First, the economic history of post-independence Ireland was not particularly unusual. Very often, things that were happening in Ireland were happening elsewhere as well. Second, for a long time, we were hampered by an excessive dependence on a poorly performing UK economy. And third, EC membership in 1973 and the single market programme of the late 1980s and early 1990s were absolutely crucial for us. Irish independence and European Union (EU) membership have complemented each other, rather than being in conflict: Each was required to give full effect to the other. Irish independence would not have worked as well for us as it did without the EU; and the EU would not have worked as well for us as it did without political independence.

German Foreign Trade Policy Towards the East in the Light of Recent Research

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
Karsten Rudolph
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
German Trade ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia

Robert Mark Spaulding, Osthandel und Ostpolitik. German Foreign Trade Policies in Eastern Europe from Bismarck to Adenauer (Oxford and Providence: Berghahn, 1997), 546 pp., £60, ISBN 1–57181–039–0.Volker R. Berghahn, ed., Quest for Economic Empire. European Strategies of German Big Business in the Twentieth Century (Oxford and Providence: Berghahn, 1996), 224 pp., £35:00 (hb), £16.50 (pb), ISBN 1–57181–027–7.Meung-Hoan Hoh, Westintegration versus Osthandel. Politik und Wirtschaft in den Ost-West-Beziehungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1949–1958, (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1995), ISBN 3–631–49003–8.Friedrich von Heyl, Der innerdeutsche Handel um Eisen- und Stahl, 1945–1972. Deutsch-deutsche Beziehungen im Kalten Krieg. (Cologne: Böhlau, 1997), DM 64, ISBN 3–412–03897–0.Research into the history of foreign trade relations languishes in a grey area between the history of foreign policy and economic history. This is particularly true of German trade relations with eastern Europe during the Cold War, even though this was precisely the time when the topic was the focal point of public interest. Before Chancellor Willy Brandt and Foreign Minister Walter Scheel introduced their New Ostpolitik, the Federal Republic's trade with the East (Osthandel) was one of the most controversial issues in foreign policy. The reasons for this were, in no small measure, historical, closely tied up with the ‘ghost of Rapallo’ and the myth of red trade. The treaty concluded between the German empire and Soviet Russia at the economic conference of Genoa in 1922 created the fatal impression that this was a case of two underdogs in the international community getting together to undermine the status quo established by the Treaty of Versailles. From then on, whenever the ‘ghost of Rapallo’ was invoked what was meant was that Germany could be sure of Soviet support for the implementation of its revisionist claims in the East, and thus have greater room for manoeuvre vis-à-vis the West.

scholarly journals Foreign Trade of Russia and German States 1815–1837: Analysis of Import and Export Statistic

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
Maria I. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The Political ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
German States ◽  
Detailed Characteristic ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
The Creation

Introduction. Customs transformation was proceeded very actively in Russia and German states after the end of Napoleon Wars because of the essential need of changes in trade organization. Traditionally the researchers of this period are focused on the political aspects of reforms, however, its economical effect stays out of investigation. This article aims to provide a deep analysis of import and export of Russia and German states. The goal is to give a detailed characteristic of main goods and the overview of trade trends in the mentioned period. Methods. The basic methodology for this work is complex comparative analysis of local and foreign statistics sources and classical historical-systematical method. Results. In the study there were identified the main trade goods of export and import: wooden, potash and rye were mostly exported from Russia to German states, silk was the main subject imported from Prussia to Russia. There are also presented the dynamic changes in trade relations during the mentioned period. Discussion and Conclusion. The trade between Russia and German states was stable during the studied period, the creation of German Zollverein positively affected the dynamics of connections development. The results of this research open new perspectives for further investigation of trade connections and relations in German area.

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