scholarly journals Changes in the Territorial Organization of the “Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain” Natural Park with an Increase in Anthropogenic Load in the Period from the Beginning of the 2000s to 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Sergey Istomin ◽  
◽  
Anna Kholodenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Anthropogenic Load ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
Functional Zoning ◽  
Functional Zones

The territory of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain within Volgograd region, included in the natural park Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, has been subjected to anthropogenic impact for many years. Initially, in order to regulate economic activities, the natural park space was divided into three functional zones: environmental, recreational, and agricultural. In subsequent years, within the natural park Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, due to the increased anthropogenic load on the landscapes, it became necessary to adjust the spatial organization of areas with different purposes. In the actual version of functional zoning, five functional zones (agrarian landscapes, environmental, recreational, extensive nature management and buffer) are presented. In order to determine the transformation of the natural park Volga-Akhtuba floodplain spatial organization, changes in the functional zoning of this specially protected natural area during the period from the beginning of the 2000s to 2020 were revealed with the use of geoinformation systems. Most of the lands have not changed their legal status. The agricultural zone underwent the main transformation, most of which were transferred to the recreational zone. The territory of environmental zone that includes the most valuable natural complexes and objects has been squeezed out to territories that are less profitable for nature users. The lands of the Sredneakhtubinsky district are most exposed to anthropogenic impact, since this municipality includes significant areas occupied by zones of extensive nature management and agrarian landscapes, within which the most destructive nature management for ecosystems is carried out, while the ratio of nature protection spaces to the area of the municipality is the smallest. In the Svetloyarsk district, the ecological situation is the most favorable, since almost the entire territory is occupied by an environmental functional zone.

scholarly journals SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP OF PROTECTED PLANT SPECIES WITH THE LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE OF THE MAXIMOV’S DACHA NATURAL PARK

Ekosistemy ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 39-52
Author(s):  
T. V. Pankeeva ◽  
E. S. Kashirina ◽  
S. A. Svirin ◽  
N. V. Mironova ◽  
E. I. Golubeva
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Red Lists ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
Functional Zoning ◽  
Protected Plants ◽  
Nature Park ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time

The distribution of protected plant species was analyzed on the basis of the landscape approach for the first time in the Maximov’s Dacha Nature Park (Sevastopol, Crimea). The territory of the Nature Park is characterized by high biological and landscape diversity. Thirty-eight species of vascular plants included in various Red Lists of Threatened Species and nature conservation conventions are registered in the Park. Five endemic species of Crimea are identified there. It is noted that the largest number of protected plant species belong to the families Orchidaceae, Poaceae, and Iridaceae. A landscape map was made at the level of terrain types. It is revealed that the modern landscapes of the Nature Park were formed under the influence of natural and anthropogenic processes. It is shown that the number and species composition of protected plants differ in the selected landscape complexes due to natural features and the degree of anthropogenic transformation. Description of the locations of protected plant species in the Maximov’s Dacha Nature Park enables providing long-term species observation in condition of nature protection regime. The obtained data can be used for optimization of environmental management and functional zoning of the Nature Park.

scholarly journals The necessity of expanding the territory of «Karmelyukove Podillia» National Natural Park

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-30
Author(s):  
О. Mudrak ◽  
G. Mudrak ◽  
V. Serebryakov ◽  
A. Shcherbliuk ◽  
О. Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
Functional Zoning ◽  
Economic Zone ◽  
The Right

Based on comprehensive environmental monitoring, geobotanical, zoogeographical, landscape-ecological, hydro-ecological, forest-typological, agroecological principles and approaches and own field research, it is proposed to expand the area of the national natural park (NNP) «Karmelyukove Podillya» within Vinnytsia region. The general ecological and geographical characteristics of the park from the standpoint of physical-geographical and geobotanical zoning are given. It is shown which objects of the nature reserve fund (NRF) are parts of the park. The structural elements of the ecological network of the park have been identified (natural cores: 1 — Britavske; 2 — Chervonohreblyanske; 3 — Verbske; 4 — Bondurivske; 5 — Kurenivske; 6 — Novoukrainske; 7 — Lubomyrkivske as well as regenerative territories: 1 — Novoukrainska; 2 — Verbska; 3 — Stratiyivska; 4 — Bondurivska; 5 — Luzhska; 6 — Chervonohreblyanska), functional zoning of its territory was carried out, where representative and rare ecosystems are taken into account. The functional zoning of the NNP territory is shown, where typical, representative and rare ecosystems are taken into account. The necessity of changing the regime of the territory of the tract «Stratiyivska Dacha» in quarters 72, 74–75 on the area of 641 ha from the economic zone to the zone of regulated recreation is substantiated. The need to include in the park with the right of permanent use of the tract «Vyshenka», an area of 47.7 hectares, located within the Chechelnytsia village council as a holistic natural complex, represented by unique landscapes of different types of ecosystems, including forest, meadow-steppe and water-wamps. This area is characterized by 8 habitats with valuable associations of plant groups, which include 15 regionally rare species and 9 species listed in the Red Book of Ukraine, home to more than 50 species of animals with international and national sozological status. In general, it is advisable to transfer other territories to the NNP for permanent use: ornithological reserve of local significance «Stavky» — 6.9 ha; lands of historical and cultural purpose — 17.3 hectares; forest reserve land — 7.7 hectares; agricultural land — 25.5 hectares; shrubs, reserve land — 7.3 hectares. The total area of these plots is 64.7 hectares, which together with the tract «Vyshenka» will be 112.4 hectares. The inclusion of these areas in the park will preserve representative landscapes with diverse flora and fauna, rational use of recreational potential, promote eco-tourism, sport hunting and fishing, introduce permanent nature education, conservation and environmental education, create new jobs for the population and will maintain the established regime of park protection and engage in organic farming. Currently, the park needs to conduct scientific activities, develop various types of ecological tourism — hiking, biking, equestrian, water, health, historical and cultural, to develop ecological and educational trails, and increase the ecological and educational level of the local population, in the economic zone to engage in organic farming. At present, this work should be aimed at reviving folk traditions in the field of nature protection and forming a caring attitude to the nature of the native land.

ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ЗОНИРОВАНИЕ ПРИБРЕЖНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ ЯПОНОМОРСКОГО РЕГИОНА РОССИИ

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Potential Zone ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
Unique Region ◽  
Functional Zoning ◽  
Functional Zones ◽  
Geographical Space

Проводится функциональное зонирование Япономорского региона как потенциальной зоны опережающего развития в условиях разворота России на Восток. Дается характеристика выделенных функциональных зон (районов), определяются приоритетные виды хозяйственной деятельности в их пределах. Оцениваются основные факторы пространственной организации хозяйства и расселения населения в прибрежных зонах региона. В числе основных элементов специфичного и территориально дифференцированного природноресурсного потенциала прибрежных районов Япономорского региона России рассматриваются ресурсы географического пространства, биоресурсы моря, минеральные ресурсы шельфа и прибрежных территорий и древесные и пищевые ресурсы леса прибрежных территорий. Отмечается определяющая роль территориальноакваториальных сочетаний ресурсов и географического пространства в его долгосрочном развитии, обусловливающая морехозяйственную направленность развития экономики. Рассматривается современное состояние развития морехозяйственных структур, отмечается доминирующая роль ресурсодобывающих и транспортногеополитических функций в этом уникальном регионе России. Оценивается современное состояние развития морехозяйственных структур, созданных с учетом ресурсов географического пространства, приводятся отдельные экономические характеристики портов и отмечаются основные проблемы развития морского транспорта в регионе. Приводится схема функционального зонирования Япономорского региона, дается краткое описание всех выделенных зон и отмечаются их приоритетные хозяйственные функции с учетом совокупности факторов развития. Резюмируется, что практически все функциональные зоны Япономорского региона имеют значительные природноресурсные предпосылки устойчивого развития, и в обозримой перспективе вся рассматриваемая территория должна рассматриваться как зона опережающего развития Тихоокеанской России с доминированием транспортногеополитических функций. Functional zoning of the Japan Seas region is being conducted as a potential zone of advancing development under the conditions of turn of Russia to the East. The characteristic of the allocated functional zones (areas) is given. The priority economic activities in their limits are defined. The major factors of the spatial organization of the economy and population settling in the coastal zones of the region are estimated. Among the main elements of the specific and geographically differentiated naturalresource potential of Russias coastal areas of the Sea of Japan the author considers the resources of a geographical space, marine bioresources, mineral resources of the shelf and coastal areas, and wood and food resources of the coastal forests. The defining role of territorialaquatorial combinations of resources and geographical space in its longterm development, causing the marine economic direction of development of economy, is marked. The modern condition of development of marine economic structures is considered. A dominating role of transportgeopolitical functions in this unique region of Russia is marked. The current state of the development of the marine economic structures, created with due consideration of the resources of the geographical space, is assessed. Some economic characteristics of the ports and the main problems of the development of maritime transport in the region are given. A scheme of functional zoning of the Sea of Japans region with a brief description of all the allocated zones and their priority economic functions, taking into account a combination of development factors, is given. It is summarized that almost all functional zones of the Sea of Japans region have significant natural resource prerequisites for sustainable development. In the foreseeable future, the whole territory under consideration should be regarded as a priority development zone of Pacific Russia with prevailing transport geopolitical functions.

scholarly journals Assessment of urban protected areas regulations changes using GIS software

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-334
Author(s):  
Vitaly Kryukov ◽  
Elena Golubeva
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Ecosystem Services Value ◽  
Functional Zoning ◽  
Pedestrian Network ◽  
Functional Zones ◽  
Gis Software ◽  
Free Open Source

The scale of functional zones transformations, related nature conservation regulations, vulnerability of ecosystems to human impact, PAs borders transformations, changes of ecosystem potentials (estimated in two ways: on the basis of ecosystem services value and functional zoning and PAs restrictions established by law) is assessed in case study PA—Setun valley nature reserve (Moscow, Russia). Free open-source softwares QGIS and InVEST, open-access spatial data were used. Crucial negative transformations and predominance of negative zoning areas with too mild nature protection regimes have been revealed: landscape metrics indices rise (some of them more than doubled, especially coefficient of ideal form), exclusion of some PA part and its compensations with valley parts that are lie further away from main PA part, average-weighted ecosystem potentials difference estimated in two ways is -4.8 (possible values range from -20 to +20), reduction of zones with strict nature protection restrictions from 35% to 11%. Growth of recreational potential and construction of large transport objects are the crucial causes of current negative changes in case-study reserve at the same time, construction of engineering, social and administrative facilities are the secondary causes. Associated rise of road and pedestrian network is leading to PAs cores fragmentation and decrease of its ability to complete the main reserve goal—a conservation of natural and cultural complexes and biodiversity. The results of case-study reserve transformations analysis demonstrate an imbalance in sustainable development triad “nature-society-economy” in favour of last two components.

ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ЗОНИРОВАНИЕ ПРИБРЕЖНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ ЯПОНОМОРСКОГО РЕГИОНА РОССИИ

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Potential Zone ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
Unique Region ◽  
Functional Zoning ◽  
Functional Zones ◽  
Geographical Space

Проводится функциональное зонирование Япономорского региона как потенциальной зоны опережающего развития в условиях разворота России на Восток. Дается характеристика выделенных функциональных зон (районов), определяются приоритетные виды хозяйственной деятельности в их пределах. Оцениваются основные факторы пространственной организации хозяйства и расселения населения в прибрежных зонах региона. В числе основных элементов специфичного и территориально дифференцированного природноресурсного потенциала прибрежных районов Япономорского региона России рассматриваются ресурсы географического пространства, биоресурсы моря, минеральные ресурсы шельфа и прибрежных территорий и древесные и пищевые ресурсы леса прибрежных территорий. Отмечается определяющая роль территориальноакваториальных сочетаний ресурсов и географического пространства в его долгосрочном развитии, обусловливающая морехозяйственную направленность развития экономики. Рассматривается современное состояние развития морехозяйственных структур, отмечается доминирующая роль ресурсодобывающих и транспортногеополитических функций в этом уникальном регионе России. Оценивается современное состояние развития морехозяйственных структур, созданных с учетом ресурсов географического пространства, приводятся отдельные экономические характеристики портов и отмечаются основные проблемы развития морского транспорта в регионе. Приводится схема функционального зонирования Япономорского региона, дается краткое описание всех выделенных зон и отмечаются их приоритетные хозяйственные функции с учетом совокупности факторов развития. Резюмируется, что практически все функциональные зоны Япономорского региона имеют значительные природноресурсные предпосылки устойчивого развития, и в обозримой перспективе вся рассматриваемая территория должна рассматриваться как зона опережающего развития Тихоокеанской России с доминированием транспортногеополитических функций. Functional zoning of the Japan Seas region is being conducted as a potential zone of advancing development under the conditions of turn of Russia to the East. The characteristic of the allocated functional zones (areas) is given. The priority economic activities in their limits are defined. The major factors of the spatial organization of the economy and population settling in the coastal zones of the region are estimated. Among the main elements of the specific and geographically differentiated naturalresource potential of Russias coastal areas of the Sea of Japan the author considers the resources of a geographical space, marine bioresources, mineral resources of the shelf and coastal areas, and wood and food resources of the coastal forests. The defining role of territorialaquatorial combinations of resources and geographical space in its longterm development, causing the marine economic direction of development of economy, is marked. The modern condition of development of marine economic structures is considered. A dominating role of transportgeopolitical functions in this unique region of Russia is marked. The current state of the development of the marine economic structures, created with due consideration of the resources of the geographical space, is assessed. Some economic characteristics of the ports and the main problems of the development of maritime transport in the region are given. A scheme of functional zoning of the Sea of Japans region with a brief description of all the allocated zones and their priority economic functions, taking into account a combination of development factors, is given. It is summarized that almost all functional zones of the Sea of Japans region have significant natural resource prerequisites for sustainable development. In the foreseeable future, the whole territory under consideration should be regarded as a priority development zone of Pacific Russia with prevailing transport geopolitical functions.

MANAGEMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF THE CHEBOKSARY RESERVOIR

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inna Nikonorova ◽  
Inna Nikonorova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Landscape Planning ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Cheboksary Reservoir ◽  
Functional Zoning ◽  
Area Of Influence ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Special Protection Areas ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

Cheboksary reservoir impact to the coast is manifested in the geophysical impact associated with abrasion activities. Geomorphological area of influence at the moment reaches a width of about 40 m, where are the coasts reformation (erosion, collapse, slumping, sliding, transfer or accumulation of sediments, waterlogged processes). Hydrogeological impact is effect on the level of groundwater. We have proposed the conceptual foundations of functional zoning of the reservoir banks that will help to optimize its operation. Selection zones came in accordance with the principles of landscape planning: 1. The zone of strict water protection: the main purpose – preservation of needing special protection areas. 2. The zone of moderate restrictions: preservation extensively used landscapes. 3. The zone of partial restrictions: improving the pre-emptive particularly vulnerable areas and changing intensity or type of use. 4. The zone of conservation of natural components in agricultural landscapes: ensuring health of the natural environment in the habitats used in agricultural economy. 5. The zone of preservation of vacant space and the natural environment in the settlements: to maintain the required quantity and quality of available green space in the large towns. 6. The zone of improving heavily used areas: elimination of harmful stress and environmental sanitation in the countryside where economic activities and the lack of measures to reduce their risks lead to degradation natural system.

scholarly journals Organizational, technical and economic fundamentals of waste management and monitoring

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 08031
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Velichko ◽  
Edward Tshovrebov ◽  
Ural Niyazgulov
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Regulation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
Secondary Resources ◽  
Secondary Raw Materials ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Level Of Use ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The article deals with issues of monitoring, planning, organizational and technical support, economic regulation and improving the efficiency of the infrastructure for processing, recycling and disposal of waste, resource conservation and management of secondary resources, their use as secondary raw materials for production, services, work and power generation. The Russian Federation has significant potential for economic growth due to the efficient use of secondary resources from billions of tons of generated production and consumption waste annually. These ecologically unsafe anthropogenic objects can be characterized as a source of valuable renewable raw materials, material and fuel and energy resources. However, the scale and level of use of various types of secondary resources are characterized by considerable unevenness and depend on the demand for secondary raw materials, the resource value of the waste, the environmental situation arising from treating them as environmental polluters, on the real economic conditions that determine the profitability of each specific type. economic activities that use secondary resources for the manufacture of products, works, services, energy production. The methods of monitoring the industry for the treatment, disposal and disposal of waste are: information-analytical, information-statistical, sociological, geo-information. The legal status of the monitoring system of the industry for the treatment, disposal and disposal of waste is determined by the limitations of its functionality within the framework of the goals and objectives facing it.

scholarly journals The basin-landscape approach to the protection and condition optimization of the lakes of the national parks

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Landscape Approach ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
Condition Optimization ◽  
Basin System

The essence of the basin-landscape approach to the protection of the lakes of the national parks as an actual direction of research, which is formed at the junction of nature protection landscaping, hydrology and geoecology has been substantiated. The research algorithm, peculiarities of analysis and assessment of the status of the lake-basin system (LBS) have been found out, the factors that worsen the geo-ecological state in the lake and basin subsystems have been revealed, optimization measures in the objects of the nature reserve fund located within the natural reserve have been substantiated. The purpose of the study is to determine the parameters of the structure of lake-basin landscapes (on the example of Zasvitske lake, Nobel National Natural Park, Ukraine), liminary and landscape-metric indicators of the geo-ecological status of the LBS and the factors influencing it as an information and analytical basis for ensuring the protection and management of the LBS located in nature conservation area. The materials of the study were the long-term field landscape-limnological and geo-ecological studies of the authors within the Polesia region of Ukraine and, in particular, the LBS of the Nobel National Nature Park. The research methodology was based on complex physical-geographical methods, hydrological profiling and creation of bathymetric models of reservoirs, hydrochemical diagnostics of water masses of the lakes, geochemical analyses of bottom sediments, landscape mapping using GIS-technologies. The results of geo-ecological (landscape-ecological) researches of the lake-basin system of Zasvitske lake have been presented, in particular, original profiles and bathymetric model of the reservoir, landscape maps of the aqual complex and the lake catchment, limno- and landscape characteristics of the LBS have been shown. Considering the level of anthropogenic transformations of the LBS and the presence of a high proportion of ecologically-stabilizing lands (forests, reservoirs of natural origin), the level of sustainability of the LBS is estimated as high. An assessment of the hydrological characteristics of the reservoir and hydrochemical characteristics allows to attribute this lake to an oligotrophic type. The results of a comprehensive analysis of the geo-ecological parameters of the state of Zasvitske lake and its landscape-limnological functioning indicate the expediency of recreational specialization of nature management in the Nobel National Park, that includes this lake. Scientific novelty. The application of proposed landscape-basin approach and the algorithm of the LBS study increase the possibilities of functional zoning of national parks with high index of lakes, as well as solving the problems of nature protection and optimization of nature management. Practical importance. The created electronic landscape maps and the base of limnometric parameters can be used as reference documents for the certification and cadastral evaluation of the transboundary protected areas of Ramsar type, geo-ecological monitoring and an integrated management of lakes by the basin approach in conditions of intense climate change.

scholarly journals POPULATION AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF RECREATIONAL AND TOURIST POTENTIAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Topchiyev ◽  
Vitalii Sych ◽  
Viktoriya Yavorska ◽  
Katerina Kolomiyets
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Anthropogenic Load ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Big City ◽  
Objective Basis ◽  
Resource Characteristics ◽  
Recreation And Tourism

The article defines the directions that it is recommended to assess the role of the population in the formation of recreation and tourism activities (RTA). It is proved the need to investigate the role of the population in the RTA in two main directions: 1) as a subject of recreational and tourist systems in its relation to their media (objects); 2) combined - as a subject and component of the object of recreational and tourist systems. The population forms the flows of recreation and tourists, developing relevant structures and mechanisms for their recreational and tourist service, organizes directions and fields of economic and non-economic activities that ensure the recreational needs of the population, creates a specialized recreation infrastructure, develops and implements a variety of functional and territorial organization of recreation and tourism, forms at the national and international level of territorial division of labor. In order to evaluate the recreational potential of a separate plot or object usually consider not the entire nomenclature of conditions and resources, but only a characteristic or typical combination. Each territory, each object of recreation and tourism has its own set (complex) of resource characteristics. And this circumstance greatly facilitates the procedure for a comprehensive assessment of recreational potential due to elimination (allocation) of a characteristic complex of terms and resources of RTA. A similar situation arises for a functional assessment of recreational potential. The valuation of conditions and resources are not developed for a general list of species and forms of RTA, but for those that are distributed in this area in this locality. It is determined that among the numerous characteristics and indicators of recreational potential, the concept of recreational and tourist attractiveness is one of the objective indicators of resource potential. Estimation of recreational potential for quantitative indicators of recreation and tourists and their numerical and spatial distributions creates an objective basis for all other characteristics and indicators of RTD. Another important characteristic of the recreational potential, which forms the population as a factor of RTA is a recreation capacity of territories and objects of RTA. The concept of "recreational capacity" is related to "recreational attractiveness". Attractiveness characterizes recreational territories and objects for their attraction, according to real flows of recreation and tourists. Recreational capacity is intended to set the upper limits of such attractiveness. Attractiveness represents the actual use of a recreational resource, and the capacity indicates its critical level of recreation, which does not lead to degradation of this resource. In recreational geography, tourism and planning of territories, this direction is well known and extremely designed. The indicators of recreational capacities for certain types and recreation forms and recreations - beach baths, short-term rest in green zones, anthropogenic load of resort zones and areas of the natural reserve fund, maximum population density in various functional zones of the big city, etc. At the same time, the zonal principles of assessing the recreational capacity of objects and areas of recreation and tourism have not yet been developed, and this actual problem is waiting for its researchers. The population forms a so-called anthropogenic load on the territory, and its economic activity is man-made load. Anthropogenic-technogenic load is considered as a factor of recreational and tourist activities, in turn, indicators of anthropogenic-technogenic load are the original characteristics of "anti-resource" of recreation potential. The article has proven that in the context of the study of the prerequisites for the development of recreation and tourist activities of the region also need to analyze both the quality of life of the population, in addition to the assessment of this indicator have a high contrast and diversity in the country. Key words: population, recreational and tourist potential, attractiveness of recreational territories, anthropogenic-technogenic load, quality of life of the population.

scholarly journals Dekonstrukcja wolnego zawodu w systemie totalitarnym na przykładzie regulacji prawnej wykonywania zawodu rzecznika patentowego w Polsce w okresie stalinowskim

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Jacek Borowicz
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Professional Autonomy ◽  
Economic Planning ◽  
The State ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
Planning Commission ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Patent Attorney

In Poland before the Second World War, the profession of patent attorney was categorised as one of the so-called liberal professions. Its legal status and rules of practice were compared to the solicitor profession. A patent attorney practiced his profession personally, independently, and autonomously. In order to exercise his profession, he ran an independent patent attorney’s office. In the second half of the 1940s, with the communists taking power in Poland, a radical transformation of the social, political, economic, and legal system of the state along the lines of Stalin’s Soviet Union began. Any social, political, or economic activities characterised by independence and autonomy were thus in axiological contradiction with the ideology of the planned totalitarian state. The Act on the Establishment of the College of Patent Attorneys passed on 20 December 1949 completely abolished the structure of the patent attorney profession as a free profession, exercised in its own name and on its own account. From that moment on, the patent attorney became a civil servant performing their professional activities under strict hierarchical subordination to his superiors. There was no guarantee of their intellectual independence or professional autonomy. The practice of the patent attorney profession was subject to public law. The Patent Attorneys College was in fact another state office. It was organisationally and financially linked to the Patent Office — an administrative body granting legal protection to objects of industrial and commercial property, collecting and making available patent documentation and literature. The president of the Patent Office supervised the Patent Attorneys College. Both the Patent Attorneys College and the Patent Office were supervised by the State Economic Planning Commission. The State Commission for Economic Planning was a kind of super-ministry, tasked with a Soviet-style mission of closely supervising and controlling the entire centralised economy of the Polish state. The chairman of the State Economic Planning Commission also had key powers to influence patent attorneys. It was he who determined the subject of their professional examination, he who appointed a person meeting the statutory requirements to the position of a patent attorney. He could also exempt a candidate for the profession from meeting the requirements as well as appoint the president of the Patent Attorneys College. The Act of 20 December 1949 was repealed with the end of the Stalinist period in Poland. In 1958, the profession of patent attorney was briefly reinstated as a free profession. After that, until the end of the existence of the socialist state called the Polish People’s Republic, patent attorneys performed their profession as employees within the meaning of the labour law. It was not until the fall of communism in Poland that the profession of a patent attorney was re-established as a liberal profession under the provisions of the Act on Patent Attorneys of 9 January 1993.

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