scholarly journals Edelmetallgegenstände als Quellen zu sozialen Prozessen der Spätawarenzeit (8.–9. Jahrhundert n. Chr.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-452
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Precious Metal ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Metal Artefacts ◽  
The Social

Abstract The present paper analyses the precious metal artefacts, scarcely known in the huge archaeological material of the “late Avar period” (eighth to early ninth centuries AD). Unlike in the previous era the majority of the gold and silver objects of the late Avar period are stray finds; in particular high-quality goldsmith's artefacts are absent in the grave assemblages of the eighth century. The significance of precious metal objects in grave assemblages reached its low ebb around the middle of the late Avar period; afterwards not only new object types appeared but a new grave-horizon emerged comprising precious metal objects. This paper, based on the quality and morphology of the objects, their archaeological contexts as well as their spatial distribution, draws a conclusion concerning the social and cultural changes in the early medieval Carpathian Basin.

The Social Landscape of the Prague Sacramentary: The Prosopography of an Eighth-Century Mass-Book

Traditio ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 41-80
Author(s):  
Carl I. Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Date ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Page Size ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Landscape ◽  
Single Column

The Prague Sacramentary is the only complete example of this important early-medieval liturgical book to survive from eighth-century Bavaria. But, as the name implies, its present home is in the Czech Republic. The manuscript (Praha, Knihovna Metropolitní Kapituli, O. LXXXIII) was acquired in 1776 for the old metropolitan chapter library in Prague from a Czech private library, and nothing certain is known about its earlier location. That volume contains three works: the Sacramentary itself (fols. 1–120) together with an abridged lectionary (121–30), to which an incomplete penitential (131–45) in a different hand was added at an early date, almost certainly before autumn, 792. The page size is 247 × 165 mm (9.75 × 6.5 inches), and the gatherings of the volume vary between three and five sheets with four sheets predominating. The first 84 folios are written in a single column of 21 lines across the entire page, but folios 85–120 are written in two columns also of 21 lines each with marginal bounding lines drawn in an arrangement that is characteristic of Bavarianscriptoriain the Carolingian period. Four folios are now missing from the Sacramentary, three from the lectionary, and two from the penitential.

scholarly journals The significance of the Sun, Moon and celestial bodies to societies in the Carpathian basin during the Bronze Age

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S260) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emília Pásztor
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Folk Tales ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
The Social ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Religious Systems ◽  
The Bronze Age

AbstractCelestial events often exerted a great or even decisive influence on the life of ancient communities. They may provide some of the foundations on which an understanding of the deeper meaning of mythologies, religious systems and even folk tales can be based. These influences are reflected and may be detected in the archaeological material as well. There is good evidence that celestial (especially solar and perhaps lunar) phenomena played a particularly important rôle in the worldview of prehistoric Europe. To reveal the social and ideational significance of concepts relating to the celestial bodies in the prehistory of the Carpathian Basin, complex investigations on orientations of houses and graves, prestige archaeological finds and iconography have been accomplished. The results indicate ideological and/or social changes, which developed into a likely organized ideological system in large part of Central Europe including the Carpathian Basin by the Late Bronze Age. It might also be the first period in prehistory when people became really interested in celestial phenomena.

scholarly journals Possibilities and Limitations of Non-Invasive Analytical Methods in the Examination of Garnet- and Niello-Inlaid Precious Metal Objects – Case Study of Three Polychrome Animal-Style Silver Buckles from the 5th-Century Carpathian Basin

2020 ◽  
Vol XII (1) ◽  
pp. 45-67
Author(s):  
Viktória Mozgai ◽  
◽  
Eszter Horváth ◽  
Bernadett Bajnóczi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Precious Metal ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Copper Sulphide ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Metal Artefacts ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Non Destructive

The use of non-destructive and non-invasive analytical methods is widespread in the archaeometric study of metal objects, particularly in the case of precious metal artefacts, from which sampling is not, or in a limited way, allowed due to their high value. In this study, we highlight the main advantages and limitations of non-destructive analytical methods used on three polychrome animal-style silver buckles from the mid-to-late-5th-century Carpathian Basin. Optical microscopic observations, handheld XRF, SEM-EDX and μ-XRD analyses were performed to determine the chemical composition of the metals and their decoration (gilding, garnet and niello inlays), as well as the microtexture and mineralogical composition of the niello, in order to gain a better understanding of the materials used and reconstruct the manufacturing techniques in detail. The buckles were manufactured from relatively high-quality silver derived from the re-use of gilded silver scrap metal and intentionally alloyed with brass or leaded brass. The presence of mercury indicated the use of fire gilding. The niello inlays are composed of mixed silver-copper sulphides, even reaching the composition of pure copper sulphide; this is for the first time, when copper sulphide niello is observed on a silver object. The almandine garnets most probably originate from Southern India and Sri Lanka.

scholarly journals Khazars or "Saltovo-Majaki Culture"? Prejudices about Archaeology and Ethnicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-221
Author(s):  
Bozena Werbart
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common ◽  
Made In

This paper deals with the problems and discussions of the diversified cultural changes and the multicultural aspects of prehistoric societies. Prejudices about archaeology and "ethnicity" are exemplified by the almost 150 year old discussions on the Khazar khaganate, alternately a distinct delimited archaeological culture from the 8th-9th-centuries - the Saltovo-Majaki culture. The interpretation of Khazarian material culture has often been made in terms of "ethnicity", and yet the cultural identity, the multiplicity of the society, etc. , are not translated to the material culture. The economical, social and religious changes are the most significant phenomena within the "Saltovo-Majaki culture” and/or the Khazar khaganate: the transition from nomadism to sedentism, from tribal aristocracy to feudalism, and the transformation to a monotheistic religion. The common denominator for the Khazaria and the Saltovo-Majaki culture is, in my opinion, the pluralism of the social structures and economy, and the multidimensional character of cultural identity. The formation of complexes of archaeological items common to the whole of the steppe and forest/steppe areas, does not allow for connections between a specific archaeological material and a specific "ethnic" group of the past or of modern times.

scholarly journals Hradiště u Mařína (okr. Svitavy) a jeho širší zázemí ve světle kovových artefaktů z 6.–10. století / Hillfort near Mařín (East Bohemia) and its broad hinterland in light of metal artefacts from the 6th to 10th century AD

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-422
Author(s):  
David Vích ◽  
Naďa Profantová ◽  
Roman Křivánek ◽  
Zuzana Jarůšková ◽  
Jan Zavřel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Geophysical Survey ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Metal Detector ◽  
The Past ◽  
Metal Artefacts

The article evaluates the results of systematic metal detector surveys from the borderland between east Bohemia and northwest Moravia over the past fifteen years, supplemented with a geophysical survey of early medieval hillfort near Mařín (Svitavy district). The conducted surveys have produced imports of Byzantine and Carolingian origin (strap ends, loops, spear tip) from the 7th to 9th century, with cast ornaments of the Late Avar type from the 8th century occurring in the greatest numbers. The spatial distribution of early medieval artefacts outside the traditional settlement territory shows ties to defunct roads preserved in the form of sunken lanes.

Re-appraising and Re-classifying: a New Look at the Corpus of Miniature Socketed Axes from Britain

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Alex Bliss
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Object Type ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Extensive Data ◽  
Metal Artefacts ◽  
The Subject

The advent of the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) has added a great deal to our understanding of prehistoric metal artefacts in England and Wales, namely in expanding enormously the corpuses of objects previously thought to be quite scarce. One such artefact type is the miniature socketed 'votive' axe, most of which are found in Wiltshire and Hampshire. As a direct result of developing such recording initiatives, reporting of these artefacts as detector finds from the early 2000s onwards has virtually trebled the number originally published by Paul Robinson in his 1995 analysis. Through extensive data-collection, synthesising examples recorded via the PAS with those from published excavations, the broad aims of this paper (in brief) are as follows: firstly, produce a solid typology for these artefacts; secondly, investigate their spatial distribution across England and Wales. As a more indirect third aim, this paper also seeks to redress the imbalance of focus and academic study specifically applying to Hampshire finds of this object type, which despite producing a significant proportion of the currently known corpus have never been the subject of detailed analysis.

Disability as a social phenomenon

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-38
Author(s):  
Natalia Guseva ◽  
Vitaliy Berdutin
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Consistent Solution ◽  
First Time

At present, the problem of establishing disability is a point at issue in Russia. Despite the fact that medical criteria for disability are being developed very actively, high-quality methods for assessing social hallmarks are still lacking. Since disability is a phenomenon inherent in any society, each state forms a social and economic policy for people with disabilities in accordance with its level of development, priorities and opportunities. We have proposed a three-stage model, which includes a system for the consistent solution of the main tasks aimed at studying the causes and consequences of the problems encountered today in the social protection of citizens with health problems. The article shows why the existing approaches to the determination of disability and rehabilitation programs do not correspond to the current state of Russian society and why a decrease in the rate of persons recognized as disabled for the first time does not indicate an improvement in the health of the population. The authors proposed a number of measures with a view to correcting the situation according to the results of the study.

Jamie Kreiner, The Social Life of Hagiography in the Merovingian Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. xii, 329.

Mediaevistik ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 370-372
Author(s):  
Bernard S. Bachrach
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Narrative Texts ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Plain Text ◽  
The Social

In 1988 Walter Goffart demonstrated conclusively that the authors of early medieval narrative texts had to be taken seriously as people of intellectual substance capable of sustaining sophisticated arguments. Their works, Goffart warns us, were not to be treated, as previously had been the case, as mere naive receptecals of fact and fantasy to be plundered by historians in search of accurate information. In the wake of Goffart’s work, it has become a cliché that text must be treated as text before it is treated as evidence if, in fact, it ever is to be used for the latter purpose. In the generation that has passed since Goffart’s paradigm has taken hold it is rare to find anyone who will read early medieval narrative works, such as those of Gregory of Tours (d. 594), as plain text.

The Roman Retail Revolution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. R. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Roman World ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
Bodies Of Evidence ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University

Tabernae were ubiquitous among all Roman cities, lining the busiest streets and dominating their most crowded intersections, and in numbers not known by any other form of building. That they played a vital role in the operation of the city—indeed in the very definition of urbanization—is a point too often under-appreciated in Roman studies, or at best assumed. The Roman Retail Revolution is a thorough investigation into the social and economic worlds of the Roman shop. With a focus on food and drink outlets, and with a critical analysis of both archaeological material and textual sources, Ellis challenges many of the conventional ideas about the place of retailing in the Roman city. A new framework is forwarded, for example, to understand the motivations behind urban investment in tabernae. Their historical development is also unraveled to identify three major waves—or, revolutions—in the shaping of retail landscapes. Two new bodies of evidence underpin the volume. The first is generated from the University of Cincinnati’s recent archaeological excavations into a Pompeian neighborhood of close to twenty shop-fronts. The second comes from a field survey of the retail landscapes of more than a hundred cities from across the Roman world. The richness of this information, combined with an interdisciplinary approach to the lives of the Roman sub-elite, results in a refreshingly original look at the history of retailing and urbanism in the Roman world.

scholarly journals Lyell, the Geikies and Croll's observations on terrestrial glacial sediments and landforms

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
James ROSE
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Glacial Sediments ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Social And Physical Environment ◽  
Glacial Landforms

ABSTRACT Within the context of the work and achievements of James Croll, this paper reviews the records of direct observations of glacial landforms and sediments made by Charles Lyell, Archibald and James Geikie and James Croll himself, in order to evaluate their contributions to the sciences of glacial geology and Quaternary environmental change. The paper outlines the social and physical environment of Croll's youth and contrasts this with the status and experiences of Lyell and the Geikies. It also outlines the character and role of the ‘Glasgow School’ of geologists, who stimulated Croll's interest into the causes of climate change and directed his focus to the glacial and ‘interglacial’ deposits of central Scotland. Contributions are outlined in chronological order, drawing attention to: (i) Lyell's high-quality observations and interpretations of glacial features in Glen Clova and Strathmore and his subsequent rejection of the glacial theory in favour of processes attributed to floating icebergs; (ii) the significant impact of Archibald Geikie's 1863 paper on the ‘glacial drift of Scotland’, which firmly established the land-ice theory; (iii) the fact that, despite James Croll's inherent dislike of geology and fieldwork, he provided high-quality descriptions and interpretations of the landforms and sediments of central Scotland in order to test his theory of climate change; and (iv) the great communication skills of James Geikie, enhanced by contacts and evidence from around the world. It is concluded that whilst direct observations of glacial landforms and sediments were critical to the long-term development of the study of glaciation, the acceptance of this theory was dependent also upon the skills, personality and status of the Geikies and Croll, who developed and promoted the concepts. Sadly, the subsequent rejection of the land-ice concept by Lyell resulted in the same factors challenging the acceptance of the glacial theory.

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