scholarly journals Broomrape Threat to Agriculture

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Diego Rubiales
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Agricultural Ecosystems ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
New Crops

The broomrapes are plants that have modified their biology to feed on roots of other plants, emerging above the soil only to flower. There are about 150 broomrape species, most of which infect wild plants in natural habitats without causing economic problems. However, a few of them have adapted to agricultural ecosystems becoming troublesome root parasitic weeds. The most damaging ones are Orobanche cernua, O. crenata, O. cumana, O. minor, Phelipanche aegyptiaca and P. ramosa all of which severely constrain important dicot crops in Africa, Asia, and Europe. They are continuously extending to new areas, showing an ability to evolve thereby enlarging their host ranges, adapting to new areas and overcoming resistances introduced by the breeder. As flowering plants disseminated by seeds, broomrape distribution and management (containment, sanitation, cultural practices, and biological and chemical control) fall under the purview of weed science. However, broomrapes differ from standard weeds as they behave as pathogens that attach to host roots to feed on them. As for any other disease, the host plants might protect themselves by defence mechanisms that can be selected by plant breeders to develop resistant cultivars. In spite of these efforts, rather than being contained, the broomrape threat is increasing, not only extending to new suitable areas but also adapting genetically to infect new crops and to increase virulence.

scholarly journals Management alternatives for Carmenta theobromae (Busck, 1910) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) and Simplicivalva ampliophilobia (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), limiting pests of guava in Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Camilo Pulido-Blanco ◽  
Elberth Hernando Pinzón-Sandoval ◽  
Carlos Felipe González-Chavarro ◽  
Pablo Antonio Serrano-Cely
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Management Alternatives ◽  
Harmful Effects

AbstractThe larval stages of Carmenta theobromae Busck (1910) and Simplicivalva ampliophilobia Davis, Gentili-Poole and Mitter (2008) attack the subcortical zone and pith in guava trees, respectively, in the first productive nucleus of fruit trees in Colombia: Hoya del Río Suárez (HRS). The presence of pest insects has been reported in 98% of the farms sampled in HRS (n = 124), with up to 96 and 11 simultaneous larvae per tree, respectively. Although the aspects of the basic biology and life cycle of both pests have been resolved, there are no strategies for managing populations in the field. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate different management alternatives under laboratory and field conditions in HRS. In laboratory conditions, a completely randomized design was used in two separate experiments, each with six treatments: T1: Spinosad (a mixture of Spinosad A and D); T2: S-1,2-di(ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl 0,0-dimethylphosphorodithioate (chemical control); T3: Lecanicillium lecanii; T4: Beauveria bassiana; T5: Mix of B. bassiana and B. brongniartii, and T6: distilled water (control). The number of dead larvae per replicate per treatment was evaluated (DL), with experimental units of five and three larvae, respectively. In the field, to the two best alternatives found for each pest in the laboratory, pruning and keeping the area around the plants free of weeds were added as cultural management, in two separate additional experiments, each with three larvae as experimental unit per treatment. For C. theobromae, the best laboratory alternatives were chemical control (DL: 3.78) and L. lecanii (DL: 2.33), followed without statistical differences by B. bassiana (DL: 1.67). In the field, the virulence of B. bassiana improved (DL: 3), and together with pruning and keeping the area around the plants clear of weeds (DL: 3), they stood out as the best alternatives. For S. ampliophilobia under laboratory conditions, the best alternatives were Spinosad (2.74) and chemical control (DL: 2.66), without significant difference. In the field, there were no statistical differences between the alternatives, except for the control. This statistical parity of cultural practices, and biological and chemical management is an argument in favor of the use of the former to the detriment of the third, especially when the harmful effects of the molecule S-1,2 di (ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl 0, 0-dimethyl phosphorodithioate have been proven in air, water and agricultural soils, in addition to its association with thyroid cancer in humans. This is a strong argument to favor the use of synergies of cultural and biological management methods framed in IPM, as opposed to the use of chemical agents whose harmful effects are strongly documented, and whose use is becoming increasingly prohibited.

scholarly journals On the lack of adaptation in the Tristichaceœ and Podostemaceœ

1914 ◽  
Vol 87 (598) ◽  
pp. 532-550 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Great Uniformity ◽  
High Degree

With the exception of some of the parasitic orders, such as the Balanophoraceœ , there are probably no families of flowering plants—one might almost include flowerless—which are so completely transformed from the average or mesophytic type of the phanerogams into types which are so completely unique and peculiar, as the Tristichaceæ and still more the Podostemaceæ. Nor are there any in which, with such very great uniformity in the conditions of life, there is such remarkable variety in the morphological structure. The structure of the orders, or rather of their members, being unique, and the conditions under which they live being also unique, it has been taken for granted that the former is in a high degree adapted to the latter, the flat thallus-like expansions of stem or root being looked upon as admirably suited to the rushing water in which they live. So long as we were almost completely ignorant of the actual living plants, and content with dead material collected mainly in the dry seasons, this was all very well, but now that for 17 years I have devoted much attention to these plants,* have studied them in the living condition in their natural habitats in India, Ceylon, and Brazil, have followed them from germination right through their life-history, and in other ways become absolutely familiar with them, and as a result of all this have arrived at diametrically opposite conclusions, it will repay us to examine into the question in some detail.

Clubroot in Brassica: Recent advances in genomics, breeding and disease management

Genome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jakir Hasan ◽  
Swati Megha ◽  
Habibur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Clubroot Disease

Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, affects Brassica oilseed and vegetable production worldwide. This review is focused on various aspects of clubroot disease and its management, including understanding the pathogen and resistance in the host plants. Advances in genetics, molecular biology techniques and ‘omics’ research have helped to identify several major loci, QTL and genes from the Brassica genomes involved in the control of clubroot resistance. Transcriptomic studies have helped to extend our understanding of the mechanism of infection by the pathogen and the molecular basis of resistance/susceptibility in the host plants. A comprehensive understanding of the clubroot disease and host resistance would allow developing a better strategy by integrating the genetic resistance with cultural practices to manage this disease from a long-term perspective.

scholarly journals Factors Contributing to Seasonal Fluctuations in Rust Severity on Ribes missouriense Caused by Cronartium ribicola

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (10) ◽  
pp. 986-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Newcomb ◽  
Christen D. Upper ◽  
Douglas I. Rouse
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Abscission ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Cronartium Ribicola ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Rust Severity ◽  
Commercially Important

Cronartium ribicola, causal agent of white pine blister rust, is a macrocyclic heteroecious rust that cycles between white pines and members of the genus Ribes, which are typically wild plants in North America. To improve predictability of inoculum available for infection of ecologically and commercially important white pines, this research was conducted to identify the factors that influence the development and persistence of uredinia and telia on Ribes in their natural habitats. Numbers of infectious C. ribicola rust lesions (with potentially sporulating rust sori) on tagged Ribes missouriense plants in the woods fluctuated during the season. Changes in numbers of infectious rust lesions were related to rain that occurred 13 days earlier. In field experiments, supplemental leaf wetness provided for 2 days on Ribes shoots resulted in the development of rust lesions more frequently than on control shoots. Viable inoculum and susceptible hosts were present, and the environment was the limiting factor for disease development. Lesion necrosis and leaf abscission contributed to decreases in numbers of infectious rust lesions. Higher lesion density was significantly related to earlier leaf abscission. Telial fruiting bodies occurred in low numbers from early June throughout the remainder of the season.

VIRUS IN WILD PLANTS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 793-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. MacClement ◽  
Marilyn G. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Commercial Crop

An investigation of wild plants indicates that there are very few species which are free from possible virus infection. In comparison with this, most flowering plants growing under the surface of open water show a low but significant amount of virus. The indicated level of virus infection varies throughout each summer and from one summer to the next, but is often surprisingly high. The total annual infection under the conditions employed was approximately 10% of sample population. The amount of infection in all plants varies with species and location from 0 to 50%. Total virus infection appears to be related to the growth rates of plants. The types of virus included several common to commercial crop plants, many unidentified mixtures, and some distinctly new viruses.

scholarly journals A preliminary world checklist of fern-mining insects

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Yang ◽  
Xuexiong Wang ◽  
Kevin Duffy ◽  
Xiaohua Dai
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Palaearctic Region ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Oriental Region ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Nearctic Region

Compared to the leaf-miners and stem-miners on flowering plants, the miners on ferns (including both Lycopodiophyta and Polypodiophyta in the broad sense) are less known. Knowledge of miners and their host plants is essential to fully understand plant-insect interactions. Although there are many scattered records on fern miners, a worldwide checklist has not been reported. We provide a preliminary checklist of fern-mining insects and their host plants worldwide. Altogether, we found records for 128 species and 18 families of fern miners, mainly that feed on Dennstaedtiaceae, Equisetaceae, Polypodiaceae and Aspleniaceae. Fern miners belonged to four orders: Diptera (51 species; 39.8%), Coleoptera (33 species; 25.8%), Lepidoptera (28 species; 21.9%) and Hymenoptera (16 species; 12.5%). They are primarily known from the Palaearctic Region, Nearctic Region, Neotropical Region and Oriental Region.

scholarly journals Ethnomedicinal knowledge of a marginal hill community of Central Himalaya: Diversity, usage pattern and conservation concerns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Ojha ◽  
Deepti Tiwari ◽  
Aryan Anand ◽  
R.C. Sundriyal
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Care System

Abstract Background Indigenous communities use wild plants to cure human ailments since ancient times, such knowledge has significant potential for formulating new drugs and administering future health care. Considering this the present study was undertaken to assess use value, diversity, and conservation concerns of medicinal plants used in traditional herbal care system of a marginal hill community in Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand in the Central Himalayan region of India. Methodology Extensive surveys were made in 73 villages to gather information on ethnomedicinal use of plant species used in traditional herbal healing system. A total of 100 respondents were identified (30 herbal healers called ‘ Vaidyas’ and 70 non-healers/natives) and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires, target interviews and group discussion. Some important indices such as the use value index (UV), relative frequency citation (RFC), cultural importance index (CI), and informant consensus factor (F ic ) were calculated for the medicinal plants included in the present study. Result It was recorded that the community use a total of 70 species with 64 genera and 35 families for curing various ailments. Family Lamiaceae recorded maximum number of medicinal plants. 21 species used most extensively in traditional health care system. The major parts of the identified plants used for treatment of various ailments were root/rhizome and leaf. The most common methods used for preparation of these plants were decoction and infusion. Ocimum basilicum L., Cannabis sativa L., Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) Sw., Curcuma longa L.and Setaria italic L. had the highest rate of use report. RFC value ranged between 0.03 to 0.91 with highest values for Setaria italica, Zingiber officinale, Ocimum basilicum, and Rephanus sativus . The traditional knowledge is passed verbally to generations and needs to be preserved for the future bio-prospecting of plants that could be a potential cure to any future disease. Conclusion In recent years the community has access to modern hospitals and medicinal facilities, although a considerable number still prefer medicinal plants for curing select ailments. It is suggested that these ethnomedicial species need to be screened and evaluated further for their effectiveness for pharmacological activity. Also, significant efforts are required to conserve traditional knowledge and natural habitats of wild medicinal plants.

scholarly journals Genome features of common vetch (Vicia sativa) in natural habitats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenta Shirasawa ◽  
Shunichi Kosugi ◽  
Kazuhiro Sasaki ◽  
Andrea Ghelfi ◽  
Koei Okazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
The Common

AbstractWild plants are often tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses in their natural environments, whereas domesticated plants such as crops frequently lack such resilience. This difference is thought to be due to the high levels of genome heterozygosity in wild plant populations and the low levels of heterozygosity in domesticated crop species. In this study, common vetch (Vicia sativa) was used as a model to examine this hypothesis. The common vetch genome (2n = 14) was estimated as 1.8 Gb in size. Genome sequencing produced a reference assembly that spanned 1.5 Gb, from which 31,146 genes were predicted. Using this sequence as a reference, 24,118 single nucleotide polymorphisms were discovered in 1,243 plants from 12 natural common vetch populations in Japan. Common vetch genomes exhibited high heterozygosity at the population level, with lower levels of heterozygosity observed at specific genome regions. Such patterns of heterozygosity are thought to be essential for adaptation to different environments. These findings suggest that high heterozygosity at the population level would be required for wild plants to survive under natural conditions while allowing important gene loci to be fixed to adapt the conditions. The resources generated in this study will provide insights into de novo domestication of wild plants and agricultural enhancement.HighlightSequence analysis of the common vetch (Vicia sativa) genome and SNP genotyping across natural populations revealed nucleotide diversity levels associated with native population environments.

scholarly journals Antagonistic Interactions Between Fusaria Species and Their Host Plants Are Influenced by Host Taxonomic Distance: A Case Study From Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julieta Benítez-Malvido ◽  
Gerardo Rodríguez-Alvarado ◽  
Mariana Álvarez-Añorve ◽  
Luis D. Ávila-Cabadilla ◽  
Ek del-Val ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Spatial Ecology ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Trophic Relationships ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Interactions between cultivated and wild plants with their fungal pathogens have strong ecological, evolutionary and economic implications. Antagonistic interactions, however, have been scantily studied in an applied context by using ecological networks, phylogeny and spatial ecology concurrently. In this study, we describe for the first time, the topological structure of plant-fungi networks involving species of the genus Fusarium and their native and introduced (exotic) cultivated host plants in Mexico. For this, we based our study on a recent database describing the attack on 75 native and introduced plant species, including 35 species of the genus Fusarium. Host plant species varied in their degree of phylogenetical relatedness (Monocots and Dicots) and spatial geographical distribution. Therefore, we also tested whether or not plant-Fusarium networks are phylogenetically structured and highlighted the spatial correlation between pathogens and their host plants across the country. In general, the pathogen-plant network is more specialized and compartmentalized in closely related taxa. Closely related hosts are more likely to share the same pathogenic Fusarium species. Host plants are present in different ecosystems and climates, with regions having more cultivated plant species presenting the highest number of fusaria pathogens. From an economic standpoint, different species of the same taxonomic family may be more susceptible to being attacked by the same species of Fusarium, whereas from an ecological standpoint the movement of pathogens may expose wild and cultivated plants to new diseases. Our study highlights the relevance of interaction intimacy in structuring trophic relationships between plants and fusaria species in native and introduced species. Furthermore, we show that the analytical tools regarding host distribution and phylogeny could permit a rapid assessment of which plant species in a region are most likely to be attacked by a given fusaria.

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