scholarly journals Mortality among young Nicaraguan immigrants to Costa Rica: deaths from disease versus injury

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger E. Bonilla ◽  
Juan B. Chavarría
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Census 2000

The aim of this research was to investigate mortality among young Nicaraguan immigrants to Costa Rica (disease versus injury deaths) and compare it with the young native population. The study focused on persons aged 15 to 34 years, due to the relative importance of the injury deaths in this age group. Deaths (numerators) and population data (denominators), which were obtained from the 10th Population and Housing Census 2000, were used to calculate the mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants. The relative risk (RR) results from dividing each set of causal standardized mortality rates. Approximately 66% of deaths among Nicaraguan immigrants are injury deaths versus 57% for the native population. Immigrants have higher relative risks (RR) of mortality than natives for injury deaths (homicides RR=2.00, other accidents RR=1.70, and vehicular accidents RR=1.17). We emphasize that Nicaraguan immigrants have twice the risk of dying from homicide than the native population.

scholarly journals Sex and age differences in COVID-19 mortality in Europe 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Juel Ahrenfeldt ◽  
Martina Otavova ◽  
Kaare Christensen ◽  
Rune Lindahl-Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Sex And Age Differences ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Aim: To examine the magnitude of sex differences in survival from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Europe across age and countries. We hypothesise that men have higher mortality than women at any given age, but that sex differences will decrease with age as only the strongest men survive to older ages.Methods: We used population data from Institut National D’Études Démographiques on cumulative deaths due to COVID-19 from February to June 2020 in 10 European countries: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, The Netherlands, England & Wales, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal. For each country, we calculated cumulative mortality rates stratified by age and sex and corresponding relative risks for men vs. women.Results: The relative risk of dying from COVID-19 was higher for men than for women in almost all age groups in all countries. The overall relative risk ranged from 1.11 (95% CI 1.01-1.23) in Portugal to 1.54 (95% CI 1.49-1.58) in France. In most countries, sex differences increased until ages 60-69 years, but decreased thereafter with the smallest sex difference at ages 80+.Conclusions: Despite variability in data collection and time coverage among countries, we illustrate an overall similar pattern of sex differences in COVID-19 mortality in Europe.

scholarly journals Transport accident mortality in Chile: trends from 2000 to 2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 3711-3718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Otzen ◽  
Antonio Sanhueza ◽  
Carlos Manterola ◽  
Monica Hetz ◽  
Tamara Melnik
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Annual Percentage Change ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Southern Zone ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Transport Accidents

Abstract The aim of this study is to describe the trends of transport accident mortality in Chile from 2000 to 2012 by year, geographic distribution, gender, age group, and type of accident. Population-based study. Data for transport accident mortality in Chile between 2000 and 2012 were used. The crude and adjusted per region transport accident mortality rates were calculated per 100,000 inhabitants. The annual percentage change (APC) of the rates and relative risks (RR) were calculated. The average transport accident mortality rate (TAMR) in Chile (2000-2012) was 12.2. The rates were greater in men (19.7) than in women (4.8), with a RR of 4.1. The rates were higher in the country's southern zone (15.9), increasing in recent years in the southern zone, with a significant positive APC in the northern and central zones. The Maule region had the highest rate (21.1), although Coquimbo was the region with the most significant APC (2.2%). The highest rate (20.3) was verified in the 25-40 age group. The highest rate (14.3) was recorded in 2008. The most frequent type of accident was pedestrian. In general the APC trends of the rates are increasing significantly. This, added to rapid annual automotive growth, will only exacerbate mortality due to transport accidents.

scholarly journals Mother’s age as a risk factor of birth defects

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
N. S. Demikova ◽  
M. А. Podolnaya ◽  
A. S. Lapina
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Mother’S Age

Objective. To analyze the age structure of the mothers of children with birth defects and to assess the age-related risks of chromosomal and non-chromosomal congenital anomalies.Material and methods. The authors analyzed the data from 23 regional registers of birth defects from 2011 to 2018. There were total 5 047 468 births during this period. The authors calculated the incidence and relative risks of chromosomal and non-chromosomal birth defects in different age groups of mothers: under 20, from 20 to 34, from 35 to 39, 40–44, and above 45 years old.Results. The incidence of chromosomal abnormalities significantly increases with the mother’s age. The relative risk (RR) of chromosomal abnormalities in different age groups: 4,67 (95% CI 4,44–4,92) in Group 35-39, 15,00 (95% CI 14,10–15,96) in Group 40–44, and 26,49 (95% CI 21,89–32,07) in Group ≥45 as compared with the main age group of 20–34 years old. The authors also revealed the dependence of the non-chromosomal birth defects on the age of the mother: RR 1,15 (95% CI 1,08–1,23) in Group <20 years, RR 1,18 (95% CI 1,13–1,23) in Group 35–39, RR 1,35 (95% CI 1,24–1,47) in Group 40–44, and RR 2,03 (95% CI 1,47–2,79) in Group ≥ 45 years old.Conclusion. The study demonstrates the dependence of chromosomal and non-chromosomal birth defects on the mother’s age.

scholarly journals Primary malignant brain tumor-related mortality in the Belgrade population

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 565-568
Author(s):  
Tatjana Pekmezovic ◽  
Mirjana Jarebinski ◽  
Darija Kisic ◽  
Milen Pavlovic ◽  
Marina Nikitovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Trend ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
World Population ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Related Mortality

Background. The aim of this investigation was the analysis of primary malignant brain tumors (PMBT)-related mortality in the Belgrade population during the period 1983?2000. Methods. Mortality data (based on death records) for the period observed, as well as population data, were obtained from the unpublished material of the Municipal Institute of Statistics, Belgrade. The data analysis was adjusted to specific and standardized mortality rates and linear trend, using the world population as a standard. Regression coefficient was determined by Fisher?s test. Results. During the period 1983?2000, in the Belgrade population standardized mortality rates from PMBT were 6.29/100 000 (95%CI-confidence interval 5.33?7.24) for males, 4.50/100 000 (95%CI 3.84?5.17) for females, and 5.91/100 000 (95%CI 5.20?6.63) for total population. The age-specific mortality rates increased with age up to the age group 65?74, with the highest value of 21.21/100 000 (95%CI 16.03?26.39), and decreased in persons of 75 and more years of age. Conclusion. Mortality rates from PMBT in Belgrade had slightly increasing tendency in male (5.725+0.0592x, p=0.545), and decreasing tendency in female population (y=4.703-0.0213x, p=0.756), while statistically significant increasing mortality rate was registered only in the age group 65?74 (y=435+1.7707x, p=0.0001).

scholarly journals Evaluating the Prevalence and Incidence of Bronchiectasis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in South Korea Using the Nationwide Population Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 9029
Author(s):  
Da-In Park ◽  
Sungchan Kang ◽  
Seunghye Choi
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Data ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Although the prevalence and incidence of bronchiectasis are rising worldwide, basic epidemiologic data have not been reported in Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate epidemiological characteristics of bronchiectasis and NTM (nontuberculous mycobacteria) pulmonary diseases in Korea using the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) data. The relative risks of prevalence and incidence after adjusting for demographic characteristics were evaluated by multivariate Poisson regression. The result of this study showed the prevalence and incidence rates of bronchiectasis and NTM to be epidemiologically similar to each other with a few slight differences, while the prevalence rate of bronchiectasis was not significantly different by gender, and its incidence rate was significantly lower in women than in men. Both the prevalence and incidence of NTM were significantly higher in women than in men. Both the prevalence and incidence rates of bronchiectasis and NTM were significantly lower in the age group below 40–49 years, and significantly higher in the age groups thereafter. As there were gender differences of bronchiectasis and NTM, gender-sensitive risk management should be available. In addition, since both bronchiectasis and NTM increase in prevalence and incidence after the age of 40–49, early detection and intervention strategies targeting the appropriate age group are needed.

Trends in mortality from lupus in Spain from 1980 to 2018

Lupus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (13) ◽  
pp. 1719-1726
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Hernández-Rodríguez ◽  
Antonio Jose Durán-Romero ◽  
Alejandro Muñoz-Jiménez ◽  
Julian Conejo-Mir ◽  
Jose Juan Pereyra-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
National Statistics

Background Recent studies suggest that Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) mortality rates in Spain are decreasing. However, SLE mortality in Spain has been poorly studied. The purpose of study is to assess the temporal trends of mortality rates in the Spanish population with SLE from 1980 to 2018. Methods Death records and mid-year population data were collected from the National Statistics Institute. Age-standardized mortality rates were calculated for overall population and for each sex and age group. Significant changes in mortality trends were identified by Joinpoint regressions. Also, an Age-period-cohort (APC) and Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL) analysis was carried out to know the burden of SLE disease. Results The overall SLE mortality rates in Spain has experimented an increased through the last 39 years. Mortality rates from the period 1980–1984 was 0.83 per 1.000.000 inhabitants, reaching the value to 1.77 cases per 1.000.000 from the period 2014–2018. A decreasing trend has been observed since 1999. Conclusions SLE mortality rate has increased in Spain between 1980 and 1999, with a sustained decrease up to our days.

Future Costs of Long-term Care in Japan and Sweden

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mårten Lagergren ◽  
Noriko Kurube ◽  
Yasuhiko Saito
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Term Care ◽  
And Gender

Population aging is expected to increase long-term care (LTC) costs in both Japan and Sweden. This study projected LTC costs for 2010 through 2040 for different assumptions of population change, LTC need by age group and gender, and LTC provided per level of need and cost in Japan and Sweden. Population data were taken from the official national forecasts. Needs projections were based on epidemiological data from the Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging and the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions. Data on LTC provision by need and cost were taken from nine Japanese municipalities collected by assessments in the LTC insurance system and from surveys in eight Swedish municipalities. Total initial costs were calibrated to official national figures. Two projections based on two different scenarios were made for each country from 2010 to 2040. The first scenario assumed a constant level of need for LTC by age group and gender, and the other assumed a continuation of the present LTC need trends until 2025. For Japan, this resulted in a projected cost increase of 93% for the one and 80% for the other; for Sweden it was 52% and 24%, respectively. The results reflected differences in population aging and health development.

scholarly journals Conditional and marginal relative risk parameters for a class of recursive regression graph models

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 3466-3486
Author(s):  
Monia Lupparelli
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Binary Data ◽  
Oral Morphine ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Morphine Administration ◽  
Gaussian Case ◽  
Regression Graph ◽  
Risk Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

In linear regression modelling, the distortion of effects after marginalizing over variables of the conditioning set has been widely studied in several contexts. For Gaussian variables, the relationship between marginal and partial regression coefficients is well established and the issue is often addressed as a result of W. G. Cochran. Possible generalizations beyond the linear Gaussian case have been developed, nevertheless the case of discrete variables is still challenging, in particular in medical and social science settings. A multivariate regression framework is proposed for binary data with regression coefficients given by the logarithm of relative risks, and a multivariate Relative Risk formula is derived to define the relationship between marginal and conditional relative risks. The method is illustrated through the analysis of the morphine data in order to assess the effect of preoperative oral morphine administration on the postoperative pain relief.

scholarly journals Obesity contributes toward hypertension in young and older adult

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianty Pradono ◽  
Sintawati Sintawati
Keyword(s):  
Central Obesity ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
General Obesity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

Background<br />Obesity and hypertension are independent risk factors in the increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases. The proportion of obesity in Indonesia has increased in the last 5 years according to the National Health Survey. The purpose of this research was to obtain the contribution of obesity toward hypertension in the age group of 18 years and above.<br /><br />Methods<br />An observational study of cross-sectional design was conducted using the National Basic Health Research 2013 population data. The total sample of subjects was 2,741,297 from 33 provinces in Indonesia. Data were collected through interviews, blood pressure measurement, and anthropometry. Analysis of categorical data was by means of the chi-square statistical test, followed by calculation of the attributable fraction in the population, and analysis of factors influencing the impact fraction.<br /><br />Results<br />The prevalence of general obesity (BMI&gt;25 kg/m2) was 31.5% in males and 48.0% in females, while central obesity was 20.9% in males and 42.5% in females. In females with general obesity the risk of hypertension was 1.84 (95% CI: 1.82-1.86) times higher than in those with normal BMI. If general obesity and central obesity can be reduced, the prevalence of hypertension may be reduced by 2.9% in males and by 12.2% in females.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />The prevalence of hypertension in the age group of 18 years or more can be reduced by 2.9% in males and by 12.2% in females, by overcoming the contribution of obesity. Therefore efforts should be geared towards promoting healthy eating habits and maintaining a healthy weight through health education.

scholarly journals Explained and Unexplained Ischemic Heart Disease Risk after Renal Transplantation

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1735-1743 ◽  
Author(s):  
BERTRAM L. KASISKE ◽  
HARINI A. CHAKKERA ◽  
JOSEPH ROEL
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Renal Transplantation ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Renal Transplant ◽  
Renal Transplant Recipients ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Calcium Channel Antagonists ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

Abstract. Whether the high incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) among renal transplant patients can be attributed to the same risk factors that have been identified in the general population is unclear. The risk for major IHD events occurring >1 yr after transplantation among 1124 transplant recipients was estimated by using the risk calculated from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). The FHS risk predicted IHD (relative risk, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 1.40; P < 0.001); however, the FHS risk tended to underestimate the risk of IHD for renal transplant recipients. This was largely attributable to increased risks associated with diabetes mellitus and, to a lesser extent, age and cigarette smoking for renal transplant recipients. For men, the relative risks for diabetes mellitus were 2.78 (1.73 to 4.49) and 1.53 for the transplant recipient and FHS populations, respectively; the relative risks for age (in years) were 1.06 (1.04 to 1.08) and 1.05, respectively, and those for smoking were 1.95 (1.20 to 3.19) and 1.69, respectively. For women, the relative risks for diabetes mellitus were 5.40 (2.73 to 10.66) and 1.82, respectively. There was a tendency for the risk associated with cholesterol levels to be higher for transplant recipients, compared with the FHS population, but the risks associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and BP appeared to be comparable. Independent of these and other risk factors, the adjusted risk of IHD for the transplant recipient population has decreased. Compared with the era before 1986, transplantation between 1986 and 1992 was associated with a lower relative risk of 0.60 (0.39 to 0.92); transplantation after 1992 was associated with an even lower relative risk of 0.27 (0.11 to 0.63) for IHD. Of concern was the fact that dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists were associated with an increased risk for IHD (relative risk, 2.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.24 to 4.12; P = 0.008), and this association was independent of other antihypertensive agents and risk factors. Therefore, although the FHS risk predicts IHD after renal transplantation, it tends to underestimate the risks, especially the risk associated with diabetes mellitus. The unexpected finding that dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists were associated with an increased IHD risk merits further evaluation.

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