scholarly journals The European Union post COVID-19: Preserving innovation's cutting edge and fostering social cohesion

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (S1) ◽  
pp. 141-163
Keyword(s):  
Social Performance ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
New Wave ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Strong Trend ◽  
Macroeconomic Imbalances ◽  
Crisis Recovery ◽  
Institutional Innovations ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Despite a long period of post-crisis recovery, the COVID crisis caught the EU in a precarious state. The policy and institutional innovations during the financial crisis tempered the macroeconomic imbalances that had caused the crisis. Nevertheless, the EU was left with a strong trend of divergence in economic and social performance because of the lack of sufficiently strong reforms at EU and national levels. But the lessons of the previous crisis were learned. This time around, the EU-level policy and institutional innovations were decisive. The fiscal capacities of the hard-hit countries were strengthened quickly. Green and digital transformation will require a major new wave of innovation in the corporate sector in the EU. This, in turn, critically hinges on improving the quality of public and private institutions and advancing with the implementation of major reforms at the EU level, such as the digital single market or Capital Market Union. Implementing these reforms fully, and preventing later reversals is a key to stemming the trend of economic and social divergence, thus strengthening the coherence of the EU.

Targeting the Digital Agenda for Europe: a new approach for estimating ICT R&D expenditures

Info ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juraj Stančík
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Labour Costs ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
The Eu

Purpose – The main goal of this paper is to create a methodology for estimating public research and development (R&D) expenditures on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the European Union (EU). The study further applies this methodology on business expenditures on R&D (BERD) data across all sectors and estimate ICT BERD within each of them. Then the study assesses the evolution of these expenditures in the context of the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) and its specific target to double them by 2020. Design/methodology/approach – The study assumes that the share of public ICT R&D expenditures in total public R&D expenditures is similar to the share of ICT R&D labour costs. The study bases its estimation on government budget appropriations or outlays on R&D (GBAORD). Findings – EU public ICT R&D expenditures grew steadily over the period 2004-2010 and in 2010 reached 5.9 billion. The study also estimates that the total EU ICT BERD in 2010 amounted to 15.8 billion. Regarding the DAE target about ICT R&D expenditures, the study shows that, in both public and private, the EU drops behind. Research limitations/implications – The study estimates that substantial ICT BERD can be found also in non-ICT sectors. Practical implications – The methodology allows for monitoring one of the DAE targets. Originality/value – The methodology currently represents the only way for measuring public ICT R&D expenditures in the EU.

Regulating Medical Devices in the European Union

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Mahalatchimy
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
European Regulatory ◽  
Notified Body ◽  
Private Actors ◽  
Intended Use ◽  
The Eu

This chapter addresses the regulation of medical devices in the European Union. The overall goals of the European regulatory framework for medical devices are the same as the goals of the framework for medicines. It aims to protect public health by ensuring that medical devices are of good quality and safe for their intended use. However, the regulation of medical devices in Europe is very different from the regulation of medicines in two regards. First, unlike medicines, there is no pre-market authorisation by a regulatory authority for medical devices to lawfully enter the EU market. Second, unlike in the United States where the Food and Drug Administration is the primary regulator of devices throughout the nation, the European Union does not have a single regulator of medical devices. Instead, several organisations may be involved, and mainly a notified body in specific cases. The chapter then explains what constitutes a medical device in the EU and how devices are classified according to their level of risk in the EU. It then discusses how medical devices reach the market, how their risks are managed all along their lifecycle, and what kinds of incentives are provided for innovation and competition. The chapter also analyses the balance between public and private actors in the regulation of medical devices. It then concludes with case studies of innovative medical technologies that have challenged the traditional European regulatory scheme and that have led to many revisions in the 2017 device regulations.

Networks in EU Multi-level Governance: Concepts and Contributions

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja A. Börzel ◽  
Karen Heard-Lauréote
Keyword(s):  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Added Value ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Quality Of Governance ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Private Actors ◽  
The Eu

AbstractWhile there is broad scholarly agreement that policy-making in the European Union (EU) involves a multitude of public and private actors at different levels of government, there is less agreement whether the EU should be conceptualized as a form of governancebynetworks or governanceinnetworks. This article first examines different concepts of networks. It then sets out multiple functions of networks within the EU policy process. Particular attention is paid to the extent to which networks may provide added value to European integration and improve the quality of governance by effectively solving common problems and helping to address the democratic deficit or whether, by acting as mechanisms of exclusion rather than inclusion, they actually contribute to the EU's legitimacy deficit. Since networks can enhance governance quality as well as undermine its democratic credentials, a balance sheet shows both positive and negative consequences.

Investment Development Path in the European Union in the Context of Financial Crisis

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Cătălin Voica ◽  
Panait Mirela
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Development Path ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Crisis Recovery ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
The Eu

Since the start of foreign direct investment (FDI) studies, scholars asked themselves what drives companies to invest abroad, what incentives are needed to start the flow of FDI to one destination country and how is the flow changing as that countries development is more and more advanced. The academic community launched the hypothesis that the level of development of one country influences the flow of FDI, also known as the investment development path theory. This article is a case study of EU member states as the EU is one of the most advanced forms of cooperation between countries in the world and the flow of FDI has a great impact on its development. The authors follow the evolution of FDI since the year 2000, including the effects of the financial crisis on the flows of FDI, and their post-crisis recovery, and the correlation of the net output investment per capita of FDI with the GDP per capita levels.

scholarly journals EU Technology Platforms as a Tool to Ensure the Transport Infrastructure Competitiveness

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-30
Author(s):  
Olena Sushchenko ◽  
◽  
Volodymyr Yermachenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Area ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Technology Platforms ◽  
European Experience ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
The Eu

The article describes the capabilities and features of the European Union technology platforms using in ensuring the Ukraine's transport infrastructure competitiveness. The purpose of the article is to study and systematize the European experience in the functioning of EU technology platforms and identify areas for their use to ensure the Ukraine's transport infrastructure competitiveness. The functioning of technology platforms makes it possible to ensure the coordinated use of public and private resources for research activities in various industries, including in the field of transport and transport infrastructure. European technology platforms define the thematic areas within which the EU's science and technology priorities are formulated. Their goal is to promote the creation of a European Research Area by focusing the researchers’ efforts at both European and national levels. The most important goal of the technology platforms creating is the innovations and science-intensive technologies development of higher technological mode. EU technology platforms have significant resource, scientific, and technical potential, the use of which will significantly increase the transport industry and transport infrastructure competitiveness level. The expediency of the EU technological platforms using as a current tool for the economy sectors and industries innovative development is grounded. The components and main tasks of the technology platforms functioning are determined; a standard algorithm of the technology platforms formation and operation is presented. The three-phase process of the EU technology platforms activity is presented. The possibilities of ensuring and increasing the transport infrastructure competitiveness by using the EU technology platforms' resource and communication potential are shown.

scholarly journals Challenges, Cooperation and Paradoxes in the Coca Cocaine Complex

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Mariá De Los Ángeles Lasa
Keyword(s):  
Social Institutions ◽  
The United States ◽  
South American ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
American States ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Eu

The coca-cocaine complex in South America is one of the most serious threats to the region’s political, economic and social institutions. It has infected the public and private sectors with the virus of corruption and violence, and it has brought about the intervention of extra-regional actors that have contributed to worsening the situation. In the fight against this threat since the 1970s, South American countries have had the support of the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) which, these being the world’s largest consumers of cocaine in the world, has become the source of a vicious paradox: the challenges for South American states arise not only from the coca-cocaine complex itself, but also from the cooperation of those world superpowers in the fight against it. This paper analyses both the cooperation among drug actors –an issue that has historically been overlooked–, and the previously mentioned paradox in the case of South American states and the EU.

scholarly journals Financial Aspects of the European Green Deal

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
M. Strezhneva
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Eu

The climate policy of the European Union became the key priority for the European Commission, headed by Ursula von der Leyen. This article analyses both its internal and external dimensions, while concentrating on the finances of the European Green Deal, the multiyear strategy for the EU socio-economic development. The methods are demonstrated which the EC employs to mobilize public and private capital for the realization of the green transit, including the financial instruments designed to assist businesses when investing in clean energy and industry. The notion of ‘sustainable’ investment is specified that Brussels is guided by when working out its financial decisions. The EU taxonomy, a green classification system that translates the EU's climate and environmental objectives into criteria for specific economic activities for investment purposes, is presented. The research reveals how the market and regulatory powers of the EU are brought to bear in rolling out its controversial Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. By means of this transnational taxation Brussels hopes to avoid carbon leakage: the situation that allegedly may occur if European carbon-intensive businesses were to transfer production to other jurisdictions with laxer emission constraints. Yet a lack of flexibility in applying the CBAM is causing concern in many countries of the world, including the USA, Brazil, South Africa and China. In EU-Russia relations in particular, it risks increasing political tensions and/or causing trade retaliation due to low levels of mutual trust. Russia developing energy transition plans of her own, her efforts in this respect are now visibly stimulated by the declared EU intention to externalize its regulatory practices. At the same time, Moscow perceives this externalization as an imposition which is most unwelcome and hurts Russia disproportionally. Presumably, the European Union could put more effort in negotiating and developing this latest European initiative with international partners to win new willing ears for it.

The EU and the Regions; Towards a Three-Tier System or New Modes of Regulation?

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Tömmel
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Structural Funds ◽  
Power Resources ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Tier System ◽  
The Eu

During the last decade, the regions have emerged as ‘new actors’ in European decisionmaking and policy implementation. The new role assumed by regional governments and authorities in the European Union (EU) system has emerged neither by itself nor by global moves towards decentralization, but has been actively triggered by the European Commission. Particularly through its strategy of policymaking in the framework of the Structural Funds, regions and other decentralized actors have been stimulated to play a more active and independent role. For this purpose, the Commission, constrained by a lack of extensive formal powers and competences, has made wide use of informal or underformalized processes and procedures of decisionmaking and policy implementation. These strategies are analyzed with the author's aim of highlighting the most important innovations resulting from the recent reforms of the Structural Funds. The response of the regions to the policy framework set out by the Commission is highlighted through selected examples. On the basis of empirical material, conclusions are drawn with regard to the future development of the EU system as a whole. It is argued that this system will not so much evolve into a fully fledged three-tier system, but rather will be characterized by new modes of regulation which, in the long run, will transform traditional state intervention at all government levels, and by new modes of exercising power which are based on the skillful pooling and sharing of the power resources of many divergent actors, both public and private.

scholarly journals The New European Union Whistleblowing Directive: In Comparison to Indonesia’s Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
József Hajdú ◽  
Rofi Aulia Rahman
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
Internal Whistleblowing ◽  
Roll Back ◽  
The Eu

With the European Union Whistleblowing Directive (2019), the topic of whistleblowing is becoming increasingly important for EU MS’s public and private entities. Whistle-blowers might play a vital role in exposing corruption, fraud and mismanagement of the EU’s supranational norms. The Directive introduced minimum standards for the protection of whistle-blowers and obliges many public and private entities to introduce their own internal whistleblowing channels. The EU also can take some lessons from Indonesia about the practice and obstacle in implementing whistleblowing system. The aim of this article is to introduce the new EU Whistleblowing Directive’s main features and some presumable obstacles for implementation. The hypothesis is that the new Directive might enhance the fairwork-place environment, roll back fraud and corruption, reduce work-related wrongdoing and manage equal treatment and no-discrimination policy including bullying and sexual harassment. However, some theoretical and pragmatic discrepancies will be introduced as well.

scholarly journals SPECIFIC MARKETING COMPLEX IN THE SPHERE OF EU FUNDING IN BULGARIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1637-1643
Author(s):  
Tsanko Stefanov
Keyword(s):  
Program Implementation ◽  
End Users ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Practice ◽  
Programming Period ◽  
Supranational Level ◽  
The Eu

Following the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union a number of new obligations for the country have been arisen but also new opportunities for public and corporate project funding have been opened.The government of the country has developed seven operational programs, operating within the period from 2007 to 2013, through which the public and private sectors were able to benefit from funding various initiatives through European financial instruments. In the current 2014-2020 programming period seven operational programs are active again, their scope being changed in comparison to the previous period on the basis of the performed analyses of the implementation and for greater expediency.As a new and modern phenomenon in the Bulgarian economic practice, the operational programs have been of interest to the researches of a number of Bulgarian scientists. Some of them go beyond their bounds and focus on the overall European integration at the supranational level. Others examine the effect of our national operational programs on the national economy. There are also scientists focusing on the microeconomic effect from the program implementation in relation to individual business units.In spite of the serious scientific interest in the opportunities for EU funding there is not enough work in Bulgaria concerning the relations between the programs and their beneficiaries.Despite some differences between them, the completed operational programs and the active operational programs have similarities in regard to their attitudes to their end users – the beneficiaries. In this regard, we can examine EU funding, channeled through the seven programs, from a marketing aspect.In this paper we will pay attention to a specific product offered to the beneficiaries, then we will consider the price paid for it, we will examine the channels through which this product reaches its end users and will study the communication channels for connection with them.The four elements of the marketing complex related to the EU funding through the operational programs differ significantly from the elements related to traditional products. They are strictly specific and the main purpose of the paper is to demonstrate these differences but also to characterize them.As a subject of the paper, the specific elements of the marketing mix in the sphere of EU funding can be pointed out through the mechanisms of the developed operational programs.The main object of the paper are the active operational programs in the current programming period in Bulgaria as well as the programs of the previous programming period in our country.

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