A Problem of Maya Metallurgy in the Medium Grijalva, Central Guatemala, and the Yucatan Peninsula: Copper-Lead Alloy

1996 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis M. Torres ◽  
Francisca V. Franco ◽  
Carlos C. Navarrete

ABSTRACTThe study of 4 metallic artifacts from the Medium Grijalva, two bells, a bipointed awl, and a needle, and one bell from Huehuetenango, Guatemala, were studied using of elemental analysis by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), metallographic examination and typological classification. Several problems arose, including the need to have a clearer definition of bell types, better knowledge of the technology of production of needles and awls, and problems with the Cu-Pb alloys, especially if a how high a lead content forms a Cu-Pb alloy solution.Early analyses made of bells and copper artifacts from the Maya area, Western Mexico and Southwest USA shows variable but important amounts of lead. The Cu-Pb phase diagram shows a monotectic reaction where the metals have poorcapability of alloying or mixing, forming a eutectic at very low lead concentrations. Few metalographic studies of these alloys are reported in papers about historic metals. However, some ternary Cu-Pb alloys are found in recent literature. Does the low arsenic content as in the analysis of the Cu-PbMayan bells influence the properties of the alloys? The importance of the distribution of types of bells made of Cu-Pb could clarify possible cultural connections and trade among the Maya area, western Mexico and southwest United States. The possible introduction of metallurgy from and trade with South America makes this search of even more importance.

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Halperin ◽  
Carolyn Freiwald ◽  
Gyles Iannone

AbstractThe Maya area has long been characterized as a mosaic of polities large and small, with cultural connections, linguistic dialects, ethnicities, and economic networks that shifted, expanded, and contracted over time. In this paper, we examine different ways of constructing boundaries. From physical demarcations in the landscape to habitual practices of interaction and affiliation, the lines that tied and divided were both unstable and multiple. We draw on definitions and theories from anthropology, history, and geography to review the concepts of borders, frontiers, and boundaries and their implications for the Maya area over the long term.


Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 38-55
Author(s):  
А.А. Туаллагов

Статья посвящена определению рецептуры и технологии производства аланского крепкого алкогольного напитка ронг. К моменту фиксации сведений о напитке непосредственно у осетин сам напиток уже давно ими не производился. Сведения о нем сохранялись только в осетинском фольклоре. Наличие живого сванского ранга, который был расценен как тождественный не только по названию, но и по технологии производства аланскому ронгу, привело к убеждению о приготовлении напитка только из меда. На данной основе сегодня предлагаются «рецепты» домашнего и коммерческого производства напитка. Однако такое положение противоречит как характеристике напитка, так и иным сведениям фольклорного и этнографического характера, что определяет актуальность проблемы. Отдание приоритета собственно осетинским фольклорным источникам в сопоставлении с данными, записанными первыми европейскими путешественниками в Осетии, которые привлекаются впервые, определяет научную новизну исследования. Его целью является установление рецептуры и технологии производства аланского ронга как культурного наследия осетин, утерянного в силу непреодолимости определенных исторических обстоятельств. При проведении исследования применялись методы текстуального и историко-этнографического исследования источников, индуктивного и логического анализа на основе принципа историзма и системности изложения. В ходе исследования было установлено, что в фольклорной осетинской традиции сохранились реликтовые представления, что ронг изготавливался на единой зерновой (просо) и медовой основе с применением закваски. Технология его производства не подразумевала варение, а также использования воды. Сведения первых европейских путешественников позволяют прямо соотнести рецептуру и технологию производства ронга с определенным видом крепкого алкогольного напитка адыгских народов, надежность чему обеспечивалась непосредственным взаимопониманием по данному вопросу осетинской и кабардинской сторон. Потеря традиции изготовления ронга в осетинской среде диктовалась потерей зерновой базы в постмонгольский период и развитием иных технологий производства крепкого алкогольного напитка. The article is devoted to the definition of the recipe and production technology of the Alanian strong alcoholic beverage ‘rong’. By the time of recording information about the drink directly from the Ossetians, the drink itself had no longer been produced by them for years. The information about it was preserved only in the Ossetian folklore. The presence of the still existing Svanian rank, which was regarded as identical not only by name, but also by the technology of production to the Alanian rong, led to the conviction that the drink was made only from honey. On this basis, «recipes» for home and commercial production of the drink are being recommended nowadays. However, this situation contradicts both to the characteristics of the drink and other information of folklore and ethnographic nature, which determines the relevance of the problem. Giving priority to the Ossetian folklore sources in comparison with the data recorded by the first European travelers in Ossetia, who are being considered for the first time, determines the scientific novelty of the study. Its purpose is to establish the recipe and production technology of the Alanian rong as the cultural heritage of the Ossetians, lost due to the irresistibility of certain historical circumstances. The research used methods of textual and historical-ethnographic research of the sources, inductive and logical analysis based on the principle of historicism and consistency of presentation were used. The research has found that the folklore of the Ossetian tradition preserved relict ideas that rong was made on a single grain (millet) and honey basis with the use of sourdough. The technology of its production did not imply boiling, as well as the use of water. The information of the first European travelers allows us to directly correlate the recipe and production technology of rong with a certain type of strong alcoholic beverage of the Adyghe peoples, the reliability of which was ensured by the direct understanding of the Ossetian and Kabardian sides on this issue. The loss of the tradition of making rong in the Ossetian environment was dictated by the loss of the grain base in the post-Mongolian period and the development of other technologies for the production of a strong alcoholic beverage.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriy Ivanov ◽  
Roman Filonov ◽  
Dzhaniko Murusidzye

In the manual questions of technology, mechanization and automation of processes in animal husbandry are considered; bases of the modern production technology of production of animal husbandry are stated; the short description of designs and the principles of work of the equipment used in animal husbandry is given. All material is issued in the form of the separate laboratory works distributed according to the program of a course. In each laboratory work separate groups of cars and the equipment according to their classification and technological appointment are considered; method of calculation of the parameters necessary for definition of optimum completing of line and technological lines are presented; questions of operation of the equipment and technical and economic efficiency are taken up. Each laboratory work includes the purpose, the contents, the reporting and control questions. The manual is intended for the bachelors who are trained in the direction 35.03.06 "Agroinzheneriya".


2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elva Dolores Arias-Merino ◽  
Neyda Ma. Mendoza-Ruvalcaba ◽  
Martha Judith Arias-Merino ◽  
Jazmín Cueva-Contreras ◽  
Carlos Vazquez Arias

Objectives. The aim of this paper is to estimate the prevalence of successful aging in the elderly in Western Mexico and to analyze its variability by age, sex, education, marital status, and pension.Methods. This study employs data from the Health, Wellbeing, and Aging Study (SABE) in Jalisco and Colima, Mexico. Successful aging was operationalized in accordance with no important disease, no disability, physical functioning, cognitive functioning, and being actively. There were a total of 3116 elderly.Results. 12.6% of older adults were “successful” aging. The old-old is a lower proportion of successful aging people; it ranges from 18.9% among people aged 60–69 years to 3.9% in the 80–89 years and up to 1% in people 90 and older. There were also differences according to sex(P=.000), with a higher proportion of successful aging men (18.4% compared with 9.2% of women). There were differences in educational level(P=.000); those higher with education were found to be more successful aging, and also there were differences in marital status for married people(P=.000).Discussion. A small number of older adults meet the criteria definition of successful aging, suggesting the need to analyze in depth the concept and the indicators.


1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
W. W. Morgan

1. The definition of “normal” stars in spectral classification changes with time; at the time of the publication of theYerkes Spectral Atlasthe term “normal” was applied to stars whose spectra could be fitted smoothly into a two-dimensional array. Thus, at that time, weak-lined spectra (RR Lyrae and HD 140283) would have been considered peculiar. At the present time we would tend to classify such spectra as “normal”—in a more complicated classification scheme which would have a parameter varying with metallic-line intensity within a specific spectral subdivision.


1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 21-26

An ideal definition of a reference coordinate system should meet the following general requirements:1. It should be as conceptually simple as possible, so its philosophy is well understood by the users.2. It should imply as few physical assumptions as possible. Wherever they are necessary, such assumptions should be of a very general character and, in particular, they should not be dependent upon astronomical and geophysical detailed theories.3. It should suggest a materialization that is dynamically stable and is accessible to observations with the required accuracy.


1979 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 125-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Allen

No paper of this nature should begin without a definition of symbiotic stars. It was Paul Merrill who, borrowing on his botanical background, coined the termsymbioticto describe apparently single stellar systems which combine the TiO absorption of M giants (temperature regime ≲ 3500 K) with He II emission (temperature regime ≳ 100,000 K). He and Milton Humason had in 1932 first drawn attention to three such stars: AX Per, CI Cyg and RW Hya. At the conclusion of the Mount Wilson Ha emission survey nearly a dozen had been identified, and Z And had become their type star. The numbers slowly grew, as much because the definition widened to include lower-excitation specimens as because new examples of the original type were found. In 1970 Wackerling listed 30; this was the last compendium of symbiotic stars published.


Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).


Author(s):  
W. A. Shannon ◽  
M. A. Matlib

Numerous studies have dealt with the cytochemical localization of cytochrome oxidase via cytochrome c. More recent studies have dealt with indicating initial foci of this reaction by altering incubation pH (1) or postosmication procedure (2,3). The following study is an attempt to locate such foci by altering membrane permeability. It is thought that such alterations within the limits of maintaining morphological integrity of the membranes will ease the entry of exogenous substrates resulting in a much quicker oxidation and subsequently a more precise definition of the oxidative reaction.The diaminobenzidine (DAB) method of Seligman et al. (4) was used. Minced pieces of rat liver were incubated for 1 hr following toluene treatment (5,6). Experimental variations consisted of incubating fixed or unfixed tissues treated with toluene and unfixed tissues treated with toluene and subsequently fixed.


Author(s):  
J. D. Hutchison

When the transmission electron microscope was commercially introduced a few years ago, it was heralded as one of the most significant aids to medical research of the century. It continues to occupy that niche; however, the scanning electron microscope is gaining rapidly in relative importance as it fills the gap between conventional optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.IBM Boulder is conducting three major programs in cooperation with the Colorado School of Medicine. These are the study of the mechanism of failure of the prosthetic heart valve, the study of the ultrastructure of lung tissue, and the definition of the function of the cilia of the ventricular ependyma of the brain.


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