Electrodeposition of Mesoporous Silica on 3-D Scaffolds as Templates for 3-D Porous Metal Electrodes

AbstractSupercapacitors and advanced batteries capable of rapid charge and discharge need conductive three dimensional porous electrodes. The high conductivities of porous metal electrodes are attractive. However, the surface areas of such electrodes are still well short of those achievable in carbon. One approach to formation of high surface area porous metal electrodes is to electrodeposit metal into nanostructured templates on 3-D scaffolds such as nickel foam. By careful control of composition and voltage thin films of mesoporous silica can be deposited onto these 3-D templates. Removal of the templating surfactant produces a very high surface area mesoporous coating. Metal can then be plated into the mesoporous silica, which, after removal of the silica, leaves a high surface area 3-D porous electrode.

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Development of Ultrahigh Surface Area Porous Electrodes using Simultaneous and Sequential Meso- and Micro-structuring Methods

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-1127-t04-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 1127 ◽

Author(s):

Franchessa Maddox ◽

Catherine Cook ◽

Leigh McKenzie ◽

Brenda O'Neil ◽

Elizabeth A. Junkin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Liquid Crystalline ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Porous Electrodes ◽

Nickel Surface ◽

Nickel Metal ◽

Metal Electrodes ◽

Micro Structuring ◽

Nanostructured Metal

ABSTRACTVery high surface area nanostructured metal electrodes are of interest as efficient current collectors. For thin film devices, the nanostructured metal can be grown in place using electrodeposition or electroless deposition. For larger devices metal electrodes structured at more than one length scale are desirable. Self-assembling surfactant templates are a versatile method of generating a range of nanostructures. As we report here, electrodeposition of nickel, cobalt and copper from liquid crystalline solutions of Triton X-100 produces a number of nanostructures, with significant surface area increases. Electrodeposition into templates with microstructure has proven more demanding. Oil-in-water Microemulsions of Tween surfactants and soy oil, produce micrometer scale structures, however measured nickel surface area does not scale with sample thickness. The method is also not robust, and was found to give microstructures only for nickel and cobalt. Experiments show that under our conditions a combination of nickel metal, nickel acetate and nickel/detergent microstructures are formed.

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Methods for tuning plasmonic and photonic optical resonances in high surface area porous electrodes

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-86813-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lauren M. Otto ◽

E. Ashley Gaulding ◽

Christopher T. Chen ◽

Tevye R. Kuykendall ◽

Aeron T. Hammack ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photonic Crystal ◽

Photonic Crystals ◽

Titanium Nitride ◽

Surface Area ◽

Periodic Structures ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Porous Electrodes ◽

Wide Range

AbstractSurface plasmons have found a wide range of applications in plasmonic and nanophotonic devices. The combination of plasmonics with three-dimensional photonic crystals has enormous potential for the efficient localization of light in high surface area photoelectrodes. However, the metals traditionally used for plasmonics are difficult to form into three-dimensional periodic structures and have limited optical penetration depth at operational frequencies, which limits their use in nanofabricated photonic crystal devices. The recent decade has seen an expansion of the plasmonic material portfolio into conducting ceramics, driven by their potential for improved stability, and their conformal growth via atomic layer deposition has been established. In this work, we have created three-dimensional photonic crystals with an ultrathin plasmonic titanium nitride coating that preserves photonic activity. Plasmonic titanium nitride enhances optical fields within the photonic electrode while maintaining sufficient light penetration. Additionally, we show that post-growth annealing can tune the plasmonic resonance of titanium nitride to overlap with the photonic resonance, potentially enabling coupled-phenomena applications for these three-dimensional nanophotonic systems. Through characterization of the tuning knobs of bead size, deposition temperature and cycle count, and annealing conditions, we can create an electrically- and plasmonically-active photonic crystal as-desired for a particular application of choice.

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Formation of Micro and Nanostructured Nickel/Silica and Nickel/Metal Composites by Electrodeposition of Mesoporous Silica onto Nickel Foam

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/opl.2011.603 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1304 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nikolaus L. Cordes ◽

Martin G. Bakker

Keyword(s):

Mesoporous Silica ◽

Large Scale ◽

Gas Adsorption ◽

Nickel Foam ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Current Collector ◽

Porous Electrodes ◽

Internal Diameter ◽

Nickel Metal

ABSTRACTExtremely high surface area porous electrodes are of interest as current collectors for advanced batteries and as the basis for supercapacitors. For moderate to large scale storage applications a three-dimensional material is needed with porosity at multiple length scales. We are developing a combined bottom up/top down approach to creating such materials by using electrodeposition of mesoporous silica on nickel foam, a commercially available porous conductor widely used as the current collector in various batteries. Electrodeposition produces a conformal coating on the nickel foam. By controlling the electrodeposition time the morphology of the mesoporous silica can be varied from a thin film up to 500 nm thick to a loosely bound agglomeration of mesoporous silica particles capable of completely filling the 0.3-0.5 mm voids of the nickel foam. The internal diameter of the mesopores in the silica can be controlled in the range 2.5-4.8 nm by changing the chain length of the templating surfactant used. Gas adsorption shows surface areas of 400-1600 m2/g of silica deposited, consistent with the assumed structure of the material.

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Development of Nano-Micro-Macro-Structured Porous Nickel Electrodes for use in Supercapacitors

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-0973-bb07-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 973 ◽

Author(s):

Jason Manning ◽

Roger Campbell ◽

Renee Woo ◽

Brenda O'Neil ◽

Leigh McKenzie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Metal Ion ◽

Nickel Foam ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Porous Metal ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Self Assembling ◽

Starting Point ◽

Nickel Electrodes

ABSTRACTThe extremely high surface areas required for supercapacitors has limited the use of metal based electrodes, despite the other advantages such electrodes might have. Self-assembling surfactants and block co-polymers can be used as templates to produce nanostructured thin films that readily give 60-140 fold increases in surface area on both planar and three-dimensional substrates. However, even when relatively high surface area porous metal substrates such as nickel foam are used as a starting point, the resultant material still has surface area density well short of that available in other types of materials. Micro-emulsions offer a method of generating microstructure that bridges the gap between the 100 micron scale structures of foamed metals and the 10-50 nm scale structure of self-assembling block co-polymers. Electrodeposition of nickel and cobalt from micro-emulsions of Tween surfactants gives rise to structure on the 0.1-10 micron length scale. The scale of the microstructure is strongly influenced by the metal ion concentration and the potential at which the electrodeposition. The nature of the metal ion also strongly effects the ease with which the microstructure can be generated and the distribution of the microstructured film on foamed nickel electrodes. For microstructured nickel films ten fold surface area increases can be achieved. The microstructured films are expected to be compatible with a number of the nanostructuring methods to yield cumulative surface area increases of 1000-2000 fold.

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Coupling Ag-doping and rich oxygen vacancies in mesoporous NiCoO nanorods supported on nickel foam for highly efficient oxygen evolution

Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers ◽

10.1039/c7qi00407a ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (11) ◽

pp. 1783-1790 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Kai-Li Yan ◽

Jing-Qi Chi ◽

Zi-Zhang Liu ◽

Bin Dong ◽

Shan-Shan Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Oxygen Evolution ◽

Oxygen Evolution Reaction ◽

Oxygen Vacancies ◽

Nickel Foam ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Ag Doping ◽

Highly Efficient

Ag-doped mesoporous NiCoO nanorods as efficient and stable electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction have been synthesized with desirable conductivity, high surface area and rich oxygen vacancies.

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Hierarchical Nano/Micro-structured Surfaces with High Surface Area/Volume Ratios

Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4049850 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-36

Author(s):

Ketki Lichade ◽

Yizhou Jiang ◽

Yayue Pan

Keyword(s):

Surface Structure ◽

Surface Area ◽

Light Trapping ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Structure Design ◽

Surface Structures ◽

Structured Surfaces ◽

Design And Manufacture

Abstract Recently, many studies have investigated additive manufacturing of hierarchical surfaces with high surface area/volume (SA/V) ratios, and their performance has been characterized for applications in next-generation functional devices. Despite recent advances, it remains challenging to design and manufacture high SA/V ratio structures with desired functionalities. In this study, we established the complex correlations among the SA/V ratio, surface structure geometry, functionality, and manufacturability in the Two-Photon Polymerization (TPP) process. Inspired by numerous natural structures, we proposed a 3-level hierarchical structure design along with the mathematical modeling of the SA/V ratio. Geometric and manufacturing constraints were modeled to create well-defined three-dimensional hierarchically structured surfaces with a high accuracy. A process flowchart was developed to design the proposed surface structures to achieve the target functionality, SA/V ratio, and geometric accuracy. Surfaces with varied SA/V ratios and hierarchy levels were designed and printed. The wettability and antireflection properties of the fabricated surfaces were characterized. It was observed that the wetting and antireflection properties of the 3-level design could be easily tailored by adjusting the design parameter settings and hierarchy levels. Furthermore, the proposed surface structure could change a naturally-hydrophilic surface to near-superhydrophobic. Geometrical light trapping effects were enabled and the antireflection property could be significantly enhanced (>80% less reflection) by the proposed hierarchical surface structures. Experimental results implied the great potential of the proposed surface structures for various applications such as microfluidics, optics, energy, and interfaces.

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