scholarly journals Inhibitory control in poker: Do experienced non-pathological poker gamblers exhibit better performance than healthy controls on motor, verbal and emotional expression inhibition?

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-362
Author(s):  
G. Challet-Bouju ◽  
E. Hurel ◽  
E. Thiabaud ◽  
J. Leboucher ◽  
M. Leroy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Sentence Completion ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Facial Emg ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Potential Gain ◽  
Poker Experience ◽  
Better Than

AbstractBackground and aimsStrategic games, such as poker, require gamblers to develop several skills to perform better than others and to expect a potential gain. Players must remain as unpredictable and unreadable as possible by inhibiting the expression of their emotions in response to both good and bad poker events. The aim of the present study was to compare several aspects of the inhibition process in experienced poker gamblers and controls to better understand how inhibitory control is involved in poker performance.MethodsThirty experienced non-pathological poker gamblers (EG) and thirty healthy controls with no or limited poker experience (HC) completed 3 cognitive tasks. Each task measured a specific type of inhibition: motor inhibition [Go/No-Go task], verbal inhibition [Hayling Sentence Completion Task] and expressive inhibition [expressive suppression task, which combines subjective, expressive (facial EMG) and physiological (skin conductance, heart interbeat interval, cardiovascular and respiratory activation) measures of emotional experience]. Linear mixed models with random effects were performed.ResultsInhibitory control skills were similar between the two groups, regardless of the form of inhibition tested. The only difference observed in EG was a higher ability to partially suppress the physiological expression of emotion. However, this difference was only present for negative and positive emotional induction and was not maintained for emotional induction related to poker situations.Discussion and conclusionsThe development of specific inhibition skills in experienced poker gamblers was not supported and raises questions about the transferability of poker skills previously discussed in the literature.

scholarly journals PSVIII-26 Gene editing of complex traits

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 259-260
Author(s):  
Ashley Ling ◽  
Romdhane Rekaya
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Potential Gain ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Gene editing (GE) is a form of genetic engineering in which DNA is removed, inserted or replaced. For simple monogenic traits, the technology has been successfully implemented to create heritable modifications in animals and plants. The benefits of these niche applications are undeniable. For quantitative traits the benefits of GE are hard to quantify mainly because these traits are not genetic enough (low to moderate heritability) and their genetic architecture is often complex. Because its impact on the gene pool through the introduction of heritable modifications, the potential gain from GE must be evaluated within reasonable production parameters and in comparison, with available tools used in animal selection. A simulation was performed to compare GE with genomic selection (GS) and QTN-assisted selection (QAS) under four experimental factors: 1) heritability (0.1 or 0.4), 2) number of QTN affecting the trait (1000 or 10000) and their effect distribution (Gamma or uniform); 3) Percentage of selected females (100% or 33%); and 4) fixed or variable number of edited QTNs. Three models GS (M1), GS and GE (M2), and GS and QAS (M3) were implemented and compared. When the QTN effects were sampled from a Gamma distribution, all females were selected, and non-segregating QTNs were replaced, M2 clearly outperformed M1 and M3, with superiority ranging from 19 to 61%. Under the same scenario, M3 was 7 to 23% superior to M1. As the complexity of the genetic model increased (10000 QTN; uniform distribution), only one third of the females were selected, and the number of edited QTNs was fixed, the superiority of M2 was significantly reduced. In fact, M2 was only slightly better than M3 (2 to 6%). In all cases, M2 and M3 were better than M1. These results indicate that under realistic scenarios, GE for complex traits might have only limited advantages.

scholarly journals Decreased inhibitory control after partial sleep deprivation in individuals reporting binge eating: preliminary findings

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9252
Author(s):  
Silvia Cerolini ◽  
Andrea Ballesio ◽  
Fabio Ferlazzo ◽  
Fabio Lucidi ◽  
Caterina Lombardo
Keyword(s):  
Binge Eating ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Backward Inhibition ◽  
Partial Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Impact

Background Poor executive functions are associated with dysregulated eating and greater caloric intake in healthy samples. In parallel, findings suggested that sleep deprivation impairs executive functions. Methods We investigated whether partial sleep deprivation impairs executive functions in individuals reporting binge eating (BE, N = 14) and healthy controls (C, N = 13). Switch cost and backward inhibition were measured using the Task Switching Paradigm after a habitual night of sleep and after a night of partial sleep deprivation. Results Results showed a Night by Group interaction on the backward inhibition. The two groups differed in the habitual night, evidencing higher inhibitory control in BE compared to C. Additionally, after partial sleep deprivation, compared to the habitual night, backward inhibition decreased in BE group. This preliminary study was the first to explore the impact of sleep deprivation on executive functions in participants reporting binge eating and healthy controls, thus highlighting their potential role in influencing eating behavior.

scholarly journals Functional MRI-based study of emotional experience in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: Protocol for an observational case-control study–EMOCRISES study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262216
Author(s):  
Pierre Fauvé ◽  
Louise Tyvaert ◽  
Cyril Husson ◽  
Emmanuelle Hologne ◽  
Xiaoqing Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Post Traumatic

Background Psychogenic non epileptic seizures (PNES) are a frequent, disabling and costly disorder for which there is no consensual caring. They are considered as a dissociative disorder and they share many common characteristics with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Nevertheless, their pathophysiology is still unclear. In this study, we plan to obtain new data comparing functional brain activity of participants suffering from PNES, from PTSD and healthy controls via functional brain MRI during resting state and under emotional visual stimulation. The protocol presented hereunder describes an observational study with no direct treatment implication. Nevertheless, it could lead to a better understanding of PNES and to identifying targets for specialised cares of post-traumatic or dissociative disorders, like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Methods & analysis This is a prospective, single-centre, interventional, non-randomized, open, controlled and exploratory clinical study. It will involve 75 adult French, right-handed women in 3 groups, either suffering from PNES or PTSD, or healthy controls. An informed consent will be signed by each participant. All of them will be given psychiatric tests to assess dissociation and alexithymia, psychopathological profile and history, and emotional recognition. Each participant will undergo a functional brain MRI. We will record anatomical images and five functional imaging sequences including emotional periodic oscillatory stimulation, standard emotional stimulation, Go / No Go task under emotional stimulation, and resting state. Analysis will include a descriptive analysis of all participants and the treatment for functional magnetic resonance imaging images of each sequence. Registration, ethics & dissemination This study was approved the regional Protection of Persons Committee under the reference 16.10.01 and by the French National Medical Security Agency under the reference 2016-A01295-46. The protocol and results will be published in peer-reviewed academic medical journals and disseminated to research teams, databases, specialised media and concerned patients’ organisations.

Emotional Stop Cues Facilitate Inhibitory Control in Schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-293
Author(s):  
Qi Zheng ◽  
Tian-Xiao Yang ◽  
Zheng Ye
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Inhibitory Process ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Effective Interventions

AbstractObjective:Inhibitory control is a key deficit in patients with schizophrenia. This study aims to test whether emotions can facilitate inhibition in patients with schizophrenia when they increase attention to inhibitory process.Method:A total of 36 patients with schizophrenia and 36 healthy controls completed an emotional stop-signal task. The task involved selective responses to “Go” stimuli and stopped response when emotional or neutral stop cues occurred.Results:In all conditions, patients with schizophrenia took longer time to inhibit response compared with healthy controls, indicating an overall impairment in response inhibition. Importantly, patients with schizophrenia and controls acquired similar size of benefit from the negative stop cues, showing as reduced reaction time to negative than neutral stop cues. However, the negative stop cues impaired subsequent Go performance only in patients with schizophrenia, indicating additional cost of the negative stop cues for patients with schizophrenia. In both groups, the positive stop cues did not have any significant influence on response inhibition.Conclusions:These findings provide novel evidence for the benefit of emotional stop cues on inhibitory control in patients with schizophrenia and reveal different after-effects of emotional enhancement effect in patients and healthy populations. The findings may help develop effective interventions for improving inhibitory control in patients with schizophrenia and other clinical populations.

scholarly journals [18F]FDDNP performed better than [18F] Florbetapir to distinguish transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (TTR-CA) patients from healthy controls: an ex vivo study

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Claire Dupont ◽  
Denis Guilloteau ◽  
Rana Ben-Azzouna ◽  
Rudy Bidault ◽  
Vincent Algalarrondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Amyloidosis ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Ex Vivo Study ◽  
Better Than

scholarly journals Abnormal Emotional Processing and Emotional Experience in Patients with Peripheral Facial Nerve Paralysis: An MEG Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Kheirkhah ◽  
Stefan Brodoehl ◽  
Lutz Leistritz ◽  
Theresa Götz ◽  
Philipp Baumbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Facial Nerve Paralysis ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Nerve Paralysis

Abnormal emotional reactions of the brain in patients with facial nerve paralysis have not yet been reported. This study aims to investigate this issue by applying a machine-learning algorithm that discriminates brain emotional activities that belong either to patients with facial nerve paralysis or to healthy controls. Beyond this, we assess an emotion rating task to determine whether there are differences in their experience of emotions. MEG signals of 17 healthy controls and 16 patients with facial nerve paralysis were recorded in response to picture stimuli in three different emotional categories (pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral). The selected machine learning technique in this study was the logistic regression with LASSO regularization. We demonstrated significant classification performances in all three emotional categories. The best classification performance was achieved considering features based on event-related fields in response to the pleasant category, with an accuracy of 0.79 (95% CI (0.70, 0.82)). We also found that patients with facial nerve paralysis rated pleasant stimuli significantly more positively than healthy controls. Our results indicate that the inability to express facial expressions due to peripheral motor paralysis of the face might cause abnormal brain emotional processing and experience of particular emotions.

Use of Matching Method in Measuring Reliability of Individual Clinician's Diagnostic Judgment

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 491-496
Author(s):  
Joseph G. Phelan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Chance Level ◽  
Sentence Completion ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Matching Test ◽  
Completion Test ◽  
Better Than

This study aimed at exploring reliability differences in clinical diagnostic judgments. Twenty clinical psychologists volunteered for an examination of the consistency of their judgmental performance in matching test results and projective protocols against autobiographies. Psychologist-judges matched, at a better than chance level, Rorschach, TAT, and Sentence Completion Test protocols and objective, paper-and-pencil test data for 6 Ss against their complete autobiographies. Judges differed among themselves but individually were consistent. Judges who were superior in matching one kind of test against autobiography were superior in matching all other tests against autobiography. The matching test is a promising tool for measuring the reliability of diagnostic judgment of test analyzers and interpreters. Further research is needed in the use of matching methods in the study of clinical diagnosis.

scholarly journals The Positivity Offset Theory of Anhedonia in Schizophrenia

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory P. Strauss ◽  
Katherine H. Visser ◽  
Bern G. Lee ◽  
James M. Gold
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Stimulus Input ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Approach Behaviors ◽  
Evaluative Space ◽  
Positivity Offset

Prior studies have concluded that schizophrenia patients are not anhedonic because they do not report reduced experience of positive emotion to pleasant stimuli. The current study challenged this view by applying quantitative methods validated in the evaluative space model of emotional experience to test the hypothesis that schizophrenia patients evidence a reduction in the normative “positivity offset” (i.e., the tendency to experience higher levels of positive than negative emotional output when stimulus input is absent or weak). Participants included 76 schizophrenia patients and 60 healthy controls who completed an emotional experience task that required reporting the level of positive emotion, negative emotion, and arousal to photographs. Results indicated that although schizophrenia patients evidenced intact capacity to experience positive emotion at high levels of stimulus input, they displayed a diminished positivity offset. Reductions in the positivity offset may underlie volitional disturbance, limiting approach behaviors toward novel stimuli in neutral environments.

scholarly journals Noisy is better than rare: Comprehenders compromise subject-verb agreement to form more probable linguistic structures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maayan Keshev ◽  
Aya Meltzer-Asscher
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Prior Probability ◽  
Near Neighbor ◽  
Sentence Completion ◽  
Noisy Channel ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Linguistic Structures ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Object Relative

Production and perception errors are common in everyday language use. Recent studies suggest that in order to overcome the flawed speech signal, comprehenders engage in rational noisy-channel processing, which can pull their interpretation towards more probable “near-neighbor” analyses, based on the assumption that an error may have occurred in the transmission of the sentence. We investigate this type of processing using subject/object relative clause ambiguity in Hebrew. In four self-paced reading experiments and a sentence completion experiment, we find that during online processing, readers apply elaborate knowledge regarding the distribution of structures in the language, and that they are willing to compromise subject-verb agreement to refrain from (grammatical but) highly improbable structures. The results suggest that the prior probability of alternative analyses modulates the interpretation of agreement.

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