Classification and Effects of Implant Surface Modification on the Bone: Human Cell–Based In Vitro Studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Ting ◽  
Steven R. Jefferies ◽  
Wei Xia ◽  
Håkan Engqvist ◽  
Jon B. Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Human Cell ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
Bone Implant ◽  
Oral Environment ◽  
Bone Implant Contact ◽  
Functional Loading

Implant surfaces are continuously being improved to achieve faster osseointegration and a stronger bone to implant interface. This review will present the various implant surfaces, the parameters for implant surface characterization, and the corresponding in vitro human cell–based studies determining the strength and quality of the bone-implant contact. These in vitro cell-based studies are the basis for animal and clinical studies and are the prelude to further reviews on how these surfaces would perform when subjected to the oral environment and functional loading.

scholarly journals Macrophagic Inflammatory Response Next to Dental Implants with Different Macro- and Micro-Structure: An In Vitro Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5324
Author(s):  
Maria Menini ◽  
Francesca Delucchi ◽  
Domenico Baldi ◽  
Francesco Pera ◽  
Francesco Bagnasco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Dental Implants ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
Bone Implant ◽  
Optimal Outcomes ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

(1) Background: Intrinsic characteristics of the implant surface and the possible presence of endotoxins may affect the bone–implant interface and cause an inflammatory response. This study aims to evaluate the possible inflammatory response induced in vitro in macrophages in contact with five different commercially available dental implants. (2) Methods: one zirconia implant NobelPearl® (Nobel Biocare) and four titanium implants, Syra® (Sweden & Martina), Prama® (Sweden & Martina), 3iT3® (Biomet 3i) and Shard® (Mech & Human), were evaluated. After 4 h of contact of murine macrophage cells J774a.1 with the implants, the total RNA was extracted, transcribed to cDNA and the gene expression of the macrophages was evaluated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in relation to the following genes: GAPDH, YWHAZ, IL1β, IL6, TNFα, NOS2, MMP-9, MMP-8 and TIMP3. The results were statistically analyzed and compared with negative controls. (3) Results: No implant triggered a significant inflammatory response in macrophages, although 3iT3 exhibited a slight pro-inflammatory effect compared to other samples. (4) Conclusions: All the samples showed optimal outcomes without any inflammatory stimulus on the examined macrophagic cells.

Strontium-Loaded Nanotubes of Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn Alloys for Biomedical Implantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1812-1823
Author(s):  
Fei Liu ◽  
Xinyu Wang ◽  
Shujun Li ◽  
Yiheng Liao ◽  
Xinxin Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Contact Rate ◽  
Hard Tissue ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Bone Implant ◽  
P Elements ◽  
Low Elastic Modulus ◽  
Bone Implant Contact

Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn (Ti2448) alloys, with a relatively low elastic modulus and unique mechanical properties, are desirable materials for oral implantation. In the current study, a multifaceted strontium-incorporating nanotube coating was fabricated on a Ti2448 alloy (Ti2-NTSr) through anodization and hydrothermal procedures. In vitro, the Ti2-NTSr specimens demonstrated better osteogenic properties and more favorable osteoimmunomodulatory abilities. Moreover, macrophages on Ti2-NTSr specimens could improve the recruitment and osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts. In vivo, dense clots with highly branched, thin fibrins and small pores existed on the Ti2-NTSr implant in the early stage after surgery. Analysis of the deposition of Ca and P elements, hard tissue slices and the bone-implant contact rate (BIC%) of the Ti2-NTSr implants also showed superior osseointegration. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the Ti2-NTSr coating may maximize the clinical outcomes of Ti2448 alloys for implantation applications.

Titanium Surface Modification Techniques for Implant Fabrication – From Microscale to the Nanoscale

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 39-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthikeyan Subramani
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Dental Implants ◽  
Tio2 Nanotubes ◽  
Titanium Surface ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Contact Ratio ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
Surface Modification Techniques

This manuscript reviews about titanium surface modification techniques for its application in orthopaedic and dental implants. There are a few limitations in the long term prognosis of orthopaedic and dental implants. Poor osseointegration with bone, periimplant infection leading to implant failure and short term longevity demanding revision surgery, are to mention a few. Micro- and nanoscale modification of titanium surface using physicochemical, morphological and biochemical approaches have resulted in higher bone to implant contact ratio and improved osseointegration. With recent advances in micro, nano-fabrication techniques and multidisciplinary research studies focusing on bridging biomaterials for medical applications, TiO2 nanotubes have been extensively studied for implant applications. The need for titanium implant surface that can closely mimic the nanoscale architecture of human bone has become a priority. For such purpose, TiO2 nanotubes of different dimensions and architectural fashions at the nanoscale level are being evaluated. This manuscript discusses in brief about the in-vitro and in-vivo studies on titanium surface modification techniques. This manuscript also addresses the recent studies done on such nanotubular surfaces for the effective delivery of osteoinductive growth factors and anti bacterial/ anti inflammatory drugs to promote osseointegration and prevent peri-implant infection.

scholarly journals Influence of dental exposure to oral environment on smear layer removal and collagen exhibition after using different conditioning agents

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Amaral Fontanari ◽  
Shelon Cristina Souza Pinto ◽  
Rodrigo Cavassim ◽  
Rubens Spin-Neto ◽  
Eduardo de Paula Ishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Impacted Teeth ◽  
Surface Conditioning ◽  
Oral Environment ◽  
Root Surface Conditioning

Although in vitro studies have shown encouraging results for root surface conditioning with demineralizing agents, in vivo studies have failed to show its benefits in periodontal healing. This can be attributed to several factors, among which, the hypermineralization of dental surface. Therefore, this in vitro study compared, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the effect of root surface conditioning with different conditioners (1% and 25% citric acid, 24% EDTA and 50 mg/mL tetracycline hydrochloride) in impacted teeth and in teeth that had their roots exposed to the oral environment. One trained examiner assessed the SEM micrographs using a root surface modification index. There was a tendency of more root surface modification in the group of impacted teeth, suggesting that the degree of root mineralization influences its chemical demineralization.

Histologic Evaluation of Human Bone Integration on Machined and Sandblasted Acid-etched Titanium Surfaces in Type IV Bone

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sauro Grassi ◽  
Adriano Piattelli ◽  
Daniel S. Ferrari ◽  
Luciene C. Figueiredo ◽  
Magda Feres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
Machined Surface ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
Bone Implant ◽  
Healing Period ◽  
Posterior Maxilla ◽  
Bone Implant Contact ◽  
Etched Surface

Abstract The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate the influence of a sandblasted acid-etched surface on bone-implant contact percentage (BIC%) as well as the bone density in the threads area (BD%) in type 4 bone after 2 months of unloaded healing. Five subjects (mean age = 42.6 years) received 2 microimplants each during conventional implant surgery in the posterior maxilla. The microimplants with commercially pure titanium surface (machined) and sandblasted acid-etched surface served as the control and test surfaces, respectively. After a healing period of 2 months, the microimplants and the surrounding tissue were removed and prepared for ground sectioning and histomorphometric analysis. One microimplant with a machined surface was found to be clinically unstable at the time of retrieval. Histometric evaluation indicated mean BIC% was 20.66 ± 14.54% and 40.08 ± 9.89% for machined and sandblasted acid-etched surfaces, respectively (P = .03). The BD% was 26.33 ± 19.92% for machined surface and 54.84 ± 22.77% for sandblasted acid-etched surface (P = .015). Within the limits of this study, the data suggest that the sandblasted acid-etched implant surface presented a higher percentage of bone-implant contact compared with machined surfaces, under unloaded conditions in posterior maxilla after a healing period of 2 months.

scholarly journals Implant Surface Modification Using Laser Guided Coatings: In Vitro Comparison of Mechanical Properties

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asvin Vasanthan ◽  
Hyunbin Kim ◽  
Saulius Drukteinis ◽  
William Lacefield
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
In Vitro Comparison

scholarly journals Oral Streptococci Biofilm Formation on Different Implant Surface Topographies

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Paulo Cardoso Pita ◽  
José Augusto Rodrigues ◽  
Claudia Ota-Tsuzuki ◽  
Tatiane Ferreira Miato ◽  
Elton G. Zenobio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Streptococci ◽  
Streptococcus Sobrinus ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
Surface Topographies ◽  
Unstimulated Saliva ◽  
Titanium Surfaces

The establishment of the subgingival microbiota is dependent on successive colonization of the implant surface by bacterial species. Different implant surface topographies could influence the bacterial adsorption and therefore jeopardize the implant survival. This study evaluated the biofilm formation capacity of five oral streptococci species on two titanium surface topographies.In vitrobiofilm formation was induced on 30 titanium discs divided in two groups: sandblasted acid-etched (SAE-n=15) and as-machined (M-n=15) surface. The specimens were immersed in sterilized whole human unstimulated saliva and then in fresh bacterial culture with five oral streptococci species:Streptococcus sanguinis,Streptococcus salivarius,Streptococcus mutans,Streptococcus sobrinus, andStreptococcus cricetus. The specimens were fixed and stained and the adsorbed dye was measured. Surface characterization was performed by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. Surface and microbiologic data were analyzed by Student’st-test and two-way ANOVA, respectively (P<0.05).S. cricetus,S. mutans,andS. sobrinusexhibited higher biofilm formation and no differences were observed between surfaces analyzed within each species (P>0.05).S. sanguinisexhibited similar behavior to form biofilm on both implant surface topographies, whileS. salivariusshowed the lowest ability to form biofilm. It was concluded that biofilm formation on titanium surfaces depends on surface topography and species involved.

scholarly journals Heat Generated During Seating of Dental Implant Fixtures

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implant ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Frictional Heat ◽  
P Value ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
Bone Implant ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Clinically Significant

Frictional heat can be generated during seating of dental implants into a drill-prepared osteotomy. This in vitro study tested the heat generated by implant seating in dense bovine mandible ramus. A thermocouple was placed approximately 0.5 mm from the rim of the osteotomy during seating of each dental implant. Four diameters of implants were tested. The average temperature increases were 0.075°C for the 5.7-mm-diameter implant, 0.97°C for the 4.7-mm-diameter implant, 1.4°C for the 3.7-mm-diameter implant, and 8.6°C for the 2.5-mm-diameter implant. The results showed that heat was indeed generated and a small temperature rise occurred, apparently by the friction of the implant surface against the fresh-cut bone surface. Bone is a poor thermal conductor. The titanium of the implant and the steel of the handpiece are much better heat conductors. Titanium may be 70 times more heat conductive than bone. The larger diameter and displacement implant may act as a heat sink to draw away any heat produced from the friction of seating the implant at the bone-implant interface. The peak temperature duration was momentary, and not measured, but this was approximately less than 1 second. Except for the 2.5-mm-diameter implants, the temperature rises and durations were found to be below those previously deemed to be detrimental, so no clinically significant osseous damage would be expected during dental implant fixture seating of standard and large-diameter-sized implants. A 2.5-mm implant may generate detrimental heat during seating in nonvital bone, but this may be clinically insignificant in vital bone. The surface area and thermal conductivity are important factors in removing generated heat transfer at the bone-implant interface. The F value as determined by analysis of variance was 69.22, and the P value was less than .0001, demonstrating significant differences between the groups considered as a whole.

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