scholarly journals Forecasting the durability of public transport bus bodies depending on operating conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1(112)) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Dmytro Ruban ◽  
Lubomir Kraynyk ◽  
Hanna Ruban ◽  
Andrii Sosyk ◽  
Andriy Shcherbyna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Frame ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Bus Body

This paper addresses the issue related to forecasting the durability indicators of public transport buses under operational conditions. It has been established that when buses are operated to transport passengers the bus bodies wear at different intensities. During operation, the strength of the body frame weakens under the influence of corrosion in combination with sites of fatigue destruction. As it was established, the intensity of corrosion of the bus body depends on the number of residents in the city where the bus is operated. The earlier established dependences were taken into consideration; the current study has identified two conditional variants of corrosion evolution based on the number of inhabitants: up to 1 million and exceeding 1 million. The expediency of repairs and their impact on the bus passive safety has been analyzed. It was found that the elements of the body frame, without external characteristic damage, no longer meet the specified conditions of strength as a result of sign-alternating loads and during long-term operation. Determining the durability of the bus body was made possible through the construction of a mathematical model. The model’s adequacy was confirmed by road tests of the bus. The devised model describes the movement of the bus over a road surface with different micro profiles, with different corrosion penetration, different loading by passengers, and bus speeds. It was established that the reason for the evolution of structural corrosion is the influence of salt mixtures preventing the icing of roads, as well as ignoring the washing of buses after such trips. It is recommended to use new software for the in-depth study into this issue addressing the combination of various factors of destruction: cyclic loads at variable bus speeds and the corrosion progress. The study results could make it possible to predict a life cycle of the body frame under factors that correspond to actual operating conditions.

scholarly journals DEMAND THAT GO IN ON THE FOLLOWING VEHICLE BODY OF THE BODIES OF THE HUMAN TRANSPORT PID PED HOUR EXPLOATATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (48) ◽  
pp. 293-301
Author(s):  
Ruban D ◽  
◽  
Kraynyk L ◽  
Grischuk A ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vehicle Body ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Body Frame ◽  
Motor Transport ◽  
Bus Body

The article considers the operating conditions that affect the durability of the bus body and proposes measures to increase the durability of public transport bus bodies during operation. The object of study - conditions and measures that affect the durability of public transport bus bodies during operation. Objective - development of recommendations for increasing the durability of bus bodies during operation. Research Methods - analytical. The analysis of factors in the fuel for the car bodywork in the bus transport in the first hour of operation was carried out. It has been established that the car body must be replaced with a bus, so that it's possible to use it and it's possible to immediately renew the anti-corrosion protection. Normal minds are presented: a bus route on roads I - III categories, transportation of passengers at roads, I don't change, technically permissible value, I don't overrun roads at a distance of 50 km / year. I'll show you how to look at the material base of motor transport enterprises, 95% of motor transport companies in Ukraine don't have any notice for a winter bus. In addition, during the winter period, you need to thoroughly think and understand that there is a bus and a bus that is due to obstructions and icy roads. Technology has been scattered, and the anti-corrosion grease has been closed by a worn empty bus body frame. As a result, the robots have been installed, which is effective for the effective anti-corrosion protection of the body elements of the body frame, which is necessary and certified. In addition, during the winter period, you need to thoroughly think and understand that there is a bus and a bus that is due to obstructions and icy roads. Technology has been scattered, and the anti-corrosion grease has been closed by a worn empty bus body frame. As a result, the robots have been installed, which is effective for the effective anti-corrosion protection of the body elements of the body frame, which is necessary and certified. KEY WORDS: BUS, NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS, CORROSION PROTECTION, DURABILITY.

Optimization Design of a Bus Body Frame

2012 ◽  
Vol 605-607 ◽  
pp. 600-603
Author(s):  
Feng Wang ◽  
Yong Hai Wu
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Design ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Parametric Modeling ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Body Frame ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Bus Body

This paper selects a certain type of Golden Dragon bus body structure as the research object, by using ANSYS parametric modeling, and achieve optimization process through the ISIGHT software integration ANSYS. Choose the body frame minimum total quality as optimal objective; the average stress level is introduced to the objective function when the body frame is under the bending and twisting joint working conditions. According to the bus operating conditions, restrictions including strength, stiffness, and frequency of the body frame are put forward .NSGA-II algorithm is employed to optimize the design. The results showed that: 8.08% total mass reduction of Bus Body Structure. The NSGA-II method combined with finite element method this article uses has a certain reference value on the similar structure optimization design.

Electric Bus Body Lightweight Design Based on Multiple Constrains

2012 ◽  
Vol 538-541 ◽  
pp. 3137-3144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Wei Wang ◽  
Cheng Jun Zhou ◽  
Cheng Lin ◽  
Jiao Yang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Element Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Frame ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
Free Model ◽  
Bus Body ◽  
The Finite Element Model ◽  
Torsion Condition

The finite-element model of pure electric bus has been built and the free model analysis, displacement and stress analysis under bending condition and torsion condition have been conducted. Optimally design the pure electric bus frame based on multiple constrains. Reduce the body frame quality by 4.3% and meanwhile meet the modal and stress requirements.

Investigation of long-term operation and biomass activity in a membrane bioreactor system

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1906-1912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simos Malamis ◽  
Andreas Andreadakis ◽  
Daniel Mamais ◽  
Constantinos Noutsopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Solids Retention ◽  
Biomass Activity ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

The aim of this work was to evaluate the long-term performance of a Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) that operated continuously for 2.5 years and to assess membrane fouling and biomass activity under various operating conditions. Furthermore, a method for the characterisation of influent wastewater was developed based on its separation into various fractions. The MBR system operated at the solids retention times (SRT) of 10, 15, 20 and 33 days. The increase of SRT resulted in a decrease of the fouling rate associated with the reduction of extracellular polymeric substances. Moreover, the SRT increase resulted in a significant reduction of the Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR) due to the lower availability of substrate and in a notable decrease of the maximum OUR since high SRT allowed the development of slower growing microorganisms. Biomass consisted of small flocs due to extensive deflocculation caused by intense aeration. Finally, the method developed for wastewater characterisation is straightforward and less time consuming than the usual method that is employed.

The Research Progress of Heavy Metals in PM2.5

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 1397-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Na Shi ◽  
Xun Xu ◽  
Xiao Yan Dou ◽  
Xu Dong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Chemical Form ◽  
The Body ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Depth Study

PM2.5 is one of the most important components in air pollution. It is also the focus of the most closely watched at home and abroad. Based on its small size, complex components, and strongenvironmental activity, it can be used as a carrier for chemicals, heavy metals, bacteria, toxins and carcinogens into the body. Then, as a result, it will affect Human Body Health. Heavy metals are important components of PM2.5, and the long-term accumulation of heavy metals in PM2.5 poses a great threat on human health and the environment. This paper reviewed the sources, distribution methods,chemical form, detection methods, disposal way, research progress of heavy metals in PM2.5. As a result, it provided a reference for in-depth study on the future.

scholarly journals BCI-Based Rehabilitation on the Stroke in Sequela Stage

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yangyang Miao ◽  
Shugeng Chen ◽  
Xinru Zhang ◽  
Jing Jin ◽  
Ren Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Average Improvement ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
Positive Effect

Background. Stroke is the leading cause of serious and long-term disability worldwide. Survivors may recover some motor functions after rehabilitation therapy. However, many stroke patients missed the best time period for recovery and entered into the sequela stage of chronic stroke. Method. Studies have shown that motor imagery- (MI-) based brain-computer interface (BCI) has a positive effect on poststroke rehabilitation. This study used both virtual limbs and functional electrical stimulation (FES) as feedback to provide patients with a closed-loop sensorimotor integration for motor rehabilitation. An MI-based BCI system acquired, analyzed, and classified motor attempts from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The FES system would be activated if the BCI detected that the user was imagining wrist dorsiflexion on the instructed side of the body. Sixteen stroke patients in the sequela stage were randomly assigned to a BCI group and a control group. All of them participated in rehabilitation training for four weeks and were assessed by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) of motor function. Results. The average improvement score of the BCI group was 3.5, which was higher than that of the control group (0.9). The active EEG patterns of the four patients in the BCI group whose FMA scores increased gradually became centralized and shifted to sensorimotor areas and premotor areas throughout the study. Conclusions. Study results showed evidence that patients in the BCI group achieved larger functional improvements than those in the control group and that the BCI-FES system is effective in restoring motor function to upper extremities in stroke patients. This study provides a more autonomous approach than traditional treatments used in stroke rehabilitation.

The Analyses for the Casing Improvements of the MPM-20 Engine

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ratkovská ◽  
J. Čerňan ◽  
M. Cúttová ◽  
K. Semrád
Keyword(s):  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Infrared Emission ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Operational Issues ◽  
Combustor Liner

The operational issues of a small turbojet engine MPM – 20 are discussed. The engine was created by modifying the Soviet turbostarter TS – 20B/21 designed for short-term operation. It is necessary to make structural modifications that allow for the long-term operational premise of the engine. For this purpose, several analyses were focused on the thermally stressed parts. The first, a material analysis carried out on the outer casing of the combustion chamber and on the combustor liner reveals information about the mechanical properties of these structural nodes. It was necessary since there is no documentation of the engine with this information. Another analysis of the infrared emission spectra is important for monitoring operational conditions, especially from the temperature point of view. Subsequent stress analysis of the casing is based on results from previous analyses. It was used to observe the behaviour of the casing as operational conditions changed. This revealed a dangerous increase of thermally induced stress levels as temperature increased up to 150°C. Various structural modifications can be made in the future with these results, such as an application of a protective coating on the casing and combustor liner of the engine.

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF BLOOD AND BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE ORGANISM OF FEMALE RATS F1 UNDER LONG-TERM EXPOSURE OF CITRIC ACID

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
U. І. Теsarinska ◽  
R. S. Fedoruk ◽  
S. Ya. Маrtynyk ◽  
Т. V. Yurynec ◽  
V. А. Smuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Relative Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Morphological Composition

The paper considers the effect on rats of long-term feeding of an aqueous solution of citric acid (C6H12O6 x H2O, "chemically pure.") in the amount of 8 mg/l. The study was performed on 10 laboratory female rats F1 of the Wistar line, obtained from F0 females. Two groups were set up: control and experimental, 5 animals in each. Animals were under standard conditions with natural light regime day/night, aqueous solutions of citrate, water, and feed received ad libitum. Were determined the morphological composition and biochemical parameters of the blood of female F1 rats. The results of the study indicate the absence of an unfavorable effect of citric acid on red blood cells. Concerning white blood, there is a decrease in the number of leukocytes, which may be due to the development of an adaptive response of the body to citric acid or the inhibition of citric acid's immune response to long-term adaptive action. There is a significant increase in the relative content of eosinophils in females F1, which probably may be due to the action of citric acid. The analysis of the obtained results of blood biochemical parameters indicates a certain tendency to decrease, in terms of control, the content of serum iron, as well as its total and unsaturated Fe-binding capacity. Ferrum saturation of serum transferrin was present at the level of animals in the control group. Analysis of the study results indicates no changes in control in the activity of enzymes: Alkaline phosphatase ALT and AST, also have no statistically significant confirmation of differences in the control group. The level of urea was statistically not significantly higher in terms of control. Thus, long-term watering of citric acid to female rats in the generation F0 and F1 during their physiological and sexual gestation and pregnancy reveal un-favorable effects in female rats F1. However, there was distinguished the adaptive immune-biological response of the animals organism. The immunological response was supported by a decrease in the number of leukocytes and a significant increase in the relative content of eosinophils. The results of biochemical studies of serum indicate the absence of statistically significant differences in animals of the control group.

scholarly journals A varying comprehensive hydropower coefficient for medium/long-term operation of a single reservoir

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 686-698
Author(s):  
Wenting Gong ◽  
Pan Liu ◽  
Lei Cheng ◽  
He Li ◽  
Zhikai Yang
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Hydropower Plant ◽  
Simulation Accuracy ◽  
K Value ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Water Power ◽  
Hydropower Plants ◽  
Water Head ◽  
Study Results

Abstract In medium/long-term reservoir operation, the hydropower output is calculated from k × q × h, where q is the power discharge, h is the water head, and k is the comprehensive hydropower coefficient. k indicates the conversion efficiency from water power to electricity, however, it is standard practice to use a constant k. We developed a novel method to derive the varying k based on observed big data. The operational frequencies of different units for time (multiple periods) and space (multiple units) were accounted based on the observed big data from each unit, and then weights were obtained. Finally, k was derived by integrating the efficiency curves (hill charts) of the different units with their weights. The Three Gorges Project, China, was selected for a case study. Results indicated that: (1) the varying k value can improve hydropower simulation accuracy, (2) simulations using 10-day intervals have a higher accuracy for hydropower calculation than daily and monthly scales, (3) the evaluation of hydropower plant benefits is sensitive to k, and there is potential for producing more hydropower. These findings are highly relevant to the operation of hydropower plants and to the evaluation of medium/long-term hydropower generation for a hydropower plant.

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