Financing research and development around the world, in Southeast Europe and in Bosnia and Herzegovina

This paper analyses the financing of research and development, starting from the global and regional contexts and moving on to the specifics of such investment in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first section presents an analysis of the global context and of the 10 highestinvesting countries, as well as a breakdown of the sources of such financing by sector. Based on the most recent data from UNESCO, which were for 2018 at the time of writing, South Korea and Japan invested most in research and development in relative terms, while the US and China did so in absolute terms. The second section contains a comparative analysis of investment in research and development by the countries of Central and Southeast Europe. This group is led by Slovenia, followed by the Czech Republic and Hungary. The third section is dedicated to the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina and certain factors affecting the country’s very low level of spending on research and development. The fourth section presents a number of successful examples of investment by Bosnian companies in key branches of industry where the country has achieved above-average results for the Southeast European region, as well as very good export results, as measured by the Economic Complexity and the Product Complexity indices.

Investigation of harvest index influencing agrotechnical and botanical factors in hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.)

The biggest problem of Hungarian crop farming is mass production and the simple crop rotation based on cereals. There was a decrease in sowing area of protein crops which raises crucial issues in crop rotation and land use. Therefore, growing papilionaceous plants, which are now considered to be alternative plants, should be taken under close examination. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) belongs to the family of papilionaceous plants and it can be grown in light weak soils. In Hungary, hairy vetch was used as green forage at first, but it later became a green manure plant. Nowadays, it is used as a cover crop and its sowing seed has a good export market. In low fertile soils it is able to produce a big amount of green yield (25–40 t ha-1) even in spring while its seed yield could be 0.4–0.5 t ha-1 at farm level. In addition to its morphological characteristics hairy vetch is grown mainly with a supporting plant, i.e. triticale in many cases. Our purpose was to test the harvest index and its agrotechnical and botanical factors of hairy vetch in different cropping systems.

Population assessment of common storage pests in deiri date palm cultivar using spectrophotometric method

Opportune and accurate identification of Date pests during storage, is prerequisite for reducing pest damages and having a good export. The present study aimed to define a new sampling method for three main storage pests Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus), Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) in date Deiri Cultivar, by Spectrophotometer. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement in two levels. The first factor consisted of 4 levels including different stages in pests life cycle and the second factor had 10 levels including different densities of each development stage of insect species. First, the curve of changes in absorbance level in each life cycle stage was plotted against the wavelength changes and again it was repeated for each species. This curve enabled us to determine the absorption range of the device in different wavelengths. Our results showed that the maximum absorption wavelength for egg, larva, pupa and adult of O. surinamensis, in Deiri Cultivar was 1210, 1230, 1250, 1270 nm, respectively. These values were 1320, 1340, 1380, 1390 nm for E. kuehniella and 1350, 1400, 1410, 1480 nm for P. interpunctella, respectively. The lowest sample size (each sample consisted of 110 g of date fruits) for an accurate estimation of theegg, larva, pupa and adult of O. surinamensis were 1, 2, 2, 2, respectively. These values were 1, 1, 3, 3 samples for E. kuehniella and 1, 2, 2, 2 samples for P. interpunctella, respectively. The Relative Variation values for the four development stages of O. surinamensis were 1.39, 2.41, 2.91 and 3.12, respectively. These values were 1.59, 1.63, 4.62 and 4.34 for E. kuehniella and 1.78. 3.24, 2.62 and 2.24 for P. interpunctella, respectively. The accuracy level of samplings was lower than 10 in all the cases. The Relative net precision values for three studied pests in all life cycle stages were 35.95, 20.73, 17.19, 16.06 for O. surinamensis; 31.32, 30.69, 10.82, 11.53 for E. kuehniella and 28.15, 15.42, 19.05, 22.27 for P. interpunctella, respectively. Therefore, we can conclude that the spectrophotometer can detect the hidden life cycle stages of studied pests in Deiri cultivar during storage and reduce the cost of sampling.

Trade Dynamics of Basmati and Non-Basmati Rice Exports from India

India is the world's largest producer and leading exporter of basmati rice. India produces about 70 per cent of the total world basmati rice production and the rest is produced by Pakistan. During 2017-18 the country has exported globally about 40.56 Lakh tonnes of Basmati Rice and 86.48 Lakh tonnes for Non-Basmati rice, the worth of 268.70 billion and 229.68 billion respectively. Basmati rice has got good export demand and fetches good export price in international markets due to such uniqueness. The higher price of basmati rice in international market made basmati rice as export competitive product. The present study is to analyze the export performance and its competitiveness of basmati non-basmati rice in India. In this paper rice trade dynamics of changes in terms of value of exports of basmati and non-basmati rice from India to different export markets have been measured by employing the Markov-Chain model. U.A.E. and Saudi Arabia are found to be stable destinations for Indian basmati rice exports from Markov-Chain results. Whereas, Benin, Bangladesh and UAE are found to be major destinations for non-basmati rice exports. The most unstable markets among the non-basmati rice importing countries were Cote D Ivoire and Liberia with the zero per cent retention. In order to sustain in the international market, Indian export price needs to be competitive besides improvement in quality and sanitary standards.

PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF THE GHANA INVESTMENT PROMOTION CENTRE (GIPC) IN PROMOTING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN GHANA

The purpose of the study was to examine the prospects and challenges of the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC) in promoting foreign direct investment in Ghana. Descriptive survey research design was employed for this study. The populations of interest for this study are staff and management of GIPC. Convenience sampling method was adopted. The main instrument that was used to gather data was an open-ended questionnaire. The study found that the GIPC is mandated to formulate investment promotion policies and plans, promotional incentives and marketing strategies to attract foreign and local investments in advanced technology industries and skill-intensive services which enjoy good export market prospects; initiate and support measures that will enhance the investment climate in Ghana for both Ghanaian and non-Ghanaian enterprises. The study found inadequate infrastructure, inhospitable regulatory environments, macroeconomic instability, inadequate Employees, inadequate support from Investors and financial challenge as the major challenges facing GIPC in promoting FDI. Moreover, the study also found the following as the strategies that can be used to effectively to promote FDI in Ghana; providing financial support to GIPC, getting enough infrastructure to facilitate the activities of the Centre, appointment of qualified staff to occupy positions in the GIPC, employing more employees to help GIPC to effectively carry out its mandate, registration should be relatively easy and the entire process of establishing a business in Ghana should not be complex, provision of hospitable regulatory environments, ensuring macroeconomic stability, investment generation and facilitation and reducing minimum equity requirements

ANALISIS DAYA SAING DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI EKSPOR BAN INDONESIA KE KAWASAN AMERIKA LATIN

The tire industry is an industry that has potential to increase Indonesian exports to non-traditional markets such as Latin America. The purpose of the study is to analyze the power of the comparative, competitive, and export dynamic of Indonesian tire and also the factors that affect the export of Indonesian tire to Latin America. The period of analysis used in this study is from 2009 to 2014 using the method of analysis are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), Gravity models and Porter's Diamond. The results of this study are rubber tire Indonesia has strong competitiveness in Latin America than in the country of Argentina. In addition, the rubber tire Indonesia has a good export dynamics position (rising star) in the country of Panama, Venezuela, Uruguay, Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. Factors that affect the export of Indonesian rubber tire to Latin America is the distance economies, Indonesia's per capita real GDP, real GDP per capita of the destination country, the real exchange rate, and the population of the destination country.Keywords: Competitiveness, Gravity Model, Porter’s Diamond,Tire

ANALISIS DAYA SAING DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI EKSPOR BAN INDONESIA KE KAWASAN AMERIKA LATIN

The tire industry is an industry that has potential to increase Indonesian exports to non-traditional markets such as Latin America. The purpose of the study is to analyze the power of the comparative, competitive, and export dynamic of Indonesian tire and also the factors that affect the export of Indonesian tire to Latin America. The period of analysis used in this study is from 2009 to 2014 using the method of analysis are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), Gravity models and Porter's Diamond. The results of this study are rubber tire Indonesia has strong competitiveness in Latin America than in the country of Argentina. In addition, the rubber tire Indonesia has a good export dynamics position (rising star) in the country of Panama, Venezuela, Uruguay, Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. Factors that affect the export of Indonesian rubber tire to Latin America is the distance economies, Indonesia's per capita real GDP, real GDP per capita of the destination country, the real exchange rate, and the population of the destination country.Keywords: Competitiveness, Gravity Model, Porter’s Diamond,Tire

Physicochemical quality of early-maturing ‘Navel’ sweet oranges

The cultivation of new types of oranges can be a good alternative for citrus growers because there is a growing domestic market and good export prospects. Due to these expectations, it is essential to search for new cultivars for use in the fresh fruit industry. Therefore, the aim of this work was to physicochemically characterize the fruits of new cultivars of ‘Navel’ oranges, seeking alternatives with good characteristics, such as earliness, lack of seeds, good color and organoleptic characteristics desired by the consumer market. The fruits of five new cultivars of ‘Navel’ orange were evaluated, namely, ‘Bahia Valente’ (CN 28), ‘Golden Nugget Navel’ (CN 41), ‘‘Robertson Navel’’ (CN 39), ‘Washington Navel’ (CV 27) and ‘Washington Navel I’ (CN 34), during two harvest seasons (2012/2013 and 2013/2014). The following physicochemical variables were quantified: mass, peel color, juice yield, acidity, soluble solids and ratio. The cultivars studied were compared to the commercial cultivar ‘Bahia Cabula’ (CV 25). The new cultivars produced fruit with standards that met consumer expectations, with fruit mass suitable for sale of the fresh fruit, good yield juice and early maturation (March), which enables harvesting ‘Bahia Cabula’ in the off-season period. Thus, it is concluded that there are navel orange cultivars with acceptable physicochemical qualities and early maturation.

Kelayakan Usaha Ternak Kambing Menurut Sistem Pemeliharaan, Bangsa, dan Elevasi di Yogyakarta

<p>The objective of this study was to analyze the feasibility business for goat based on keeping system, keept, the livestock breed and elevation. The study was carried out in four districts of Yogyakarta. Purposive random techniques were used. The samples were selected based on the village group system, breeds (Kacang, Bligon and Etawa Crossbreed Goat and elevation (low, medium and high). The socio-economic were the Break Even Point, B/C ratio, and Net Present Value (NPV) of the farmers. The results showed that Etawa Crossbreed Goat have a highest income to increase the productivity of goats. Moreover, the goat breeding business was profitable when there were minimally 2-3 doe on the assumption that the livestock breeding was intensively managed. In general, the B/C ratio value was bigger than 1 and the NPV was positive, indicated that the goat was feasible because it could provide the breeders with the profit that surpassed the social opportunity cost, which was the used capital production factor. It is recommended that Kacang goats may be developed due to the pure breed and good export opportunity.</p><p>Key words : feasibility study, the keeping system, livestock breed, elevation</p>