scholarly journals Causal attributions for success and failure among athletes: Validation of the Croatian version of the revised Causal dimension scale (CDS-II)

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-252
Author(s):  
Rebeka Prosoli ◽  
Benjamin Banai ◽  
Renata Renata ◽  
Marc Lochbaum ◽  
Sydney Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Causal Attributions ◽  
T Test ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Cronbach Alpha ◽  
Alternative Models ◽  
Scalar Invariance ◽  
Causal Dimension

Background and Study Aim. Researchers since the late 1970s have been interested in finding out the reasons attributed to outcomes. To facilitate attribution research in Croatia we translated and validated The Revised Causal Dimension Scale (CDS-II) and examined its invariance when attributing most and least successful competition performances. Materials and methods. To achieve our stated aim, 384 kinesiology students completed the translated CDS-II. To test the latent structure of the questionnaire, we used CFA and tested two alternative models (orthogonal solution and model with correlated latent variables). Additionally, we examined the CDS-II invariance when attributing the most and the least successful competition performance in sport using longitudinal CFA. The reliability was tested using Cronbach alpha coefficients. Lastly, we tested differences in latent means between most and least successful performance using pairwise t-test. Results. Similar to the originally published findings, CFA indicated the CDS-II structure with correlated latent variables had an adequate and better fit than the orthogonal solution in both situations. Furthermore, we confirmed configural, metric and scalar invariance, as well as partial strict invariance since one item’s residuals differed significantly from the others. Cronbach alpha coefficients were adequate across both situations. Lastly, athletes attributed their most successful performances to more internal, stable and controllable reasons than their least successful performances. Conclusions. We confirmed that the Croatian version of the CDS-II has adequate psychometric properties and is therefore suitable for research in sport situations.

Portuguese Version of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Comparison of Latent Models and Other Psychometric Properties in a Sample of Fire Fighters

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Carvalho ◽  
Carolina da Motta ◽  
José Pinto Gouveia
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Portuguese Version ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Arousal Model

<p>The PCL (Weathers et al., 1993) is a useful and widely used measure to assess PTSD symptoms in clinical and research contexts, exhibiting adequate psychometric properties across its several versions and translations (e. g. Carvalho et al., 2015; Wilkins et al., 2011). The current study analyzed the psychometric properties (latent structure, internal consistency, temporal reliability, and convergent validity) of the Portuguese version of the PCL for the DSM-5 (PCL-5, Weathers et al., 2013) in a sample of firefighters. This study also aimed to contribute with empirical data to clarify the best latent structure of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms. Specifically, the DSM-5 four-factor model and other competing models for PTSD symptoms (four-factor Dysphoria model, five-factor Dysphoric Arousal model, six-factor Anhedonia model, six-factor Externalizing Behavior model, and seven-factor Hybrid model) applied to PCL-5 were analyzed and compared in this paper.<br></p>

scholarly journals Predictive learning as a network mechanism for extracting low-dimensional latent space representations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Recanatesi ◽  
Matthew Farrell ◽  
Guillaume Lajoie ◽  
Sophie Deneve ◽  
Mattia Rigotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Semantic Organization ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
Predictive Learning ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Latent Space ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
Sensory Prediction

AbstractArtificial neural networks have recently achieved many successes in solving sequential processing and planning tasks. Their success is often ascribed to the emergence of the task’s low-dimensional latent structure in the network activity – i.e., in the learned neural representations. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that a means for generating representations with easily accessed low-dimensional latent structure, possibly reflecting an underlying semantic organization, is through learning to predict observations about the world. Specifically, we ask whether and when network mechanisms for sensory prediction coincide with those for extracting the underlying latent variables. Using a recurrent neural network model trained to predict a sequence of observations we show that network dynamics exhibit low-dimensional but nonlinearly transformed representations of sensory inputs that map the latent structure of the sensory environment. We quantify these results using nonlinear measures of intrinsic dimensionality and linear decodability of latent variables, and provide mathematical arguments for why such useful predictive representations emerge. We focus throughout on how our results can aid the analysis and interpretation of experimental data.

Perceptions of Causality In Sport: An Application of the Causal Dimension Scale

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward McAuley ◽  
John B. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Causal Attributions ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Table Tennis ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Reliable Measure ◽  
Scale Reliability ◽  
Causal Statement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Causal Dimension

One of the more problematic methodological issues in attributional research has been the accurate classification, by researchers, of causal attributions made by respondents along causal dimensions. Closed-ended and open-ended approaches have been logical but limiting solutions to assessing attributions. Russell (1982) has the Causal Dimension Scale, a measure that allows the respondent to record a causal statement and indicate how he or she perceives that causal attribution in terms of causal dimensions. The present study examined the effects of winning and losing at table-tennis upon causal attributions using the Causal Dimension Scale. Reliability of the measure was assessed in a sport setting and the relationship between respondents' perceptions of attributions in terms of causal dimensions and judges' perception of the same were examined. The Causal Dimension Scale was found to be a reliable measure of how individuals perceive attributions in terms of causal dimensions. Winners' attributions were more internal, stable, and controllable than those of losers but attributions were of an internal, unstable, and controllable nature for both winners and losers.

scholarly journals Portuguese Version of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Comparison of Latent Models and Other Psychometric Analyses

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Carvalho ◽  
Carolina da Motta ◽  
José Pinto Gouveia
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Portuguese Version ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Arousal Model

<p>The PCL (Weathers et al., 1993) is a useful and widely used measure to assess PTSD symptoms in clinical and research contexts, exhibiting adequate psychometric properties across its several versions and translations (e. g. Carvalho et al., 2015; Wilkins et al., 2011). The current study analyzed the psychometric properties (latent structure, internal consistency, temporal reliability, and convergent validity) of the Portuguese version of the PCL for the DSM-5 (PCL-5, Weathers et al., 2013) in a sample of firefighters. This study also aimed to contribute with empirical data to clarify the best latent structure of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms. Specifically, the DSM-5 four-factor model and other competing models for PTSD symptoms (four-factor Dysphoria model, five-factor Dysphoric Arousal model, six-factor Anhedonia model, six-factor Externalizing Behavior model, and seven-factor Hybrid model) applied to PCL-5 were analyzed and compared in this paper.<br></p>

scholarly journals The effect of test instruction and risk taking tendency on psychometric properties of multiple choice testsTest yönergesi ve risk alma eğiliminin çoktan seçmeli testlerin psikometrik özelliklerine etkisi

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 2949
Author(s):  
Ercan Çoban ◽  
Rahime Nükhet Demirtaşlı
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
T Test ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Multiple Choice Tests ◽  
Test Instruction ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Reliability Coefficients

The research is a quasi-experimental research which aims to investigate the effect of test instruction and risk taking tendency on the psychometric properties of multiple choice tests. The study group of the research comprised of 220 undergraduate students studying at different departments of Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences in 2014-2015 spring term. An achievement test of measurement and evaluation course consisting of 24 items was applied to students in the study group. The test was applied to four similar groups with different instructions. A risk taking scale was applied to determine the risk taking tendency of the students. The data were analyzed by using one way ANOVA, dependent sample t-test, independent sample t-test, Feldt test, Fisher’s z test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis. The findings showed that corrected score means, uncorrected score means and reliability coefficients calculated from corrected scores of tests applied with different instructions were significantly different whereas reliability coefficients calculated from uncorrected scores were not significantly different. The validity of the test applied with the instruction stating that no correction for guessing would be made was the highest one. In general, risk taking tendency did not significantly change test scores. Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBu araştırma, test yönergesi ve risk alma eğiliminin çoktan seçmeli testlerin psikometrik özellikleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlayan yarı deneysel bir araştırmadır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, 2014-2015 bahar döneminde Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesinde öğrenim gören 220 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma grubundaki öğrencilere ölçme ve değerlendirme dersi başarısını ölçen 24 maddelik çoktan seçmeli test uygulanmıştır. Başarı testi birbirine benzer dört öğrenci grubuna farklı yönergelerle uygulanmıştır. Öğrencilerin risk alma eğilimini belirlemek için risk alma ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Veriler; tek faktörlü varyans analizi, ilişkili örneklemler için t-testi, ilişkisiz örneklemler için t-testi, Feldt testi, Fisher z testi, Pearson korelasyon katsayısı, Spearman sıra farkları korelasyon katsayısı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi teknikleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular, farklı yönergelerle uygulanan testlerin ham puan ortalamaları, düzeltilmiş puan ortalamaları ve düzeltilmiş puana göre hesaplanan güvenirlik katsayıları arasında manidar fark olduğunu; buna karşın ham puanlara göre hesaplanan güvenirlik katsayıları arasında manidar fark olmadığını göstermektedir. Şans başarısı için herhangi bir düzeltme yapılmayacağını bildiren yönergeyle uygulanan testin geçerliği, diğer yönergelerle uygulanan testlerin geçerliğinden yüksek çıkmıştır. Risk alma eğilimi genel olarak test puanlarında manidar değişikliğe yol açmamıştır.

scholarly journals Psychometric Evaluation of the Swedish Version of the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13 (PG-13) in a Bereaved Mixed Trauma Sample

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josefin Sveen ◽  
Kristina Bondjers ◽  
Julia Heinsoo ◽  
Filip K. Arnberg
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
Prolonged Grief ◽  
General Psychological Distress ◽  
Disability Level ◽  
Three Factor

Background: This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Swedish PG-13 in a bereaved trauma exposed sample. A second aim was to examine the latent structure of prolonged grief using the PG-13.Methods: The participants were adults (n = 123) taking part in an ongoing longitudinal study regarding the effects of potentially traumatic events. Participants had experienced a potentially traumatic event in the past 5 years and had reported a death of a significant other either as their primary traumatic event or in addition to another traumatic event. Assessment included self-report of prolonged grief, posttraumatic stress, and general psychological distress. Clinical interviews were used to assess depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and disability level. The psychometric properties of the Swedish PG-13 were examined through reliability tests and assessment of associations with symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, general psychological distress, and disability level. Principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were used to assess the latent structure.Results: The internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.86) and test-retest (r = 0.86) reliability were good. PCA suggested a three-factor model as descriptive of the latent structure of the instrument. Therefore, the CFA used this model, as well as two models suggested in the literature. The three-factor model had the best fit to data. Support of concurrent validity of PG-13 was shown by moderate positive associations with measures of posttraumatic stress, depression, and general psychological distress.Conclusions: The Swedish PG-13 demonstrated good psychometric properties, and its use in research and practice to assess prolonged grief was supported. The factor analyses provided stronger support for models with two or three factors, as compared with a unidimensional model of prolonged grief, with the three-factor model having the best fit.

Causal Attributions of Winners and Losers in Individual Competitive Sports: Toward a Reformulation of the Self-Serving Bias

1984 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin M. Mark ◽  
Manette Mutrie ◽  
David R. Brooks ◽  
Dorothy V. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Causal Attributions ◽  
The Self ◽  
Competitive Sports ◽  
Locus Of Causality ◽  
Ability Levels ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
Causal Dimension ◽  
Made In

The achievement oriented world of sport has been a frequent setting for the study of attributions for success and failure. However, it may be inappropriate to generalize from previous research to attributions made in actual, organized, competitive, individual sports because previous studies suffer from one or more of three characteristics which may limit their generalizability to such settings: previous studies have employed novel tasks, staged the competition for research purposes, or examined attribution about team success or failure. The present research was conducted (a) to avoid these limitations to generalizability, (b) to examine whether competitors who differ in experience or ability make different attributions for success and failure, and (c) to employ an attribution measure that does not rely too much on the researchers' interpretation of the subjects' attributions as past techniques have done. Two studies were conducted examining the attributions made by winners and losers in the second round of organized squash (Study 1) and racquetball (Study 2) tournaments. Subjects reported their attributions on the Causal Dimension Scale developed by Russell (1982). Results indicate no difference between players of different experience/ability levels. In addition, winners and losers did not differ in the locus of causality of their attributions, but winners, relative to losers, made more stable and controllable attributions. Implications of these results were discussed first in terms of the debate over self-serving bias in attributions, and second, in terms of the effects of ability and experience on attributions.

scholarly journals Gated recurrence enables simple and accurate sequence prediction in stochastic, changing, and structured environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cedric Foucault ◽  
Florent Meyniel
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
Neural Network Architecture ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Sequence Prediction ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Brain

From decision making to perception to language, predicting what is coming next is crucial. It is also challenging in stochastic, changing, and structured environments; yet the brain makes accurate predictions in many situations. What computational architecture could enable this feat? Bayesian inference makes optimal predictions but is prohibitively difficult to compute. Here, we show that a specific recurrent neural network architecture enables simple and accurate solutions in several environments. To this end, a set of three mechanisms suffices: gating, lateral connections, and recurrent weight tuning. Like the human brain, such networks develop internal representations of their changing environment (including estimates of the environment's latent variables and the precision of these estimates), leverage multiple levels of latent structure, and adapt their effective learning rate to changes without changing their connection weights. Being ubiquitous in the brain, gated recurrence could therefore serve as a generic building block to predict in real-life environments.

scholarly journals STRATEGI COPING DAN DISTORSI KOGNITIF PADA IBU TUNGGAL DI YOGYAKARTA

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Malida Fatimah
Keyword(s):  
T Test ◽  
Cronbach Alpha

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi strategi coping dan distorsi kognitif pada ibu tunggal. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode survei. Seratus responden dipilih dari komunitas ibu tunggal yang ada di Yogyakarta. Satu set kuesioner yang terdiri dari dua inventori digunakan sebagai instrumen untuk mengumpulkan data. Nilai reliabiitas Cronbach Alpha pada kedua inventori berada pada rentang 0,84 sampai 0,98. Analisis data penelitian ini menggunakan independent t-test, ANOVA, dan korelasi Pearson. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa strategi coping yang digunakan ibu tunggal adalah menstruktur ulang secara kognitif yang menjadi bagian dari fungsi adaptif dan maladaptif, dan berada pada level menengah; distorsi kognitif pada penelitian ini menunjukkan kecenderungan pada preoccupation with danger (PWD) yang berada pada level kurang mengalami distorsi kognitif. Lebih jauh ditemukan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara distorsi kognitif dan strategi coping. Berdasarkan hasil temuan tersebut, beberapa implikasi dan rekomendasi menjadi bahan diskusi.

scholarly journals Reassesing the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of Enabling School Structure Scale

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niyazi Özer ◽  
Burhanettin Dönmez
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Factor Loading ◽  
Original Form ◽  
School Structure ◽  
Cronbach Alpha ◽  
Enabling School Structure ◽  
Validity Studies

The purpose of this research is to investigate the psychometric properties of the Enabling School Structure Scale (ESS) that aims to measure the degree to which school structure is enabling or coercive, and also to conduct reliability and validity studies of the scale. Participants of the study consisted of 1018 teachers working in 75 different primary schools located in Malatya province during 2009-2010 semester. For validity studies, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were carried out, and also corrected item-total correlations were estimated. For reliability studies, Cronbach Alpha and test-retest correlation coefficients were estimated. Results obtained from the reliability and validity studies showed that on the contrary to original form of ESS, Turkish form consisted of two distinct factors, enabling bureaucracy and coercive bureaucracy respectively. While factor loading of the items in enabling bureaucracy range between ".557" and ".832", factor loadings of items in coercive bureaucracy range between ".485" and ".785". It was also found that this 12 itemed two-factor solution explained approximately a total of 51% of the total variance. Estimated Cronbach alpha coefficients were ".806" for enabling bureaucracy sub-scale and ".774" for coercive bureaucracy sub-scale. Consequently it can be asserted that Turkish form of the ESS scale should be used with two factor structure not one single structure.

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