scholarly journals Geopolityczne uwarunkowania rywalizacji o zasoby Arktyki

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-290
Author(s):  
Dariusz Karaś ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Game ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Problem Analysis ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Arctic Area ◽  
Conflict Mitigation ◽  
Stimulation Of

The aim of the study is to indicate the usefulness of game theory in the context of the effectiveness of geopolitical problem analysis in terms of improving decision-making in relation to Arctic areas. The article presents a series of significant global Arctic problems related to open fisheries, opening Arctic areas for the extraction of natural resources or creating new and more favorable sea routes for transporting goods. Key players in the Arctic area have been identified along with their conflicting claims. It was mentioned that cooperation leads to a reduction in social costs and the stimulation of economic development in the main areas of interest for individual countries. To verify the assumptions, an experiment based on a tragedy of the commons was carried out, in which the participants took the role of fisher-hunters and mining companies. The experiment took the form of a dynamic game, where in each round the participants decided on the volume of catches and resources extracted. The results showed that limiting the freedom of action extended the time of the game, and thus the functioning of the entities and the duration of resources. Leaving plenty of capacity led to agreement between the players and the self-introduction of limits. The experiment showed that the players were aware that only agreement led to gaining benefits in the long term. Thus the creation of an institution supervising disputed areas can lead to conflict mitigation, where entities with different goals and interests must reach agreement, especially when the key challenge is to avoid degradation of the resources and the environment.

scholarly journals Powered by assemblage: language for multiplicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (267-268) ◽  
pp. 235-240
Author(s):  
Sari Pietikäinen
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Productive Force ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Ontological Shift

Abstract Assemblage is one way to examine complexities in today’s world. In Deleuzian thinking, assemblage refers to both the act of assembling diverse elements and the arrangements of these elements for a specific purpose. Importantly, it is the interaction between elements that allows the assemblage to become more than the sum of its parts. Applying this concept to long-term research on Cold Rush – the transformation of the Arctic commons into commodities – I argue that examining the boom, bust, and buzz around the commons can be fruitfully conceptualised and studied with assemblage. This approach brings with it an ontological shift from binaries into multiplicities and multiple temporalities. Assemblage also sheds light on the role of discourse in these transformations and shows how language gains its productive force only in collaboration with other elements.

scholarly journals Pre-motor versus motor cerebral cortex neuromodulation for chronic neuropathic pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Lavrov ◽  
Timur Latypov ◽  
Elvira Mukhametova ◽  
Brian Lundstrom ◽  
Paola Sandroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Motor Cortex Stimulation ◽  
Chronic Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractElectrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex (ESCC) has been used to treat intractable neuropathic pain for nearly two decades, however, no standardized approach for this technique has been developed. In order to optimize targeting and validate the effect of ESCC before placing the permanent grid, we introduced initial assessment with trial stimulation, using a temporary grid of subdural electrodes. In this retrospective study we evaluate the role of electrode location on cerebral cortex in control of neuropathic pain and the role of trial stimulation in target-optimization for ESCC. Location of the temporary grid electrodes and location of permanent electrodes were evaluated in correlation with the long-term efficacy of ESCC. The results of this study demonstrate that the long-term effect of subdural pre-motor cortex stimulation is at least the same or higher compare to effect of subdural motor or combined pre-motor and motor cortex stimulation. These results also demonstrate that the initial trial stimulation helps to optimize permanent electrode positions in relation to the optimal functional target that is critical in cases when brain shift is expected. Proposed methodology and novel results open a new direction for development of neuromodulation techniques to control chronic neuropathic pain.

scholarly journals Biofilm Lithography enables high-resolution cell patterning via optogenetic adhesin expression

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (14) ◽  
pp. 3698-3703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofan Jin ◽  
Ingmar H. Riedel-Kruse
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cell Patterning ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Bacterial Biofilms ◽  
Surface Pretreatment ◽  
Resolution Cell ◽  
Stimulation Of

Bacterial biofilms represent a promising opportunity for engineering of microbial communities. However, our ability to control spatial structure in biofilms remains limited. Here we engineerEscherichia coliwith a light-activated transcriptional promoter (pDawn) to optically regulate expression of an adhesin gene (Ag43). When illuminated with patterned blue light, long-term viable biofilms with spatial resolution down to 25 μm can be formed on a variety of substrates and inside enclosed culture chambers without the need for surface pretreatment. A biophysical model suggests that the patterning mechanism involves stimulation of transiently surface-adsorbed cells, lending evidence to a previously proposed role of adhesin expression during natural biofilm maturation. Overall, this tool—termed “Biofilm Lithography”—has distinct advantages over existing cell-depositing/patterning methods and provides the ability to grow structured biofilms, with applications toward an improved understanding of natural biofilm communities, as well as the engineering of living biomaterials and bottom–up approaches to microbial consortia design.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN SEGMENT OF THE ARCTIC ZONE AS A REGIONAL MEASUREMENT OF WORLD GEOPOLITICS

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
T.S. Sukhodaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
The World ◽  
Arctic Policy

The article discusses the features of the Arctic zone, its place in the world economy and international relations. The reasons for the intersection of the geopolitical interests of the leading states of the world in this region are revealed. The main directions of scientific and technical cooperation in the development of the Arctic are identified. The role of the Arctic Council in solving the problem of coordinating the interests of various actors in the region is shown. The strategic necessity of the development of the Arctic as a region free of conflicts and rivalry is substantiated. The analysis of the Russian Arctic policy and mechanisms for its implementation. The author substantiates the conclusion that the development of the Russian Arctic zone can become a driving force for the qualitative growth of the national economy, the formation of the country's competitive advantages in the long term, as well as maintaining the global ecological balance and stability.

Property Rights in American Economic History

2018 ◽  
pp. 168-194
Author(s):  
Gary Libecap
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equity And Efficiency ◽  
Mineral Rights ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Efficiency Effects

This chapter examines the development of private property rights to natural resources in the United States as a bottom-up or top-down process. Long-term equity and efficiency effects are highlighted. The role of property rights in avoiding the tragedy of the commons is illustrated. The property rights examined are those to farmland, timberland, as well as grazing rights and mineral rights. Each emerged or were constrained in different ways with important long-term economic and social effects in American economic development. The role of the rectangular survey in deliminating rights to surface land to reduce tenure uncertainty and to promote land and capital markets is described in detail.

The Role of 5–Hydroxytryptamine (5–HT) Receptor Subtypes and Plasticity in the 5–HT Systems in the Regulation of Nociceptive Sensitivity

Cephalalgia ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Kristian Eide ◽  
Kjell Hole
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Nociceptive Sensitivity ◽  
Denervation Supersensitivity ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Stimulation Of

This review shows that the role of 5–hydroxytryptamine (5–HT) in the regulation of nociception depends on the 5–HT receptor subtypes involved and on long-term functional changes in the 5–HT receptors. Stimulation of the 5–HT 1 receptors, as well as of the 5–HT 2 and 5–HT 3 receptors, may reduce nociceptive sensitivity. In addition, activation of 5–HT 2 and 5–HT 3 receptors may also enhance nociceptive sensitivity. Up- or down-regulation of the 5–HT receptors may result in long-lasting changes, plasticity, in the 5–HT systems. Lesioning of 5–HT neurons induces denervation supersensitivity to 5–HT, and prolonged stimulation of 5–HT receptors may produce subsensitivity to 5–HT. In the spinal cord denervation supersensitivity to 5–HT may depend on reduced release of substance P (SP). An increase in the release of SP, on the other hand, may reduce the effects of 5–HT receptor activation. Long-term treatment with antidepressants which are used in clinical pain therapy appears to up-regulate the 5–HT 1 receptors and to down-regulate the 5–HT 2 receptors.

scholarly journals The Nordic Countries and Russia: an Untouchable Reserve of Strength to Maintain Bilateral Relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Konstantin Voronov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
Economic Exchanges ◽  
Objective Basis

The article explores the development of bilateral relations between the Northern countries and Russia due to the current trend of increasing role of Northern Europe and the Arctic in international relations. The author specifically considers the reasons, motives, objective preconditionsrequired to maintain a minimum level of contactsafter 2014. This set of political and economic factors, a kind of Strategic untouchable reserve, not only prevents the crisis, but also serves as an objective basis for maintaining the certain level of working ties, as well as their improvementin the future. The ruling circles support the policy of sanctions, the course of USA/NATO/EU aimed at strategic deterrence of Russia. However,the countries in the subregion are committed to the preservation of dialogue with Moscow and pragmatic cooperation. This positive attitude of the Nordic Five towards Russia is based on long-term goals: the need to keep and to develop trade and economic exchanges, the necessity to develop further economic cooperation in new and perspective spheres, such as the Far North and the Arctic, development of the Northern Sea Route, sea spaces and the shelf of the Arctic Ocean etc.

Effects of Chronic Exposure to Petroleum Upon the Growth and Molting of Juveniles of the Arctic Marine Isopod Crustacean Mesidotea entomon

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Percy
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Intermolt Period ◽  
Soluble Fractions ◽  
Long Term Mortality ◽  
Stimulation Of

Juveniles of the benthic marine isopod Mesidotea entomon were chronically exposed to different concentrations of water-soluble fractions of fresh and weathered Norman Wells crude oil and of fresh Pembina crude for 160 d. The 100% extracts contained 1.72, 1.12, and 0.56 ppm of oil (determined fluorimetrically), respectively. Most of the animals completed five or six molts before the end of the experiment. Long-term mortality was high in the 100% extracts of the oils (LT50 = 17, 17, and 41 d, for Norman Wells, Pembina, and weathered Norman Wells, respectively) but most of the animals molted at least once before dying. None of the deaths occurred in conjunction with the molt. Stimulation of the onset of the subsequent molt occurred in some exposure groups. A significant increase in the duration of the intermolt period only occurred at the highest oil concentrations. Effects on growth were slight at concentrations lower than that which is lethal during chronic exposure. Exposure to fresh Norman Wells crude depressed growth slightly, while Pembina crude slightly stimulated growth. Weathered Norman Wells severely inhibited growth at the highest concentration but stimulated growth slightly at lower concentrations. Key words: petroleum, growth, molting, arctic, isopod, Mesidotea entomon

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