Emerging Potential and Challenges of Convergence, Heterogeneity, and Hierarchical Integration of Nanotechnologies in Commercial Applications

2011 ◽  
Vol 1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok Vaseashta
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
System Engineering ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Commercial Products ◽  
Niche Market ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Technological Limitations

ABSTRACTParadigmatically, the convergence of science has exceptionally high potential for transforming the manner in which state-of-the-art information is gathered, analyzed, and leveraged to enable future advances and applications. Highlighting the potential and challenges of hierarchically integrating nanotechnologies is essential for realizing commercial applications. The heterogeneity of structures and compositions of nanomaterials present limitless possibilities; yet these envisioned benefits may be accompanied by certain technological limitations of integrating nanomaterials in commercial products. A balanced overview is presented of the realistic capabilities and potential, as well as the limitations, challenges of system engineering nanomaterials in platform integration. Examples of integrating nanomaterials in useable platforms are also presented. Most notably, the review suggests that nanomaterial based systems and devices that do not require a nano to micro/macro interface integration have reached commercialization whereas those needing a nano-to-micro/macro interface require further investigations. These selected studies provide an insight in obstacles and challenges presented by hierarchical integration of nanomaterials in commercial systems/devices and are crucial for commercialization as the research transitions from laboratory to marketplace, having the potential to transform into a multi-billion dollar niche market.

scholarly journals Performance vs. hardware requirements in state-of-the-art automatic speech recognition

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru-Lucian Georgescu ◽  
Alessandro Pappalardo ◽  
Horia Cucu ◽  
Michaela Blott
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Automatic Speech Recognition ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Speech Features ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Guided Tour ◽  
Embedded Applications

AbstractThe last decade brought significant advances in automatic speech recognition (ASR) thanks to the evolution of deep learning methods. ASR systems evolved from pipeline-based systems, that modeled hand-crafted speech features with probabilistic frameworks and generated phone posteriors, to end-to-end (E2E) systems, that translate the raw waveform directly into words using one deep neural network (DNN). The transcription accuracy greatly increased, leading to ASR technology being integrated into many commercial applications. However, few of the existing ASR technologies are suitable for integration in embedded applications, due to their hard constrains related to computing power and memory usage. This overview paper serves as a guided tour through the recent literature on speech recognition and compares the most popular ASR implementations. The comparison emphasizes the trade-off between ASR performance and hardware requirements, to further serve decision makers in choosing the system which fits best their embedded application. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide this kind of trade-off analysis for state-of-the-art ASR systems.

scholarly journals Taxonomy, Diversity and Cultivation of the Oudemansielloid/Xeruloid Taxa Hymenopellis, Mucidula, Oudemansiella, and Xerula with Respect to Their Bioactivities: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Allen Grace Niego ◽  
Olivier Raspé ◽  
Naritsada Thongklang ◽  
Rawiwan Charoensup ◽  
Saisamorn Lumyong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Important Resource ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Commercial Applications

The oudemansielloid/xeruloid taxa Hymenopellis, Mucidula, Oudemansiella, and Xerula are genera of Basidiomycota that constitute an important resource of bioactive compounds. Numerous studies have shown antimicrobial, anti-oxidative, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and other bioactivities of their extracts. The bioactive principles can be divided into two major groups: (a) hydrophilic polysaccharides with relatively high molecular weights and (b) low molecular medium polar secondary metabolites, such as the antifungal strobilurins. In this review, we summarize the state of the art on biodiversity, cultivation of the fungi and bioactivities of their secondary metabolites and discuss future applications. Although the strobilurins are well-documented, with commercial applications as agrochemical fungicides, there are also other known compounds from this group that have not yet been well-studied. Polysaccharides, dihydro-citrinone phenol A acid, scalusamides, and acetylenic lactones such as xerulin, also have potential applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and medicinal market and should be further explored. Further studies are recommended to isolate high quality bioactive compounds and fully understand their modes of action. Given that only few species of oudemansielloid/xeruloid mushrooms have been explored for their production of secondary metabolites, these taxa represent unexplored sources of potentially useful and novel bioactive metabolites.

scholarly journals MODELLING AND ESTIMATING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HARMONICS OF VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES (VSD)

2013 ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
RAVI KUMAR JUJJUVARAPU ◽  
B. BASAVARAJA
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Harmonic Spectrum ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Variable Speed Drives ◽  
Current Harmonics ◽  
Rotating Machine ◽  
Harmonic Filter ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Voltage Harmonics

This paper presents an analysis on the calculation of harmonic current and voltage components of a variable speed drive (VSD). The requirement for advanced and accurate harmonic mitigating techniques has become essential because of the rapid increase ofnonlinear loads like VSD’s in both industrial and commercial applications. A new state-of-the-art MATLABSimulink based harmonic calculator using DiscreteFourier Transform (DFT) was designed to calculate the current and voltage harmonics more accuratelyin order to understand the realistic extra iron loss components inside the rotating machine due to converter switching. This also helpsto optimize the system performance when a converter is coupled with the electric machine.In addition to its harmonic mitigating capabilities, this method can plot harmonic spectrum which helps to design wide spectrum active harmonic filter to eliminate pollutant odd harmonics not entering rotating electrical machines.The harmonic analysis presented in this paper is for a 5hp DC motor connected with the phase controlled rectifier. This model is suitable for virtually any application involving a VSD or similar converters to effectively mitigate voltage and current harmonics.

Rail Flaw Detection Technologies for Safer, Reliable Transportation: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanath Alahakoon ◽  
Yan Quan Sun ◽  
Maksym Spiryagin ◽  
Colin Cole
Keyword(s):  
Review Paper ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Flaw Detection ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Commercial Products ◽  
Moving Vehicle ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Detection Technologies

This paper delivers an in-depth review of the state-of-the-art technologies relevant to rail flaw detection giving emphasis to their use in detection of rail flaw defects at practical inspection vehicle speeds. The review not only looks at the research being carried out but also investigates the commercial products available for rail flaw detection. It continues further to identify the methods suitable to be adopted in a moving vehicle rail flaw detection system. Even though rail flaw detection has been a well-researched area for decades, an in-depth review summarizing all available technologies together with an assessment of their capabilities has not been published in the recent past according to the knowledge of the authors. As such, it is believed that this review paper will be a good source of information for future researchers in this area.

scholarly journals Red Seaweed Pigments from a Biotechnological Perspective

Phycology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Marta V. Freitas ◽  
Diana Pacheco ◽  
João Cotas ◽  
Teresa Mouga ◽  
Clélia Afonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Red Seaweed ◽  
Biotechnological Applications ◽  
Biotechnological Potential ◽  
Red Seaweeds ◽  
Extraction And Purification ◽  
Blue Economy ◽  
Commercial Applications

Algae taxa are notably diverse regarding pigment diversity and composition, red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) being a valuable source of phycobiliproteins (phycoerythrins, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin), carotenes (carotenoids and xanthophylls), and chlorophyll a. These pigments have a considerable biotechnological potential, which has been translated into several registered patents and commercial applications. However, challenges remain regarding the optimization and subsequent scale-up of extraction and purification methodologies, especially when considering the quality and quantity needs, from an industrial and commercial point of view. This review aims to provide the state-of-the-art information on each of the aforementioned groups of pigments that can be found within Rhodophyta. An outline of the chemical biodiversity within pigment groups, current extraction and purification methodologies and challenges, and an overview of commercially available products and registered patents, will be provided. Thus, the current biotechnological applications of red seaweeds pigments will be highlighted, from a sustainable and economical perspective, as well as their integration in the Blue Economy.

Recent Progress in the Development of a Lightweight Nickel Electrode

1995 ◽  
Vol 393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris L. Britton
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Fiber Material ◽  
Nickel Electrode ◽  
Nickel Iron ◽  
Nickel Zinc ◽  
Aerospace Applications ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Zinc Nickel

ABSTRACTThe nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H2) cell is rapidly replacing nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) cell as the system of choice for aerospace applications where weight is crucial. The heavy-sintered nickel electrode used in this cell accounts for about 38% of the cell weight. The use of small diameter fiber nickel electrodes will reduce the weight and improve the specific energy of the state-of-the-art Ni-H2 cell by about 50%. One advantage of this small diameter nickel fiber material is the increase in the surface area available for the deposition of active material. Initial testing of this type of electrode is very promising. This electrode is also applicable to other nickel-based batteries, such as nickel-zinc, nickel-iron, and nickel-metalhydride, both for space and commercial applications.

scholarly journals Polyblends and composites of poly (lactic acid) (PLA): a review on the state of the art

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Rajan1 ◽  
Selvin P. Thomas12 ◽  
Aravinthan Gopanna2 ◽  
Ahmed Al-Ghamdi1 ◽  
Murthy Chavali3
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Commercial Applications

Polymers obtained from renewable sources are gaining popularity over their petroleum based counter parts in recent years due to their capability to address the environmental pollution related concerns emanating from the widespread usage of synthetic polymers. Even though the polymers from renewable sources are attractive in an environmental point of view, some of the property limitations and the high cost of these materials pose limitations for their extensive commercial applications. These aspects opened the door for a large chunk of research activities in development of polyblends and composites containing polymers from renewable sources as one of the components. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most discussed and commercialized polymer originated from renewable resources. Even though it has many useful properties, certain disadvantages like high brittleness, low impact resistance etc. limit the wide spread commercialization of PLA. In this review article, the recent research activities which are aimed to fill this gap by various modifications of PLA are discussed with special emphasis on the latest research advancements in the field of biodegradable and non biodegradable systems containing PLA.

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