scholarly journals Study of efficiency of simplication of customs formalities on the digitalization basis

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4(57)) ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Lebid ◽  
Tetyana Anufriyeva ◽  
Hanna Savenko ◽  
Viktoriia Skrypnyk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Transit System ◽  
International Transport ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Eu

The object of research is the processes of data exchange between subjects of foreign economic activity when performing customs procedures, namely, the introduction of a new computerized transit system NCTS within the framework of improving and harmonizing customs procedures. One of the most problematic areas is the lack of knowledge and awareness in the implementation of reforms on trade facilitation measures, and therefore there is a need to be able to reduce costs at the border, and costs associated with foreign trade transactions. The perspective is considered and the assessment of the state of modern customs policy is carried out on the example of Ukraine, the mechanisms of application of customs instruments for regulating foreign trade during the digitalization of customs are determined. The dynamics of export-import operations of Ukraine with other countries is analyzed. In 2020, exporting companies estimate the work of customs significantly better by 15 % compared to 2019. Among enterprises of various sizes, micro-enterprises often report problems at customs, and the greatest problems are considered to be overstatement of customs value of goods and outdated equipment of customs control zones. It is shown that one of the ways to improve the efficiency of customs procedures is to minimize personal contacts between the customs officer and the client, transfer most of the transactions online, use electronic services and mobile applications. Also, in the near future, a large-scale reconstruction of checkpoints is planned to reduce queues. It is found that the customs clearance procedures are not sufficiently automated, and the customs authorities are entrusted with many obligations. Thus, the customs authorities of Ukraine are forced to control goods during customs clearance more carefully than in the EU countries. The average duration of customs clearance of imported goods by the customs authorities of Ukraine is from 1 to 4 hours, depending on the region, while in developed countries such clearance takes only a few minutes. The conducted research is interesting for the participants of the international transport market. Since for business enterprises the use of one transit declaration for the delivery of goods from one country to another (from the customs office of departure to the customs office of destination), according to the general transit procedure, reduces the cost of customs procedures and the time required for their passage. Consequently, it reduces queues at the border, which means a faster flow of goods.

Cost- und Monitoring-Projekt: Zwei neue forstliche Meinungsumfragen im Vergleich | The Cost- and Monitoring-Projects: A Comparison of Two New Forestry Opinion Polls

2000 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Wild-Eck ◽  
Willi Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Forest Economics ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Swiss Confederation ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Opinion Polls

Two large-scale surveys looking at attitudes towards forests, forestry and forest policy in the second half ofthe nineties have been carried out. This work was done on behalf of the Swiss Confederation by the Chair of Forest Policy and Forest Economics of the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. Not only did the two studies use very different methods, but the results also varied greatly as far as infrastructure and basic conditions were concerned. One of the main differences between the two studies was the fact that the first dealt only with mountainous areas, whereas the second was carried out on the whole Swiss population. The results of the studies reflect these differences:each produced its own specific findings. Where the same (or similar) questions were asked, the answers highlight not only how the attitudes of those questioned differ, but also views that they hold in common. Both surveys showed positive attitudes towards forests in general, as well as a deep-seated appreciation ofthe forest as a recreational area, and a positive approach to tending. Detailed results of the two surveys will be available in the near future.

Foreign Trade of Russia: Barometer Foretells Storm

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
V. Obolenskiy
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Developed Countries

The development of Russian foreign trade during the previous five years is analyzed. It is stated that, in terms of value, exports of services and imports of goods and services steadily grew during the first four years of the period under review. Exports of goods also rose during three years, but in 2014 both exports and imports again fell in comparison with the previous year as was the case five years ago. The composition of the Russian exports and imports of goods did not change radically during the previous years. The main items of export are, as always, mineral products, metals and fertilizers. Import is prevailed by foodstuffs, chemicals and heavy engineering equipment. The current situation is featured by the reduction of world oil prices, slump of the domestic economy and war of sanctions with the Western countries. All this substantially impairs the conditions of Russia’s foreign trade activities and inhibits its development in the upcoming years. In the author’s view, the implementation of measures worked out by the government – correction of tariff liabilities before the WTO, redirecting of trade streams from the European to the Asian markets, import substitution and export support – will unlikely improve the situation. Revision of the liabilities before the WTO in the conditions of the decrease of the internal demand and serious devaluation of Ruble is considered as inappropriate and counterproductive. “Asiatic turn” is only capable to compensate to a certain respect the loss of supplies of some food products from Europe, but cannot fully offset the loss of potentialities of the acquisition of modern technologies and equipment from the developed countries. It is doubtful that it will be possible to dramatically cut the import dependence. It is necessary to replace many kinds of foreign goods, but it is impossible to implement a frontal substitution of import in all directions. Excessive stress on the import substitution might lead to the emergence of shortages and poorer availability of some goods at the internal market and, at the worst, to self-isolation and economic autarky. The attempts to build up an effective system of export support might be successful only in the conditions of the establishment of the large-scale production of goods and services which would be comparable with the foreign analogues in respect to the criteria of price and quality. Taking this into consideration the technological renovation of production processes, first of all in the manufacturing industry, and on this basis rising up of the competitiveness of plants and factories are the most important prerequisites for encouraging export activities and formation of the new export specialization of the country.

scholarly journals FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS OF UKRAINE AND CHINA: CHALLENGES FOR THE NATIONAL ECONOMIC INTERESTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yevhen Ivanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Electrical Machinery ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
The Eu

The article looks into key challenges for Ukrainian economy caused by foreign trade intensification with China in 2020 when Ukraine’s exports to PRC increased by 98 per cent. The dynamics and main structural shifts in the UA-CN trade are analyzed. The structure of bilateral trade flows between the parties by degree of processing and value added is explored. It is revealed that Ukraine’s exports to China consists predominantly from raw materials and products of primary processing: mineral products (iron ore), cereals (maize), sunflower oil and its residues, ferrous metals, etc. The imports from China to Ukraine consists mainly from electrical machinery, mechanical appliances, articles of apparel, chemical products, iron and steel, etc. Comparative analysis of the commodity structure of Ukraine’s exports to PRC and to the EU is conducted. The analysis shows that, despite dominance of traditional and low value added goods in Ukrainian overall exports, the share of sophisticated manufactured goods in exports to the EU is much larger than in exports to China. It is substantiated that trade with China largely determines the raw material orientation of Ukraine's international specialization, while exports to developed countries are characterized by a relatively higher share of intermediate and consumer goods. To increase the efficiency of Ukraine’s foreign trade, it is considered that the best option is to focus on reducing dependence on imports from China by developing domestic production of appropriate consumer goods and increasing export flows to developed countries. The expediency of Ukraine's refusal to participate in the New Silk Road project is argued in favor of using the benefits of nearshoring strategy, which opens the opportunity to replace Chinese consumer goods in the EU market with Ukrainian ones under the EU-UA association agreement. The article briefly surveys some cases of successful implementation of this strategy by Ukrainian business, in particular the launch of exports of household appliances (electro-thermic coffee and tea makers, electric razors, washing machines, electric heaters) to the EU.

Cleaning in Crystalline Si Solar Cell Manufacturing

2012 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juergen Schweckendiek ◽  
Ronald Hoyer ◽  
Sebastian Patzig-Klein ◽  
Franck Delahaye ◽  
Gerry Knoch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Diffusion Coating ◽  
Production Lines ◽  
Si Solar Cell ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Near Future

The large scale of production of modern PV manufacturing as well as the cost pressure demand a different approach to cleaning processes in semiconductor and PV applications. The subject of this presentation is, to highlight aspects of similarities and differences. Total added cost/m2of Si are estimated for typical PV manufacturing conditions and compared to semiconductor applications. Typical technical solutions are reviewed. They are compared to the anticipated technical and cost requirements in the near future according to PV roadmaps and cell concepts which are evident today. Starting with typical cleaning processes during the wafering (sawing, cleaning, separation) up to cell processing (texturing, diffusion, coating and plating) the main cleaning processes are presented and their specifics are indicated. Finally recontamination and conditioning in production lines are reviewed.

scholarly journals Sustaining Growth of the People's Republic of China

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Yifu Lin ◽  
Fan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Technological Gap ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Near Future

This paper reviews economic growth theory in the framework of economic development and explores the possibility of sustained growth in the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the long run. We argue that the PRC has the potential to sustain relatively high growth rates. First, since the technological gap with major developed countries still exists, the PRC can continue to enjoy its “advantage of backwardness” in the near future. Second, large-scale infrastructure investment, which began several decades ago, may possibly extend to the future and provide the country a basis for further growth. Third, structural readjustment, which is needed in many areas, should similarly be able to support the Chinese economy. This paper argues that to sustain long-term growth in the PRC, a number of general preconditions need to be fulfilled—these include well-functioning markets, a minimum amount of investment, continued structural upgrading, and effective government.

scholarly journals Integrasi Layanan Trans Koetaradja dengan Feeder Angkutan Labi-Labi di Kota Banda Aceh

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Winiko Afriza ◽  
Okto Risdianto Manullang
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Traffic Jam ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operational Integration ◽  
Banda Aceh

The Aceh Provincial Government through the department of transportation in 2016 began operating Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Banda Aceh city. The presence of Trans Koetaradja is expected to be able to implement a mass transit system that is capable of maintaining order, traffic congestion and traffic jam in Banda Aceh City. However, the existence of BRT Trans Koetaradja poses a threat to the existence of drivers and businessmen of transporting labi-labi in Banda Aceh City. Starting from the problem, this research aims to create the form of integration of BRT Trans Koetaradja service with feeder of labi-labi transportation in Banda Aceh City. The research method used is descriptive analysis of kunatitatif which will describe the potential of travel demand and condition of existing road network. In addition, it uses a spatial descriptive analysis method to formulate the form of feeder transport routes of labi-labi and analyze the operational integration of routes, time and rates. The result of the research shows that there are 6 feeder routes that will serve the corridor I Keudah-Darussalam namely Prada area route, Zainal Abidin General Hospital route, Simpang Keramat route, Unsyiah campus route and UIN Ar-Raniry route, Aceh Governor Office and route of Simpang Mesra area. Operationally, the integration of Trans Koetaradja transport service time with feeder transport of labi-labi is at 07.00-18.00 wib. The required headway of each feeding route is 4-9 minutes. The travel time required for each feeder route is 10-15 minutes with the number of fleets used by 32 units to serve 6 (six) feeder routes. In terms of tariff integration, the cost to be spent per passenger to use labi-labi transportation on each feeder route is between Rp.1.000 - Rp. 1,500.

Czech foreign trade in the nineties: adaptation to developed markets

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Tomšík ◽  
Eva Zamrazilová
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Markets ◽  
The Third ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Good Export ◽  
Import Intensity ◽  
The Eu

The article deals with the problems of adaptation of Czech foreign trade to challenging markets of developed countries. It devotes special attention to the trade with the EU since the problems of adaptation, leading to growing trade deficits, were most profound in this territory. In the end of the nineties, the adaptation to developed markets proceeded rapidly, competitiveness of Czech exports quickly growing. Main Czech trading partners are treated separately in the third part of the article. Final part shows that reorientation of Czech foreign trade resulted in the creation of the new risky factors of Czech external balance. Regression analysis of foreign trade showed high dependence of Czech exports on West European, especially German, business cycle. High import intensity of Czech exports might thus cause the problems of external imbalance again, even under good export performance.

scholarly journals Applying a Hybrid Sequential Model to Chinese Sentence Correction

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1939
Author(s):  
Jun Wei Chen ◽  
Xanno K. Sigalingging ◽  
Jenq-Shiou Leu ◽  
Jun-Ichi Takada
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Semantic Error ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost

In recent years, Chinese has become one of the most popular languages globally. The demand for automatic Chinese sentence correction has gradually increased. This research can be adopted to Chinese language learning to reduce the cost of learning and feedback time, and help writers check for wrong words. The traditional way to do Chinese sentence correction is to check if the word exists in the predefined dictionary. However, this kind of method cannot deal with semantic error. As deep learning becomes popular, an artificial neural network can be applied to understand the sentence’s context to correct the semantic error. However, there are still many issues that need to be discussed. For example, the accuracy and the computation time required to correct a sentence are still lacking, so maybe it is still not the time to adopt the deep learning based Chinese sentence correction system to large-scale commercial applications. Our goal is to obtain a model with better accuracy and computation time. Combining recurrent neural network and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), a recently popular model, known for its high performance and slow inference speed, we introduce a hybrid model which can be applied to Chinese sentence correction, improving the accuracy and also the inference speed. Among the results, BERT-GRU has obtained the highest BLEU Score in all experiments. The inference speed of the transformer-based original model can be improved by 1131% in beam search decoding in the 128-word experiment, and greedy decoding can also be improved by 452%. The longer the sequence, the larger the improvement.

scholarly journals Trade in Services in the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (14) ◽  
pp. 156-171
Author(s):  
Ines Kersan Skabic
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Trade Expansion ◽  
Services Trade ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Eu

Services dominate in creation of value added in national economies, especially in developed countries and they have growing trend in developing (emerging) economies. They cover four modes of trade (according to GATS), that makes their calculation complex and a part of services is hidden in the value of production/trade of manufactured goods. Their importance in foreign trade, despite the increasing trend, is still three times smaller that the value of trade in goods, but also it is under-valuated. This paper explains specific characteristics of services foreign trade, provides analysis of structure of services trade but also pointed the limitation of wider trade expansion (i.e. liberalization of trade). The analysis employ statistical tools and secondary data and covers the EU member states. The EU is very important player in the global arena and it is net exporter of services, where richer member states are oriented to the other business sector while the Central, East and South members are focused to travel. The EU members mainly traded between them selves. Services trade faced higher barriers in cross-border trade. OECD measures these restriction by Services Trade Restrictiveness Index. EU common market provides better condition for the intra- EEA trade in services even the protection differs between countries and it is more liberal for computer and telecom sectors while in accounting services and legal services the protection is high due to national legislations.

scholarly journals Biobordering as a Concept

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-54
Author(s):  
Nina Amelung ◽  
Rafaela Granja ◽  
Helena Machado
Keyword(s):  
Data Exchange ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Border Studies ◽  
State Autonomy ◽  
Biometric Data ◽  
National State ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
The Eu

Abstract This chapter introduces the concept of ‘biobordering’. Taking the nationally grown crime control regimes into account, we argue that the proposed concept of bioborders is useful in capturing how the territorial foundations of national state autonomy are partially reclaimed (what we call rebordering) and at the same time partially purposefully suspended (what we call debordering). The concept of biobordering is particularly fruitful for understanding how modes of bordering entangle with large-scale IT database infrastructures for the exchange of biometric data in the context of crime control. It highlights in particular the legal, scientific, technical, political and ethical dimensions of data exchange across borders across the EU. The chapter reviews recent insights from border studies and continues by outlining components and dynamics of biobordering that make bioborders more or less permeable for expansive biometric data exchange.

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