scholarly journals Tropical orchid mycorrhizae: potential applications in orchid conservation, commercialization, and beyond

Lankesteriana ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Tupapac Otero ◽  
Ana Teresa Mosquera ◽  
Nicola S. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Orchid Conservation ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Pathogenic Interaction ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Orchid Mycorrhizae ◽  
Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Tropical Orchid ◽  
Plant Families

Orchid mycorrhizae are unique interactions in the plant kingdom involving all the orchids and a variety of fungi including Rhizoctonia. Orchids are one of the most charismatic plant families and include at least 20,000 species widely appreciated by specialist growers and scientists. They also include Vanilla, source of one of the most traded spices worldwide. Most mycorrhizal fungi belong to a group of basidiomycetes widely known for their pathogenic interaction with many crop plants including potatoes, rice, and beans. The main application of orchid mycorrhizal fungi is in the propagation of endangered and commercial orchid species, but we have recently documented an alternative use. The fungal symbionts of orchids have the ability to induce resistance to Rhizoctonia in rice plants, which opens new possibilities of biological control agents never previously imagined.

scholarly journals Understanding the distribution of three species of epiphytic orchids in temperate Australian rainforest by investigation of their host and fungal associates

Lankesteriana ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli Gowland ◽  
Ulrike Mathesius ◽  
Mark Clements ◽  
Adrienne Nicotra
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Terrestrial Orchid ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Epiphytic Orchids ◽  
Carbon Transfer ◽  
Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Associates

Understanding the environmental constraints that affect species distributions are critical to the mainte- nance of biodiversity. The abundance of epiphytic organisms, those that grow on another substrate, such as a tree or rock, is a direct consequence of the avail- ability and distribution of these substrates (Ackerman et al. 1989). In the case of epiphytic orchids it is also due to the presence of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF). For an orchid, crucial to its germination and establishment, is its association with an OMF. The OMF provides a carbon source to the developing orchid embryo (Rasmussen 1995). Although recipro- cal carbon transfer has been demonstrated in mature plants of a green, terrestrial, orchid species, Goodyera repens (Cameron et al. 2006), it is generally believed that OMF receive no immediate benefit from their association with orchids. Therefore, it would appear intuitive that orchids would associate with all OMF available within their local environment and that they would actively seek this association. 

scholarly journals Availability of orchid mycorrhizal fungi on roadside trees in a tropical urban landscape

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Izuddin ◽  
Amrita Srivathsan ◽  
Ai Lan Lee ◽  
Tim Wing Yam ◽  
Edward L. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Tree Bark ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Epiphytic Orchids ◽  
Biophysical Factors ◽  
Natural Establishment ◽  
Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi

AbstractUrban expansion threatens biodiversity worldwide, therefore urban spaces need to be amenable to biodiversity conservation. On trees in urban environments, natural colonisation and successful translocation of epiphytic orchids are necessary to enhance urban biodiversity, and depend on the availability of compatible orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF). However, the extent of OMF presence and distribution, as well as niche requirements for the OMF, remain poorly studied. To identify and quantify OMF on urban trees as well as assess their suitability for native epiphytic orchids, we conducted high-throughput sequencing on tree bark and orchid root samples. OMF were detected at 60% of the study sites on 16% of 270 bark samples (from stem, fork, and branch microsites within each tree). OMF presence and richness on bark samples were related to multiple biophysical factors; in general, humus presence and precipitation levels were positively predictive of OMF presence and richness. We found Ceratobasidiaceae- and Serendipitaceae-associated OMF both on bark and within roots. Orchid species also showed differing mycorrhizal specificity. Sites associated with fungal genera Ceratobasidium, Rhizoctonia, and Serendipita were considered suitable habitats for seven orchid species. The results suggest that urban trees support OMF and are therefore suitable for native orchid species; however, OMF availability are largely constrained by biophysical factors. To maximise the likelihood of translocation success and consequent natural establishment, we propose that (micro)sites are screened for compatible OMF prior to any intervention.

scholarly journals Shallow Genome Sequencing for Phylogenomics of Mycorrhizal Fungi from Endangered Orchids

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Unruh ◽  
J. Chris Pires ◽  
Lawrence Zettler ◽  
Luigi Erba ◽  
Igor Grigoriev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
The World ◽  
Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Current Species ◽  
Tulasnella Calospora

ABSTRACTMost plant species form symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi and this relationship is especially important for orchids. Fungi in the genera Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium, and Serendipita are critically important for orchid germination, growth and development. The goals of this study are to understand the phylogenetic relationships of mycorrhizal fungi and to improve the taxonomic resources for these groups. We identified 32 fungal isolates with the internal transcribed spacer region and used shallow genome sequencing to functionally annotate these isolates. We constructed phylogenetic trees from 408 orthologous nuclear genes for 50 taxa representing 14 genera, 11 families, and five orders in Agaricomycotina. While confirming relationships among the orders Cantharellales, Sebacinales, and Auriculariales, our results suggest novel relationships between families in the Cantharellales. Consistent with previous studies, we found the genera Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus of Cerabotasidiaceae to not be monophyletic. Within the monophyletic genus Tulasnella, we found strong phylogenetic signals that suggest a potentially new species and a revision of current species boundaries (e.g. Tulasnella calospora); however it is premature to make taxonomic revisions without further sampling and morphological descriptions. There is low resolution of Serendipita isolates collected. More sampling is needed from areas around the world before making evolutionary-informed changes in taxonomy. Our study adds value to an important living collection of fungi isolated from endangered orchid species, but also informs future investigations of the evolution of orchid mycorrhizal fungi.

scholarly journals Main fungal partners and different levels of specificity of orchid mycorrhizae in the tropical mountain forests of Ecuador

Lankesteriana ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Suárez ◽  
Ingrid Kottke
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Tropical Mountain ◽  
Tropical Mountain Rain Forest ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Orchid Mycorrhizae ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Different Levels

Orchids are a main component of the diversity of vascular plants in Ecuador with approximately 4000 species representing about 5.3% of the orchid species described worldwide. More than a third of these species are endemics. As orchids, in contrast to other plants, depend on mycorrhizal fungi already for seed germination and early seedling establishment, availability of appropriate fungi may strongly influence distribution of orchid populations. It is currently debated if green orchids depend on specific mycobionts or may be equally promoted by a broad spectrum of mycorrhizal fungi, discussion mostly based on data from temperate regions. Here we summarize results obtained from broad scale investigations in the tropical mountain rain forest of Ecuador revealing associations with members of Serendipitaceae (Sebacinales), Tulasnellaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae (Cantharellales), and Atractiellales. Recent molecular data show that these worldwide spread fungal groups have broad ecological implications and are specifically suited as mycorrhizal fungi of green orchids. We found that main fungal partners and different levels of specificity among orchids and their mycobionts in the tropical mountain forests correspond to findings in other biomes despite the large ecological differences. 

Introduction, growth and persistence in situ of orchid mycorrhizal fungi

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope S. Hollick ◽  
Jen A. McComb ◽  
Kingsley W. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
The Third ◽  
Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Germination And Growth

The introduction, growth and persistence of orchid mycorrhizal fungi in situ were studied by using a seed-baiting method. A mycorrhizal fungus from the carousel spider orchid, Caladenia arenicola (Hopper & A.P.Br.), was introduced to sites within an area from which the orchid and fungus were absent, adjacent to a natural population of C. arenicola. In the first growing season, the fungus grew up to 50 cm from its introduction point, usually persisted over the summer drought into the second season and even into the third season, stimulating germination and growth to tuber formation of the seeds in the baits. Watering the inoculated areas significantly increased seed germination. This suggests that it is possible to reintroduce the mycorrhizal fungi either before or together with seeds of orchid species needing re-establishment in an area.

scholarly journals Interactions with mycorrhizal fungi in two closely related hybridizing orchid species

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 322-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Luca ◽  
Francesca Bellusci ◽  
Giuseppe Pellegrino
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Ecological Preferences ◽  
Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract The nuclear ribosomal DNAwas used to identify the orchid mycorrhizal fungi found in roots of Orchis xbivonae and its parental species Orchis anthropophora and Orchis italica. Polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced and identified using the expanded database.We determined that closely related Tulasnellaceae are mycorrhizal in the three orchid taxa, suggesting that the mycorrhizal partner does not impair hybrid survival. This study demonstrates that O. xbivonae displays few differences in comparison with its two parental species in identity of its associated mycorrhizal fungi, it is a short- -term by-product of the hybridizing behavior of common pollinators, and thus it will not easily origin descendents with potential new genetic combinations and/or ecological preferences.

scholarly journals Genome Size Diversity in Rare, Endangered, and Protected Orchids in Poland

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 563
Author(s):  
Monika Rewers ◽  
Iwona Jedrzejczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Rewicz ◽  
Anna Jakubska-Busse
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Species Identification ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Infraspecific Taxon ◽  
2C Dna Content ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Liparis Loeselii ◽  
Identification And Characterization

Orchidaceae is one of the largest and the most widespread plant families with many species threatened with extinction. However, only about 1.5% of orchids’ genome sizes have been known so far. The aim of this study was to estimate the genome size of 15 species and one infraspecific taxon of endangered and protected orchids growing wild in Poland to assess their variability and develop additional criterion useful in orchid species identification and characterization. Flow cytometric genome size estimation revealed that investigated orchid species possessed intermediate, large, and very large genomes. The smallest 2C DNA content possessed Liparis loeselii (14.15 pg), while the largest Cypripedium calceolus (82.10 pg). It was confirmed that the genome size is characteristic to the subfamily. Additionally, for four species Epipactis albensis, Ophrys insectifera, Orchis mascula, Orchis militaris and one infraspecific taxon, Epipactis purpurata f. chlorophylla the 2C DNA content has been estimated for the first time. Genome size estimation by flow cytometry proved to be a useful auxiliary method for quick orchid species identification and characterization.

scholarly journals Orchid Reintroduction Based on Seed Germination-Promoting Mycorrhizal Fungi Derived From Protocorms or Seedlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da-Ke Zhao ◽  
Marc-André Selosse ◽  
Limin Wu ◽  
Yan Luo ◽  
Shi-Cheng Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Practical Procedure ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Ecological Specificity

Orchids are among the most endangered in the plant kingdom. Lack of endosperm in their seeds renders orchids to depend on nutrients provided by orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) for seed germination and seedling formation in the wild. OMF that parasitize in germination seeds is an essential element for orchid seedling formation, which can also help orchid reintroduction. Considering the limitations of the previous orchid reintroduction technology based on seed germination-promoting OMF (sgOMF) sourced from orchid roots, an innovative approach is proposed here in which orchid seeds are directly co-sown with sgOMF carrying ecological specificity from protocorms/seedlings. Based on this principle, an integrative and practical procedure concerning related ecological factors is further raised for re-constructing long-term and self-sustained orchid populations. We believe that this new approach will benefit the reintroduction of endangered orchids in nature.

scholarly journals Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota) of the Vistula Bar

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Błaszkowski ◽  
Iwona Adamska ◽  
Beata Czerniawska
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Soil Mixtures ◽  
Plant Families

The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of the, phylum <i>Glomeromycota</i> associated with plants of maritime sand dunes of the Vistula Bar localed in north-eastern Poland was investigated. The presence of AMF was revealed based on spores isolated from field-collected root-rhizosphere soil mixtures and two-cycle pot trap cultures established with parts of these mixtures. The mixtures came from under five species in four plant families. Spores of AMF occurred in 54.8% of the field samples and belonged to eight species. Additionally, culturing of root-soil mixtures in trap cultures revealed nine species and three undescribed morphotypes carlier not found in the field samples. Considering the number of records of species and morphotypes in the field samples and trap cultures, the fungal species most frequently occurring in dunes of the Vistula Bar is <i>Scutellospora dipurpurescens</i>, followed by <i>Archaeospora trappei, Glomus laccatum</i>, and <i>Scu. armeniaca</i>. The overall average spore abundance in the field samples is low (4.48, range O-3l in 100g dry soil). The ovcrall average species richness determined based on spores from both the field and trap cultures was 2 l and ranged from 0 lo 7 in 100g dry soil. The plant harbouring the highest number of species of AMF was <i>Festuca rubra</i>. Of the maritime dune sites of Poland examined to date, the species composition of AMF of the Vistula Bar is most similar to that of the Słowiński National Park. When the comparisons included 15 maritime dune areas located outside Poland, the highest similarity occurred in the Vistula Bar/Canada comparison.

scholarly journals Specific mycorrhizal associations involving the same fungal taxa in common and threatened Caladenia (Orchidaceae): implications for conservation

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 943-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noushka Reiter ◽  
Ryan D Phillips ◽  
Nigel D Swarts ◽  
Magali Wright ◽  
Gareth Holmes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Orchid Conservation ◽  
Australian Continent

Abstract Background and Aims In orchid conservation, quantifying the specificity of mycorrhizal associations, and establishing which orchid species use the same fungal taxa, is important for sourcing suitable fungi for symbiotic propagation and selecting sites for conservation translocation. For Caladenia subgenus Calonema (Orchidaceae), which contains 58 threatened species, we ask the following questions. (1) How many taxa of Serendipita mycorrhizal fungi do threatened species of Caladenia associate with? (2) Do threatened Caladenia share orchid mycorrhizal fungi with common Caladenia? (3) How geographically widespread are mycorrhizal fungi associated with Caladenia? Methods Fungi were isolated from 127 Caladenia species followed by DNA sequencing of the internal transcibed spacer (ITS) sequence locus. We used a 4.1–6 % sequence divergence cut-off range to delimit Serendipita operational taxonomic units (OTUs). We conducted trials testing the ability of fungal isolates to support germination and plant growth. A total of 597 Serendipita isolates from Caladenia, collected from across the Australian continent, were used to estimate the geographic range of OTUs. Key Results Across the genus, Caladenia associated with ten OTUs of Serendipita (Serendipitaceae) mycorrhizal fungi. Specificity was high, with 19 of the 23 threatened Caladenia species sampled in detail associating solely with OTU A, which supported plants from germination to adulthood. The majority of populations of Caladenia associated with one OTU per site. Fungal sharing was extensive, with 62 of the 79 Caladenia sampled in subgenus Calonema associating with OTU A. Most Serendipita OTUs were geographically widespread. Conclusions Mycorrhizal fungi can be isolated from related common species to propagate threatened Caladenia. Because of high specificity of most Caladenia species, only small numbers of OTUs typically need to be considered for conservation translocation. When selecting translocation sites, the geographic range of the fungi is not a limiting factor, and using related Caladenia species to infer the presence of suitable fungal OTUs may be feasible.

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