Fabrication of metal oxide - biopolymer nanocomposite for water defluoridation

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (36) ◽  
pp. 2109-2118
Author(s):  
Erick Mobegi ◽  
Mildred Nawiri ◽  
Dickson Andala
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Sorption Behaviour ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Defluoridation Of Water ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACTFluoride levels in drinking water exceeding 1.5 mg/L especially underground water can be detrimental to health. Various defluoridation technologies exist such as reverse osmosis, adsorption and ion exchange. However, adsorption has been preferred over the other due to its low cost and ease of operation. In this study, a novel adsorbent nanomaterial was prepared to remove fluoride from drinking water. The influence of different parameters such as pH, contact time, co-existing ions and dosage were investigated in order to understand the sorption behaviour of the adsorbent under varying conditions. The adsorption process best fitted with the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 62.5 mg/g. The adsorbent can be used under normal water pH=7. Anions and cations had no influence on the sorption capacity except for chlorides, carbonates and bicarbonates. The adsorbent reduced fluoride concentration from 10 ppm to approximately 1.5 ppm per 50 mg nanocomposite loading as recommended by World Health Organization. The synthesized nanocomposite can be used for defluoridation of water with high fluoride concentrations beyond recommended limit.

Fluoride removal from drinking water in Senegal: laboratory and pilot experimentation on bone char-based treatment

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Sorlini ◽  
Daniela Palazzini ◽  
Carlo Collivignarelli
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Bone Char

In Senegal there are four regions where fluoride concentration in drinking water exceeds the World Health Organization guide value of 1.5 mg/L. This generates permanent damages to the teeth (dental fluorosis) and to the skeleton (skeletal fluorosis). A safe, efficient, simple and low-cost effective defluoridation technique is not available yet and needs to be developed in order to prevent the occurrence of fluorosis. This experimental research was carried out in order to define an appropriate technology for fluoride removal from groundwater in Senegal. Batch tests and filtration tests at laboratory and pilot scale were carried out using animal bone char as adsorbent material for fluoride removal. Possible influencing parameters, such as specific ions in Senegalese drinking water, were investigated and the best process conditions were defined for the application in Senegal. The results attest to the efficacy of bone char in removing fluoride from Senegalese water: at pilot scale the mean specific adsorption was 2.7 mg F−/g of bone char, corresponding to a total treated volume of 4,000 L and a filter life of nearly three months.

Inactivation of E. coli by copper and silver wire in the presence of synthetic sunlight for safe drinking water

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-583
Author(s):  
Graham McLaughlin ◽  
Vikramjit Bajwa ◽  
Mukund Shukla ◽  
Kevin Hall ◽  
Praveen Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Combination Method ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Bacterial Inactivation ◽  
Emerging Nations ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Pure Cu

Bacterially-contaminated water is a major health concern leading to infectious diseases in emerging nations. The use of copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) wire independently, and Cu wire in combination with synthetic sunlight (SySu), were investigated as a low-cost water treatment method. Water inoculated with 1,100 colony forming units/mL of Escherichia coli was treated with one of these four treatments: (1) 50 cm2/L surface area (SA) pure Cu wire; (2) 37.8 W/m2 SySu irradiation; (3) a 50 cm2/L SA pure Cu wire combined with the 37.8 W/m2 SySu irradiation; and (4) 5 cm2/L pure Ag wire. An improved rate of bacterial inactivation was achieved using the combined Cu-SySu treatment method compared to either treatment applied independently. When given independently, the Ag wire treatment was more effective than the Cu wire treatment. Cu and Ag content in the water, tested at the end of the experiment, remained far below the safety limits suggested by the World Health Organization. The Cu-SySu combination method has a great potential to be used as a low-cost, re-useable, low-maintenance method of choice for purification of contaminated drinking water.

scholarly journals CONSUMER’S AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS PACKAGED DRINKING WATER IN THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1(SE)) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
S. Vanitha
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bottom Of The Pyramid ◽  
Economic Resource ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Today, one million people are drinking unhealthy water in the world. Each year 5 million people worldwide die due to the diseases caused by unhealthy drinking water. Unhealthy water creates a great risk, especially for children because of their undeveloped immune system (G8 Action Plan Decisions, 2003)1. Indeed, the World Health Organization estimates that 4.1 million children die from diarrhea, which can be inhibited by healthy water (WHO, 2010)2. In developed countries, it is observed that water is not only a basic consumption food, but also a lifestyle product. As mentioned in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, packaged water consumption reflects the choices related to the lifestyle as well as being a basic need at the bottom of the pyramid (Sipos, et al., 2007)3.  Water is increasingly becoming an important economic resource, and its public distribution is being privatized in many countries (e.g., France, England, Brazil, Australia, Bolivia and, recently proposed in Italy), opening new market opportunities for private investors. The consumption of bottled mineral water is significantly increasing worldwide and has become an important factor both for economic and health issues (King, 2008)4. Natural mineral water means microbiologically wholesome water, originating in an underground water table or deposit and emerging from a spring tapped at one or more natural or bore exits. This type of water cannot be sterilized, pasteurized or otherwise treated to remove or destroy microorganisms (European Commission, 2009)5. Hence, the researcher has made an attempt to find out the existing awareness and attitudes of consumers towards using packaged drinking water in Thoothukudi District.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLUORIDE CONTENTS IN GROUNDWATER AND PREVALENCE OF FLUOROSIS IN TAY SON DISTRICT, BINH DINH PROVINCE, VIETNAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (4B) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Phan Nhu Nguyet
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

The communities within Binh Dinh province in the Central Vietnam are reliant on groundwater as their primary supply of domestic and potable water. Meanwhile, it is seriously contaminated with fluoride that causing fluorosis problem for people. This study aims to investigate the link between severity of dental fluorosis rate in a population and fluoride concentration in drinking water in Tay Son area. A total of 50 well-water samples were collected and 220 people were surveyed by questionnaire from 50 households at 3 villages: Tay Phu, Binh Tuong, Tay Giang of Tay Son district, Binh Dinh province, Vietnam. The quantitative assessment of severity of dental fluorosis was done by calculating the Community Fluorosis Index (CFI) using Dean’s classification. Result of this study showed that fluoride concentration in well-water varied from 0.31 mg/L to 7.69 mg/L (mean 2.66 mg/L, SD: 2.18 mg/L) with 70 % of well-water samples above the maximum permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L of World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard. 100 % people surveyed was suffered from dental fluorosis and Dean scale of dental fluorosis ranged from level 2 to level 5. CFI varied from 3.45 to 4.13 above limit value (0.6). The community seriously suffered from dental fluorosis. The fluoride concentrations and Dean Index have high correlation (r = 0.580, p < 0.0001). Based upon results of this study, it is recommended that the government should supply drinking water with appropriate fluoride content for this community.

scholarly journals An investigation on the efficiency of low-cost adsorbents in removing uranium from water samples

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Police ◽  
Sukanta Maity ◽  
Dilip Kumar Chaudhary ◽  
Sanjay Kumar Sahu ◽  
A. Vinod Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
World Health ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Sorption Data ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The groundwater samples were found to be contaminated with high concentrations of uranium (U) in Punjab state as well as in few other locations of India. U being chemically toxic can deteriorate health when ingested. Hence, there is a need to remove U from contaminated water using an efficient, cheap and user friendly method. A study was initiated to investigate the efficiency of low-cost adsorbents in removing U from water. Seven adsorbents were screened for U removal efficiency, among which fly ash (FA) and tea waste (TW) were found to have better removal efficiency. Solid–liquid contact time and solution pH were optimized to establish conditions for better U removal efficiency. The U adsorption on FA and TW followed pseudo-second-order kinetics with rate constant values 4.63 g/mg/min and 15.63 g/mg/min, respectively. FA and TW had the highest U removal capability at pH 6 and pH 4, respectively. The U sorption data were fitted with Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. The U adsorption on FA and TW is found to be a physical process with mean free energy (E) values less than 8 kJ/mol. Theoretically calculated maximum adsorption capacity values indicate that FA is a better adsorbent as compared to TW, which has been further confirmed experimentally. The U adsorption on both the adsorbents has interference from Ca2+ and no interference from Fe3+ at tested U concentrations. It is also found that FA and TW are effective in decontaminating U from spiked real groundwater samples to below the WHO (Guidelines for drinking water quality, 4th ed, vol 1, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2011) limit.

Soil adsorption defluoridation of drinking water for an Ethiopian rural community

2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Errico ◽  
F. Desogus ◽  
M. Mascia ◽  
G. Tola ◽  
L. Dendena
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fluoride Ions ◽  
Soil Adsorption ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Experimental Runs

AbstractContent of fluoride compounds in some typical Ethiopian water sources was analysed and several commonly available soils were characterized for their adsorption properties regarding the water defluoridation. Various soils were collected in different Ethiopian sites and the samples were analysed by X-ray diffractometry for their mineralogical composition. Batch experimental runs at room temperature were performed to evaluate the adsorption capacity of each soil sample as well as to deduce the adsorption isotherms of fluoride ions with respect to the examined soils. The best soil was identified in terms of adsorption capacity and considered for the design of two different adsorption apparatuses. Considering the water consumption of a small rural community, the capacity of the adsorption unit was selected to assure a reduction of the fluoride concentration in drinking water to the limits recommended by the World Health Organization and to allow a suitable working time of the adsorption unit before the replacement of adsorbent would be necessary.

scholarly journals Groundwater Quality Analysis for Human Consumption: A Case Study of Sukkur City, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2616-2620 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Laghari ◽  
Z. A. Siyal ◽  
D. K. Bangwar ◽  
M. A. Soomro ◽  
G. D. Walasai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sodium Magnesium ◽  
Safe Limits ◽  
Health Organization

Drinking water quantity and quality is of the utmost importance. If the drinking water gets contaminated, it can result in severe health problems. For example, the continuous consumption of drinking water containing more than permissible amounts of fluoride can lead to bone deterioration and increased risk of bone fracture [1]. The present study was carried out to check the quality of underground water of Sukkur city. The analyzed parameters were fluoride, sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, iron, arsenic, TDS, pH, conductivity, odor, color and taste. World Health Organization (WHO) standards were followed in present study. Underground water samples were collected from 20 different populated locations of Sukkur city. Only arsenic, pH, iron and potassium were found to be within health safe limits while the rest of the parameters exceeded the permissible standards set out by WHO. The TDS, sodium, fluoride and magnesium were over the limits at some locations.

Drinking-Water Quality and Intestinal Infectious Diseases in a Colombian Department, 2010-2016

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Dora Cardona Rivas ◽  
Militza Yulain Cardona Guzmán ◽  
Olga Lucía Ocampo López
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: To characterize the burden of intestinal infectious diseases attributable to drinking-water quality in 27 municipalities in the central region of Colombia. Materials and methods: A time-trend ecological study. The drinking-water quality of the National Institute of Health and the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies was identified. The disease burden was calculated based on the mortality registered in the National Department of Statistics and the records of morbidity attended by the Social Protection Integrated Information System. The etiological agents reported in morbidity records and the observation of environmental conditions in the municipalities of the study were included. The disease burden was determined according to the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

scholarly journals Assessment of drinking water contamination in food stalls of Jashore Municipality, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Molla Rahman Shaibur ◽  
Mohammed Sadid Hossain ◽  
Shirina Khatun ◽  
F. K. Sayema Tanzia
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the quality of drinking water supplied in different types of food stalls in Jashore Municipality, Bangladesh. A total of 35 water samples were collected from different tea stalls, street side fast food stalls, normal restaurants and well-furnished restaurants. The water quality was evaluated by determining the distinct physical, chemical and biological parameters. The results revealed that the water used in the food stalls and restaurants for drinking purpose was in desired quality in terms of turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, nitrate (NO3−), sulfate (SO42−), phosphate (PO43−), chloride (Cl−), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations. The values were within the permissible limit proposed by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and the World Health Organization. Concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) found in several samples were higher than the World Health Organization standard. Iron (Fe) concentrations were higher than the permissible limit of the World Health Organization. Only 46% exceeded the permissible limit of Bangladesh Bureau Statistics. The threatening result was that the samples were contaminated by fecal coliform, indicating that the people of Jashore Municipality may have a greater chance of being affected by pathogenic bacteria. The drinking water provided in the street side fast food stalls was biologically contaminated. The findings demonstrate that the drinking water used in food stalls and restaurants of Jashore Municipality did not meet up the potable drinking water quality standards and therefore was detrimental to public health.

scholarly journals Classification Maps for TDS Concentrations in the GIS Along Euphrates River, Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 232 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Chabuk ◽  
Zahraa Ali Hammood ◽  
Nadhir Al-Ansari ◽  
Salwan Ali Abed ◽  
Jan Laue
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Euphrates River ◽  
Poor Water Quality ◽  
Quality Category ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Dissolved Salts

AbstractIraq currently undergoing the problem of water shortage, although Iraq has two Rivers (Euphrates and Tigris) pass throughout most of its areas, and they have represented a major source of water supply. In the current research, to evaluate the quality of the Euphrates river in Iraq based on the values of total dissolved salts (TDS), the TDS concentrations were collected from sixteen sections along the river in the three succeeding years (2011, 2012, and 2013). The evaluation of the river was done depending on the classification of (W.H.O. (World Health Organization). (2003). Total Dissolved Salts in Drinking-water: Background document for development of W.H.O. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland). of rivers for drinking uses. Inverse Distance Weighting Technique (IDWT) as a tool in the GIS was employed to establish the maps of the river that using interpolation/prediction for the TDS concentrations to each selected year and the average values of TDS for these 3 years. Based on the five categories of rivers’ classification of the TDS concentrations according to the (W.H.O. (World Health Organization). (2003). Total Dissolved Salts in Drinking-water: Background document for development of W.H.O. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland), the Euphrates river was classified, and the maps of classification for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 and the average values for 3 years were created. The average values for 3 years of TDS along the Euphrates river indicated that the sections from SC-1 to SC-4 as moderate-water-quality-Category-3, the sections from SC-5 to SC-10 as poor-water-quality-Category-4, while the sections between SC-11 to SC-16 as very poor-water-quality-Category-5. The interpolation maps showed that the Euphrates river in Iraq was ranged from moderate water quality (Category-3) to very poor water quality (Category-5).

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