Multi Material 3D Scaffold Printing with Maskless Photolithography

MRS Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (24) ◽  
pp. 1303-1308
Author(s):  
Joyce Tam ◽  
Ozlem Yasar
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
3D Scaffold ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACTIn today’s technology, organ transplantation is found very challenging as it is not easy to find the right donor organ in a short period of time. In the last several decades, tissue engineering was rapidly developed to be used as an alternative approach to the organ transplantation. Tissue engineering aims to regenerate the tissues and also organs to help patients who waits for the organ transplantation. Recent research showed that in order to regenerate the tissues, cells must be seeded onto the 3D artificial laboratory fabricated matrices called scaffolds. If cells show healthy growth within the scaffolds, they can be implanted to the injured tissue to do the regeneration. One of the biggest limitation that reduces the success rate of tissue regeneration is the fabrication of accurate thick 3D scaffolds. In this research “maskless photolithography” was used to fabricate the scaffolds. Experiment setup consist of digital micro-mirror devices (DMD) (Texas Instruments, DLi4120), optical lens sets, UV light source (DYMAX, BlueWave 200) and PEGDA which is a liquid form photo-curable solution. In this method, scaffolds are fabricated in layer-by-layer fashion to control the interior architecture of the scaffolds. Working principles of the maskless photolithography is, first layer shape is designed with AutoCAD and the designed image is uploaded to the DMD as a bitmap file. DMD consists of hundreds of tiny micro-mirrors. When the UV light is turned on and irradiated the DMD, depending on the micro-mirrors’ angles, UV light is selectively reflected to the low percentage Polyethylene (glycol) Diacrylate (PEGDA) photo-curable solution. When UV light penetrates into the PEGDA, only the illuminated part is solidified and non-illuminated area still remains in the liquid phase. In this research, scaffolds were fabricated in three layers. First layer and the last layer are solid layers and y-shape open structure was sandwiched between these layers. After the first layer is fabricated with DMD, a “y-shape” structure was fabricated with the 3D printer by using the dissolvable filament. Then, it was placed onto the first solid layer and covered with fresh high percentage PEGDA solution. UV light was reflected to the PEGDA solution and solidified to make the second and third layers. After the scaffold was fabricated, it is dipped into the limonene solution to dissolve the y-shape away. Our results show that thick scaffolds can be fabricated in layer-by-layer fashion with “maskless photolithography”. Since the UV light is stable and does not move onto the PEGDA, entire scaffold can be fabricated in one single UV shot which makes the process faster than the current fabrication techniques.

Projection Microfabrication of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Hsin Han ◽  
Gazell Mapili ◽  
Shaochen Chen ◽  
Krishnendu Roy
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Poly Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Cellular Attachment ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Feature Resolution ◽  
Graphic Software

This article presents a micromanufacturing method for direct projection printing of three-dimensional scaffolds for applications in the field of tissue engineering by using a digital micromirror-array device (DMD) in a layer-by-layer process. Multilayered scaffolds are microfabricated using curable materials through an ultraviolet (UV) photopolymerization process. The prepatterned UV light is projected onto the photocurable polymer solution by creating the “photomask” design with a graphic software. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate is mixed with a small amount of dye (0.3wt%) to enhance the fabrication resolution of the scaffold. The DMD fabrication system is equipped with a purging mechanism to prevent the accumulation of oligomer, which could interfere with the feature resolution of previously polymerized layers. The surfaces of the predesigned multilayered scaffold are covalently conjugated with fibronectin for efficient cellular attachment. Our results show that murine marrow-derived progenitor cells successfully attached to fibronectin-modified scaffolds.

scholarly journals Printing 3D Hydrogel Structures Employing Low-Cost Stereolithography Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Samara S. M. Magalhães ◽  
Francisco Eroni Paz Santos ◽  
Conceição de Maria Vaz Elias ◽  
Samson Afewerki ◽  
Gustavo F. Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Source ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Layer Structures ◽  
Complex Models ◽  
3D Printed

Stereolithography technology associated with the employment of photocrosslinkable, biocompatible, and bioactive hydrogels have been widely used. This method enables 3D microfabrication from images created by computer programs and allows researchers to design various complex models for tissue engineering applications. This study presents a simple and fast home-made stereolithography system developed to print layer-by-layer structures. Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels were employed as the photocrosslinkable polymers in various concentrations. Three-dimensional (3D) constructions were obtained by using the stereolithography technique assembled from a commercial projector, which emphasizes the low cost and efficiency of the technique. Lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl phosphonate (LAP) was used as a photoinitiator, and a 404 nm laser source was used to promote the crosslinking. Three-dimensional and vascularized structures with more than 5 layers and resolutions between 42 and 83 µm were printed. The 3D printed complex structures highlight the potential of this low-cost stereolithography technique as a great tool in tissue engineering studies, as an alternative to bioprint miniaturized models, simulate vital and pathological functions, and even for analyzing the actions of drugs in the human body.

Fabrication of PEG Hydrogel and PDMS Microstructures by a Simple UV Curing Process for Nanobio-Chip Applications

2014 ◽  
Vol 941-944 ◽  
pp. 404-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Ho Kim ◽  
Jeong Woo Sohn ◽  
Youngjae Woo ◽  
Joo Hyun Hong ◽  
Juyoung Park
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Polydimethyl Siloxane ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Metal Mask ◽  
Glass Chip

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel microstructures with various shapes and sizes on a glass chip were prepared by a simple and rapid ultraviolet (UV) irradiation method using a metal mask. Photocurable PEG solution prepared by mixing 95 wt.% polyethylene glycol diacrylate and 5 wt.% 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone as a photo-initiator was injected to the gap between bottom and upper glasses in a simply assembled glass chip. After a metal mask with line-and-space or complex patterns was placed on the glass chip, UV light from a spot UV irradiation device was exposed to the glass chip through the metal mask for 7 seconds at UV intensity of 26 mW/cm2. Then the PEG hydrogel micropatterns on the glass chip were obtained after removing unreacted PEG solution by air blowing. To prepare more rigid microstructure, the prepared PEG micropatterned chip was exposed under UV light for 20 seconds. Then the PEG hydrogel micropattern chip was fabricated by a simple and rapid procedure. Micropattern transferring was performed from the PEG hydrogel chip to polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) replica by a solution casting. The prepared micropatterned PDMS replicas showed similar shape and size of microstructures compared to that of the corresponded PEG hydrogel chip. Thus the PEG hydrogel microstructures on a glass chip could be used as a mold to fabricate micropattern PDMS chips for nanobio-chip applications. Furthermore, the present method provides large scale chip fabrication, more than 4 cm-length and 4 cm-width in a single step, not only PEG hydrogel chips but also PDMS chips.

Drug Delivered Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate (PEGDA) Hydrogels and Their Mechanical Characterization Tests for Tissue Engineering Applications

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (30) ◽  
pp. 1697-1702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerolos Hanna ◽  
Ozgul Yasar-Inceoglu ◽  
Ozlem Yasar
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Compressive Properties ◽  
Poly Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Scaffold Fabrication ◽  
Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Poly Ethylene

AbstractTissue Engineering has been studied to develop tissues as an alternative approach to the organ regeneration. Successful artificial tissue growth in regenerative medicine depends on the precise scaffold fabrication as well as the cell-cell and cell-scaffold interaction. Scaffolds are extracellular matrices that guide cells to grow in 3D to regenerate the tissues. Cell-seeded scaffolds must be implanted to the damaged tissues to do the tissue regeneration. Scaffolds’ mechanical properties and porosities are the two main scaffold fabrication parameters as the scaffolds must be able to hold the pressure due to the surrounding tissues after the implantation process. In this research, scaffolds were fabricated by photolithography and Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate (PEGDA) which is a biocompatible and biodegradable material was used as a fabrication material. In order to compare the compressive properties of PEGDA only with the compressive properties of drug delivered PEGDA, firstly, PEGDA only solutions were prepared. Then, PEGDA was mixed with Meloxicam 15 mg, Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg, Cyclobenzaprine 10 mg and Spironolactone-hctz 25-25 mg respectively and they were placed under the UV light for about 15 minutes to solidify the cylindrical shaped hydrogels. 5 samples from each group were fabricated under the same conditions. Laboratory temperature, photoinitiator concentration and UV light intensity was kept constant during the fabrication process. After the fabrication was completed, Instron 3369 universal mechanical testing machine with the 5 mm/min compression rate was used to do the compression tests to compare the drug effects on PEGDA hydrogels. Our results indicate that average ultimate strength of PEGDA only samples was 3.820 MPa. Also, due to the fact that Meloxicam 15 mg and PEGDA mixture did not solidify under the UV light at all, compression test could not be performed for PEGDA- Meloxicam 15 mg mixture. However, Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg, Cyclobenzaprine 10 mg and Spironolactone-hctz 25-25 mg dissolved within the PEGDA completely and our compression results show that average ultimate strengths were 3.372 MPa, 1.602 MPa, 1.999 MPa respectively. This preliminary research showcases that compressive properties of the PEGDA-based photopolymerized scaffolds can be altered with the control of the drug type and drug concentration.

A Biological 3D Printer for the Preparation of Tissue Engineering Micro-Channel Scaffold

2015 ◽  
Vol 645-646 ◽  
pp. 1290-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Nan Zhang ◽  
Yuan Yuan Liu ◽  
Yu Li ◽  
Shuai Li ◽  
Qing Xi Hu
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Inner Core ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Hollow Fibers ◽  
Dead Cell ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
3D Scaffold

The clinical applications of tissue engineering are still limited by the lack of a functional vascular supply in tissue-engineered constructs. In order to improve the pre-vascularization of tissue-engineered scaffold during in vitro culture, in this study, based on three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, using the crosslinking effect of coaxial fluids (sodium alginate and CaCl2) to prepare vessel-like hollow gel fibers, then layer by layer overlapping into 3D scaffold. The biological 3D printing platform was successfully developed and a coaxial nozzle module was introduced to generate a CaCl2-in-Alginate coaxial microfluidic. The inner core diameters of the prepared hollow gel fibers were 220~380 micrometers. In addition, the influence of materials concentration and dispensing rates on hollow fiber dimension were investigated, the cell-encapsulated in the printed hollow fibers was realized and the viability of endothelial cells (ECs) was studied with Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and Live-Dead cell staining. The 3D scaffold built by hollow fibers could improve the phenomenon of diffusion constrain and enhance the survival rate of those ECs growing at a greater depth in the construct. This study provides a new theoretical basis for the vascularization of bone scaffold.

Design and Development of Ultra Violet Curing Based 3-D Printer

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Yadav ◽  
◽  
Kamal Singh ◽  
Jitendra Bhaskar
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
3D Print ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Made In

UV light technology-based 3D printer is commonly known as Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer. Photopolymers in liquid form is cured under the beam of UV light to form layer by layer 3D model. A beam of light is pointed that cures a limited area and takes a long time to 3D print a part. An effort has been made in this work to design and fabricate a mask and UV light-based 3D printer for printing 3D models from a liquid photopolymer resin. Samples were also printed to evaluate the performance of this printer. Performance tests were very positive to make this model a commercial machine for printing models for medical applications.

Polyethylene glycol diacrylate scaffold filled with cell-laden methacrylamide gelatin/alginate hydrogels used for cartilage repair

2021 ◽  
pp. 088532822110448
Author(s):  
Xiang Zhang ◽  
Zhenhao Yan ◽  
Guotao Guan ◽  
Zijing Lu ◽  
Shujie Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Cartilage Tissue Engineering ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Glycol Diacrylate

Natural cartilage tissue has excellent mechanical properties and has certain cellular components. At this stage, it is a great challenge to produce cartilage scaffolds with excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Hydrogels are commonly used in tissue engineering because of their excellent biocompatibility; however, the mechanical properties of commonly used hydrogels are difficult to meet the requirements of making cartilage scaffolds. The mechanical properties of high concentration polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel are similar to those of natural cartilage, but its biocompatibility is poor. Low concentration hydrogel has better biocompatibility, but its mechanical properties are poor. In this study, two different hydrogels were combined to produce cartilage scaffolds with good mechanical properties and strong biocompatibility. First, the PEGDA grid scaffold was printed with light curing 3D printing technology, and then the low concentration GelMA/Alginate hydrogel with chondral cells was filled into the PEGDA grid scaffold. After a series of cell experiments, the filling hydrogel with the best biocompatibility was screened out, and finally the filled hydrogel with cells and excellent biocompatibility was obtained. Cartilage tissue engineering scaffolds with certain mechanical properties were found to have a tendency of cartilage formation in in vitro culture. Compared with the scaffold obtained by using a single hydrogel, this molding method can produce a tissue engineering scaffold with excellent mechanical properties on the premise of ensuring biocompatibility, which has a certain potential application value in the field of cartilage tissue engineering.

The Effect of Polyethylene (Glycol) Diacrylate Post-Fabrication Rest Time on Compressive Properties

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozlem Yasar ◽  
Serkan Inceoglu ◽  
Ramesh Prashad
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Ageing Time ◽  
Solidification Process ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Porous Microstructure ◽  
Rest Time

In recent years, tissue engineering has been utilized as an alternative approach for the organ transplantation. The success rate of tissue regeneration is influenced by the type of biomaterials, cell sources, growth factors and scaffold fabrication techniques used. The poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) is one of commonly used biomaterials because of its biocompatibility, ease of use, and porous microstructure. The mechanical properties of PEGDA have been studied to some extent by several research groups. However, the stability of the mechanical properties with time has not been investigated. In this research, we studied how the mechanical properties of different concentrations of PEGDA change with the post-fabrication ageing time. Cylindrical PEGDA samples were prepared 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% concentrations and cured under the UV light. After the solidification process, weight of each sample was monitored in every 0, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours post-fabrication ageing time until the mechanical testing. Compressive elastic modulus and strength were calculated and statistically analyzed. Our results indicated that the water content of each PEGDA group constantly decreased by time, however, this loss significantly affected the elastic modulus and strength only after 6 hours in some PEGDA concentration.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate-Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari Kotturi ◽  
Alaeddin Abuabed ◽  
Haris Zafar ◽  
Elaine Sawyer ◽  
Bipin Pallipparambil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Glycol Diacrylate
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document