scholarly journals Gender Features of Radical Oxidation of Lipids in Menopausal Women and Men in Andropause

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. I. Kolesnikova ◽  
I. M. Madaeva ◽  
N. V. Semenova ◽  
E. V. Osipova ◽  
M. A. Darenskaya
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Double Bonds ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Radical Oxidation ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Study Results ◽  
And Control

Aims: Our aim was to assess lipid peroxidation ― antioxidant protection in menopausal women and men in andropause and to compare these processes in different gender and age groups. Materials and methods:74 women and 37 men were examined. This study was a prospective, randomized cohort study. Women were divided into perimenopausal group (n=22, mean age 49.03±3.13), postmenopausal group (n=15, mean age 54.43±4.54) and control (n=37, mean age 34±1.2). Men were divided into a group of andropause (n=20, mean age 50.38±2.63) and control (n=17, mean age 35.21±4.75). Body mass index in the main and control groups was comparable. Questionnaires, clinical examination, assessment of the lipid peroxidation-antioxidant defense system, and the calculation of oxidative stress ratio were conducted to all participants of the study. Results: In women from the reproductive phase transition to its extinction increases content of compounds with conjugated double bonds by 22% (p0.05) in perimenopause and by 27% (p0.05) in postmenopause, increases content of the ketodienes and coupled trienes by 21% (p0.05) in perimenopause relative to the control group and reduced by 27% (p0.05) in postmenopausal women relative to the group of perimenopause. The antioxidant system in women observed the following changes: decrease in the α-tocopherol levels in postmenopausal women by 37% relative to control and by 22% (p0.05) to compare perimenopause; reduction of retinol level by 29% (p0.05) in the perimenopause and by 39% (p0.05) in postmenopause relative to control, increasing of the content of GSSG by 18% (p0.05) in postmenopause to compare control. When comparing groups of men statistically significant differences were not found. When comparing the groups according to gender, we revealed in men the increased content of compounds with conjugated double bonds by 38% (p0.05), the GSSG by 13% (p0.05), reduced content of the ketodienes and coupled trienes by 43% (p0,05), α-tocopherol by 24% (p0.05), SOD activity by 9% (p0.05).Coefficient oxidative stress in perimenopausal women was 2,5, in postmenopausal ― 3,48, in andropause ― 0,97.Conclusions: Expressed lipid peroxidation activity is more physiological in andropause than in menopause. Men in andropause have large functional reserves and adaptive capacity than menopausal women.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Salivary and Serum Total Antioxidant Capacity and Lipid Peroxidation in Postmenopausal Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Zovari ◽  
Hadi Parsian ◽  
Ali Bijani ◽  
Ameneh Moslemnezhad ◽  
Atena Shirzad
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Total Antioxidant

Objective. In menopause, reduction of estrogen hormone affects oxidative stress process in serum. Oxidative stress in saliva plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of oral diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation in the serum and saliva of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Methods. In this case control study, 50 postmenopausal women (case group) and 48 premenopausal women (control group) were selected. The unstimulated whole saliva and serum of the postmenopausal and premenopausal women were collected. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the saliva and serum was measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Also, malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) method for serum and saliva. Then, the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS 17, whereby Mann–Whitney test and Spearman’s correlation test were used. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. The postmenopausal group had significantly lower mean serum TAC and higher mean serum MDA than the control group ( P < 0 < 001 and P < 0.01 , respectively). The mean salivary TAC and MDA, however, did not differ significantly between the case and control group ( P = 0.64 and P = 0.08 , respectively). Conclusion. In postmenopausal women, with elevation of serum MDA and reduction of serum TAC, the extent of serum oxidative stress grows, but MDA and TAC levels of saliva do not change.

scholarly journals Obesity: an independent risk factor for oxidative stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navneet Agrawal ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Predominance ◽  
Myocardial Oxidative Stress ◽  
And Control

Background: Obesity is increasing in prevalence and presents a serious risk for the development of various disorders like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, gall bladder disease and certain forms of cancer. Animal studies have shown that obesity is associated with increased myocardial oxidative stress and increased lipid peroxidation. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that obesity per se causes increased plasma lipid peroxidation and decreased erythrocyte cytoprotection.Methods: A prospective randomized study including 300 obese subjects, was conducted in the Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, G. R. Medical College, Gwalior. Age and sex matched 100 subjects having BMI between 19 to 25 kg/m2 were also enrolled. Patients were grouped as Case (n=300) and Control (n=100). Detailed physical examination and laboratory investigations including lipid profile were performed. Venous blood was obtained and used for the estimation of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA). Unpaired t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Bonferroni and Tukey test along with Pearson correlation was used to analyze the data using IMB SPSS ver. 20 software. Significance is assessed at 5 % level.Results: Mean age of subjects among Case and Control group was 46.2±2.4 years and 44.5±2.2 years respectively with male predominance in each group. Mean weight, height, BMI, waist, hip, waist to hip ratio, mean blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, HDL-C and VLDL-C among Cases were91.57±9.8 kg, 161.6±9.3 cm, 36.17± 3.4 kgm2, 114.7±6.2 cm, 114.23±17.12 cm, 0.98±0.22, 87.3±2.6 mg/dl, 196.0±12.6 mg/dl, 253.6±27.3 mg/dl, 135±47.03 mg/dl, 47.1±1.2 mg/dl and 45.8±14.03 mg/dl and among Control group were61±5.2 kg, 163.1±8.7 cm, 21.24±1.88 cm, 21.24±1.88 kg m2, 85.2±1.4 cm, 97.32±9.12 cm, 0.86±0.14, 94.4 ± 3.2 mg/dl, 186.6 ± 6.9 mg/dl, 143.4±15.4 mg/dl, 95.73±27.48 mg/dl, 51.6±1.7 mg/dl and 22.4±10.45mg/dl respectively. Mean MDA level in Case and Control group was 4.68 ± 1.72 and 2.06±0.76 μmol/ml respectively (p< 0.001). Mean SOD level among Case and Control groups was 7.65±1.13 and 12.42±2.18 units/ml respectively (p<0.001). Female obese patients had lower level of SOD. A significant negative correlation of SOD was observed with BMI (n=300, r= -0.045, P<0.001), whereas, MDA was positively correlated with BMI (n=300, r= 0.342, P<0.001).Conclusions: Obesity in humans is an independent risk factor for lipid peroxidation and depletion of cytoprotective enzymes even in the absence of other confounding factors such as diabetes and hyperlipidaemia.

scholarly journals The Effect of the CO2 Fractional Laser or Premarin Vaginal Cream on Improving Sexual Function in Menopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-298
Author(s):  
Tahereh Eftekhar ◽  
Tahereh Forooghifar ◽  
Tahereh Khalili ◽  
Mamak Shariat ◽  
Fedyeh Haghollahi
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Function ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vaginal Cream ◽  
Co2 Fractional Laser ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
And Control

Introduction: Sexual dysfunction is a complex problem in postmenopausal women with a prevalence rate of 68%-86%. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a fractional CO2 laser or vaginal cream on the improvement of sexual function in menopausal women. Methods: This is a two-group clinical trial study. Postmenopausal women with the inclusion criterion were enrolled and randomly divided into 2 groups of intervention (n=25) and control group (n=25). In the intervention group, CO2 laser therapy was performed every month for three months, and in the control group, Premarin vaginal cream was applied (0.625 mg, 3 nights a week for 3 months. Vaginal health index (VHI) scoring and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaires were completed before and three months after the treatment. Results: The effects of the laser treatment were greater than the Premarin group with respect to improvement in sexual desire, orgasms, sexual satisfaction, less pain during sexual relations, and overall sexual function (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that the fractional CO2 laser may be more effective than hormonal therapy in improving sexual function in postmenopausal women.

scholarly journals THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD LIPIDS OF MENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH THE COMPENSATED HYPOTHYROIDISM WHICH RESULTS FROM AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Malyshenko ◽  
O. D. Rymar ◽  
M. V. Ivanova ◽  
L. V. Shcherbakova ◽  
S. F. Zhinchyk
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Hashimoto Thyroiditis ◽  
High Density ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

Purpose: to study the lipid profile, including of non-high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (non-HDL-C), in postmenopausal women with compensated hypothyroidism. The causes of hypothyroidism included Hashimoto thyroiditis.45 women with hypothyroidism participated in the study (mean ± sd, age (57.4 ± 7.7) years, disease duration (8.0 ± 6.4) years, the duration of postmenopause (6.4 ± 3.5) years). The mean dose of L-T4 (84.3 ± 28.5) μg/d. The control group – 85 women (mean ± sd, age (58.4 ± 5.4) years) no abnormalities of the thyroid gland, as well as other chronic diseases, which could have an impact on lipid metabolism.The main and control group were matched for age. Average BMI basic group than in controls: (31.6 ± 3.4) and (28.7 ± 4.6) kg/m2 respectively (p = 0.001). Obtained statistical differences in terms of TSH in the study and control groups: 2.15 and 1,22 mU/L (p = 0.001). Upon reaching euthyrosis against the background of hormone replacement therapy with thyroid hormones do not reach the target total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C): 5.81 ± 1.14, 3.67 ± 1.06 respectively.We obtain lower high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in women with drug euthyroidism compared with the control group. Do not get the difference in the values non-HDL-C in the groups studied. In postmenopausal women with compensated hypothyroidism is defined negative correlation ATTPO with HDL-C. Mean values of blood TC, non-HDL-C, LDL-C levels in the groups exceed the optimal ones.

Evaluation of selected parameters of oxidative stress in patients with psoriasis

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Marta Pawłowska ◽  
Celestyna Mila-Kierzenkowska ◽  
Agnieszka Kwiatkowska ◽  
Jarosław Paprocki ◽  
Paweł Sutkowy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Secondary Products ◽  
Sod Activity

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for proper functioning of the body. It is important to strike a balance between the production of ROS and their removal by the action of the antioxidant system. The deterioration of this balance may lead to oxidative stress, which causes damage to cell components of all – of lipids, proteins and DNA. Lipid peroxidation is a chain and free-radical process of lipid oxidation, in the course of which are involved ROS. The lipid peroxidation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The aim of the study was to determine the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, malondialdehyde and conjugated dienes, and the activity of superoxide dismutase in patients with psoriasis. Material and methods: The study group consisted of 12 women and 24 men with psoriasis – patients of the Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Infections and Immunodermatology CM UMK. The control group consisted of 16 healthy volunteers. The material for the study was venous blood. The concentration of TBARS and CD was determined in plasma and erythrocytes. The concentration of MDA was determined in plasma and SOD activity in the erythrocytes. Results: Statistically significantly higher concentration of MDA and statistically significantly higher concentration of TBARS was revaled in patients with psoriasis as compared to control group. There were no statistically significant differences in plasma concentrations of CD among patients with psoriasis and control group. In erythrocytes of patients concentration of CD was twice as high. There were no statistically significant differences in the activity of SOD between the patient group and the control group. Conclusions: The most important product of lipid peroxidation responsible for the formation of psoriatic lesions is MDA. Lack of changes in the concentration of the primary products of lipid peroxidation, with significant changes in the concentration of secondary products of the process in blood of studied subjects can provide a significant degree of severity of damage to the cells.

scholarly journals Lipid status and oxidative stress in menopausal women with obstructive apnea syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
L I Kolesnikova ◽  
N V Semenova ◽  
E V Osipova ◽  
I M Madaeva
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Perimenopausal Women ◽  
Total Antioxidant

Aim: to assess lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system parameters in peri - and postmenopausal women with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Materials and methods. 37 perimenopausal women and 43 postmenopausal ones were examined. OSAS diagnosis was made on the basis of the clinical picture and the polysomnography results. In perimenopause, the main group consisted of 18 women, in postmenopausal women - 17. All comparison groups are comparable by age and body mass index. Lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system parameters by spectrophotometric methods were determined. Non - parametric criteria were used to analyze the group differences for the independent samples. Results and discussion. The increase of total cholesterol (TC) and low - density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were observed in perimenopausal women with OSAS as compared to control. The increase of TC, triacylglycerol (TG), LDL-C, very - low - density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels and decrease of high - density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-D) level were found in postmenopausal women with OSAS as compared to control. Accumulation of ketodienes and conjugated trienes in perimenopausal women with OSAS and thiobarbituric acid reactants with a decrease of total antioxidant activity of blood serum in postmenopausal women with OSAS as compared to control was observed. Moreover, postmenopausal women with OSAS have a higher lipid peroxidation substrates and diene conjugates levels with a lower α-tocopherol level and total antioxidant activity compared with perimenopausal patients.The integral indicator of oxidative stress assessment indicates an imbalance in the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in menopausal women with OSAS. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate a violation of lipid metabolism and the development of oxidative stress in patients with OSAS. This is most pronounced in the postmenopause due to the aggravation of the pathological condition.

The Role Caspase-8 and DNA Methylation in patients with Ovarian Cancer: Relationship with Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

2021 ◽  
pp. 2676-2680
Author(s):  
Sundus Kareem Hamzah ◽  
Nawal Khinteel Jabbar ◽  
Anwar Jasib Almzaiel ◽  
Remah Abdulhassan sabit
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most common cancer and a leading cause of death in women. It well known that suppress the apoptosis initiates tumor and its development. Oxidative stress, and inflammation showed to have a role in tumorigenesis. However, the mechanism still unclear. Methods: 90 females were involved in the current study. Blood samples were obtained from thirty healthy controls, thirty premenopausal women, and thirty postmenopausal women with primary diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Plasma SOD activity was determined by spectrophotometry method, plasma levels of 8-OHG, IL-8, and Cas-8 were measured by ELISA. methylation specific PCR (MSP PCR) was applied for measurements of un-methylation and methylation levels of Cas-8 gene. Result: The results showed a significant decrease in SOD activity in postmenopausal group compared to premenopausal women and control groups (P < 0.05). A significant increase in 8-OHG and IL-8 levels in both OC groups compared with control group (P < 0.05). Apoptosis were decreased through levels of Cas-8 in patients group compared to control group (P< 0.05). Also a high level methylation of Cas-8 gene was observed in plasma sample of patient groups compared to control group. Conclusions: low levels of Cas-8 and methylation of Cas-8 may be involved in OC carcinogenesis and consider as diagnostic marker. Oxidative stress-mediated inflammatory response and methylation of Cas-8, this may be for promoter hyper methylation in OC. Taken together, the result open new sight in strategy therapy for OC.

Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation products in heart tissue of subacute and subchronic formaldehyde-exposed rats: a preliminary study

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukaddes Güleç ◽  
Ahmet Songur ◽  
Semsettin Sahin ◽  
Oguz A Ozen ◽  
Mustafa Sarsilmaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Heart Tissue ◽  
Cardiac Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Tbars Level ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Sod Activity

Objective: The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the oxidant/antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in the heart of rats exposed to formaldehyde (FA) inhalation for four weeks (subacute) or 13 weeks (subchronic) continuously. Methods and results: Sixty Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups randomly (ten in each group). The first and second groups were used as subacute and subchronic control groups. FA gas was generated from paraformaldehyde and pumped to a closed glass chamber. Rats were exposed to atmosphere containing 10 and 20 ppm FA (8 h/day, five days per week) during a four and 13 weeks period. After heart tissues were obtained and homogenized, thiobarbituric acid-reactant substances (TBARS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, were measured. There were statistically significant findings in SOD and CAT activities in the study groups compared to the control group. Heart tissue SOD level was increased in the group exposed to subacute 10 and 20 ppm FA inhalation compared to the control group (P≤0.011 and ≤0.0001). In addition, heart tissue SOD level was increased in the group exposed to subchronic 10 and 20 ppm FA inhalation compared to the corresponding control group (P≤0.001). On the other hand, there were statistically significant decreases in CAT activity in subacute 10 and 20 ppm groups compared to the corresponding control group (P≤0.012 and ≤0.039, respectively). Although not significant, TBARS levels were increased in both subacute 10 ppm (P=0.100) and subchronic 20 ppm (P=0.053) groups compared to their corresponding control groups. Tissue NO levels were unchanged upon FA inhalation. In the correlation analyses, a meaningful relationship between SOD and CAT activities in subchronic 10 ppm group (r=-0.685, P≤0.029); SOD activity and TBARS level in subchronic 20 ppm group (r=-0.675, P≤0.032); and CAT activity and NO level in subchronic 20 ppm group (r=-0.810, P≤0.005) were found. Conclusion: From the findings of our study, it can be interpreted that subacute and subchronic FA inhalation may stimulate oxidative stress and thus, some secondary toxic effects in cardiac cells and tissue. This increase in the oxidative stress could not induce lipid peroxidation in the membranous structure of cardiac cells. An increased SOD enzyme activity was thought to be secondary to decreased CAT activity, as a compensation mechanism, preventing heart tissue from destruction induced by FA.

Resistance of erythrocytes from Brown trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.) affected by ulcerative dermal necrosis syndrome

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kurhalyuk ◽  
H. Tkachenko ◽  
K. Pałczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance ◽  
Tbars Level ◽  
Reactive Substance ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta

Resistance of erythrocytes from Brown trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.) affected by ulcerative dermal necrosis syndrome In the present work we evaluated the effect of ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) syndrome on resistance of erythrocytes to haemolytic agents and lipid peroxidation level in the blood from brown trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.). Results showed that lipid peroxidation increased in erythrocytes, as evidenced by high thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels. Compared to control group, the resistance of erythrocytes to haemolytic agents was significantly lower in UDN-positive fish. Besides, UDN increased the percent of hemolysated erythrocytes subjected to the hydrochloric acid, urea and hydrogen peroxide. Results showed that UDN led to an oxidative stress in erythrocytes able to induce enhanced lipid peroxidation level, as suggested by TBARS level and decrease of erythrocytes resistance to haemolytic agents.

State of the enzyme link of antioxidant protection in boys with hypoandrogenism

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
L. K. Parkhomenko ◽  
◽  
L. A. Strashok ◽  
S. I. Turchina ◽  
G. V. Kosovtsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Free Radical Oxidation ◽  
Conjugated Dienes ◽  
Delayed Puberty ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antioxidant Protection ◽  
Radical Oxidation

Recently, interest in the problem of free radical oxidation in biological membranes, which is directly related to both the normal functioning of cells and the occurrence, course and outcome of many pathological conditions, has increased again in clinical medicine. The aim was to determine the role and impact of antioxidant defense in boys with hypoandrogenism. The study involved 75 adolescents with hypoandrogenism aged 13–18 years, who underwent a complex of clinical and laboratory examinations. All patients were conducted complex of anthropometric research and determination of the degree of delayed puberty, laboratory and instrumental examination. Free radical oxidation was determined by the levels of malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes, carbonated proteins, superoxide dismutase and catalase in the serum, and restored glutathione and glutathione peroxidase in whole blood. Based on their determination, the coefficient of oxidative stress was calculated. Statistical processing of results was performed using parametric and nonparametric methods. The study of indicators of the free radical oxidation process found that adolescents with hypoandrogenism have multidirectional changes in the oxidation of proteins and lipids, namely: the level of conjugated dienes increases, the concentration of malondialdehyde remains at the level of the control group, and the level of carbonated proteins tends to decrease. As for the activity of antioxidant protection enzymes, a significant decrease in the level of glutathione peroxidase was detected, while the level of superoxide dismutase and catalase remained at the level of normative indicators. Oxidative stress accompanies and is one of the pathogenetic links in the formation or maintenance of the state of hypoandrogenism in boys. This requires the use of antioxidants, the complex of which must be selected individually.

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