scholarly journals Assessment of soil micro flora in rice-wheat cropping system through continuous and rotational herbicide applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-461
Author(s):  
Jagdish Parshad ◽  
Dharam Bir Yadav ◽  
Satbir Singh Punia ◽  
Kuldeep Singh ◽  
Baljeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing

A long term experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Uchani (Karnal), India. Assessment of fix and rotational herbicides with and without green manure on the microbial population were studied in wheat crop during 2017-18. The treatments included fix/continuous herbicide (Clodinafop) and rotational herbicide (Sulfosulfuron) to control weeds along with weed free and weedy checks. Rhizosphere samples of wheat were collected from different plots of fixed and rotational herbicides treated soil to assess the total bacterial count, phosphate solubilizing microorganisms, actinobacteria, fungi and free-living diazotrophs. Weed free and weedy check served as check (control) for total microbial populations in the soil. Initially, herbicidal application showed negative effect on the soil microbes but retain the number later on as compared to weedy check under both conditions. But the effects of the herbicides on the micro flora in soil could be nullified through green manure.

scholarly journals Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 780
Author(s):  
Muhammad Qaswar ◽  
Jing Huang ◽  
Waqas Ahmed ◽  
Dongchu Li ◽  
Shujun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Sustainability ◽  
Double Rice ◽  
Winter Fallow

Cultivation of green manure (GM) crops in intensive cropping systems is important for enhancing crop productivity through soil quality improvement. We investigated yield sustainability, nutrient stocks, nutrient balances and enzyme activities affected by different long-term (1982–2016) green manure rotations in acidic paddy soil in a double-rice cropping system. We selected four treatments from a long-term experiment, including (1) rice-rice-winter fallow as a control treatment (R-R-F), (2) rice-rice-milkvetch (R-R-M), (3) rice-rice-rapeseed (R-R-R), and (4) rice-rice-ryegrass (R-R-G). The results showed that different GM rotations increased grain yield and the sustainable yield index compared with those of the R-R-F treatment. Compared with those of R-R-F, the average grain yield of early rice in R-R-M, R-R-R, and R-R-G increased by 45%, 29%, and 27%, respectively and that of late rice increased by 46%, 28%, and 26%, respectively. Over the years, grain yield increased in all treatments except R-R-F. Green manure also improved the soil chemical properties (SOM and total and available N and P), except soil pH, compared to those of the control treatment. During the 1983–1990 cultivation period, the soil pH of the R-R-M treatment was lower than that of the R-R-F treatment. The addition of green manure did not mitigate the soil acidification caused by the use of inorganic fertilizers. The soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents and stocks of C, N and P increased over the years. Furthermore, GM significantly increased phosphatase and urease activities and decreased the apparent N and P balances compared with those in the winter fallow treatment. Variance partitioning analysis revealed that soil properties, cropping systems, and climatic factors significantly influenced annual grain yield. Aggregated boosted tree (ABT) analysis quantified the relative influences of the different soil properties on annual grain yield and showed that the relative influences of TN content, SOM, pH, and TP content on annual crop yield were 27.8%, 25.7%, 22.9%, and 20.7%, respectively. In conclusion, GM rotation is beneficial for sustaining high crop yields by improving soil biochemical properties and reducing N and P balances in acidic soil under double- rice cropping systems.

The role of management in yield improvement of the wheat crop—a review with special emphasis on Western Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Anderson ◽  
M. A. Hamza ◽  
D. L. Sharma ◽  
M. F. D'Antuono ◽  
F. C. Hoyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Positive Interactions

Modern bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) has been well adapted for survival and production in water-limited environments since it was first domesticated in the Mediterranean basin at least 8000 years ago. Adaptation to various environments has been assisted through selection and cross-breeding for traits that contribute to high and stable yield since that time. Improvements in crop management aimed at improving yield and grain quality probably developed more slowly but the rate of change has accelerated in recent decades. Many studies have shown that the contribution to increased yield from improved management has been about double that from breeding. Both processes have proceeded in parallel, although possibly at different rates in some periods, and positive interactions between breeding and management have been responsible for greater improvements than by either process alone. In southern Australia, management of the wheat crop has focused on improvement of yield and grain quality over the last century. Adaptation has come to be equated with profitability and, recently, with long-term economic and biological viability of the production system. Early emphases on water conservation through the use of bare fallow, crop nutrition through the use of fertilisers, crop rotation with legumes, and mechanisation, have been replaced by, or supplemented with, extensive use of herbicides for weed management, reduced tillage, earlier sowing, retention of crop residues, and the use of ‘break’ crops, largely for management of root diseases. Yields from rainfed wheat crops in Western Australia have doubled since the late 1980s and water-use efficiency has also doubled. The percentage of the crop in Western Australia that qualifies for premium payments for quality has increased 3–4 fold since 1990. Both these trends have been underpinned by the gradual elimination or management of the factors that have been identified as limiting grain yield, grain quality, or long-term viability of the cropping system.

scholarly journals ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF 0.2% CHLORHEXIDINE AND 1% CHITOSAN MOUTHWASH ON BACTERIA DURING ORTHODONTIC MINISCREW USE

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
ERLINA HASRIATI ◽  
HARU SETYO ANGGANI ◽  
MARIA PURBIATI ◽  
ENDANG WINIATI BACHTIAR
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Clinical Trial ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Objective: Inflammation is one of the most common complications observed when using orthodontic miniscrews. Chlorhexidine mouthwash can beused to prevent and reduce the degree of inflammation, but long-term use of this solution may lead to some side effects. This study sought to evaluatethe peri-miniscrew antibacterial effect of 1% chitosan, a biomaterial with antibacterial properties, relative to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash.Methods: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted at the Dental Teaching Hospital and Oral Biology Research Laboratory at theUniversity of Indonesia from February to June 2019. Thirty subjects (25 females and five males) were randomly assigned to rinse with 1% chitosan(n=10), 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (n=10), and Aquadest (n=10) in addition to their usual oral hygiene procedure for 4 days. Peri-miniscrewclinical inflammation signs were recorded and peri-miniscrew plaque collected before and after 4 days of rinsing. The total bacterial and red-complexbacteria count in plaque samples were evaluated by a real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results: Chitosan and chlorhexidine showed antibacterial activity, reducing total bacterial count around orthodontic miniscrews (p<0.05). Theantibacterial activity of chitosan on total bacteria was not significantly different from that of chlorhexidine (p≥0.05). Regarding the antibacterialactivity of chitosan on red-complex bacteria, the best result seen was a 58% bacteria count reduction in Tannerella denticola.Conclusion: Chitosan has potential antibacterial activity and could be used in mouthwash to maintain peri-miniscrew hygiene.

Changes induced by cowpea green manure and farmyard manure in the timing of phenological events in maize (Zea mays)

1991 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Aggarwal ◽  
N. K. Sekhon
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Organic Manures ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Advanced Development

SUMMARYThe effect of cowpea green manure (CGM) and farmyard manure (FYM) on phenological events in maize grown with different rates of nitrogen (N) was evaluated at Ludhiana, India in 1988–89 as part of a long-term experiment on sandy loam. Tasselling (T), anthesis (A), silking (S), maturity (M) and appearance of leaves were recorded in 1988 and 1989 from plots of maize manured with cowpea and FYM and grown at 0, 75 and 125 kg N/ha. Time to phenological events was calculated in terms of calendar days and growing degree units (GDU).Phenological events in maize were significantly advanced by CGM, FYM and N. The occurrence of T, A and S with CGM was earlier by 60·5, 84·5 and 114·5 GDU, respectively, than without it and the end of each of the growth stages T, A and S was advanced by 81·0, 99·0 and 78·5 GDU, respectively. Maturity was earlier than in the control by 65·0 GDU. Leaf emergence occurred earlier after organic manuring. Farmyard manure advanced development less than CGM. Changes in phenological events due to N followed the same pattern of changes as those found with organic manures. Time from sowing to onset of T, A, S and M, and the interval between T, A, S and M were significantly correlated with yield and yield-related characters. Desirable changes in the timing of phenological events are thus one of the factors contributing to the improvement in productivity caused by organic manures. Calendar day was found to be as accurate an index as GDU for evaluation of the effect of cultural practices on phenological events.

Effects of phosphate fertilizer applications on microorganisms in pastoral soil

Soil Research ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
SU Sarathchandra ◽  
A Lee ◽  
KW Perrott ◽  
SSS Rajan ◽  
EHA Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Lumbricus Rubellus ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Fluorescent Pseudomonas ◽  
Microbial P

Microbial and earthworm populations and some soil chemical characteristics were measured in soil samples collected from an existing fertilizer trial that had been in progress for 3 years. The samples were collected two weeks before and two weeks after the annual applications of single superphosphate (SSP) or North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR). There were no significant long-term fertilizer effects on any of the characteristics measured but there were some significant changes between the two samplings. Total bacterial count (69 x 106 to 6 x 106 g-1 soil) and the fungal count (l3 x 105to 5.2 x 105 g-1 of soil) declined significantly in all treatments between the two samplings. This decline was significantly smaller for fungi in fertilized plots. There were significant increases in populations of gram negative bacteria (28 x 105 to 52 x 105 bacteria g-1 of soil) and phosphate rock (PR) dissolving bacteria (7 6 x 105 to l3 x 105 bacteria g-1 of soil) two weeks after fertilizer application. Populations of these bacteria did not change significantly in unfertilized plots. The water-extractable carbon declined significantly in unfertilized and SSP-treated plots but not in NCPR-treated plots. The levels of ammonium oxidizing bacteria, PR-dissolving fungi, fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and microbial P were unaffected by fertilizer. Two groups of earthworms were examined once before the fertilizer application. There were no significant fertilizer effects on adult or juvenile populations of Lumbricus rubellus or Aporrectodea caliginosa.

scholarly journals Effect of three decade long application of chemical fertilizer and amendments on crop yield under maize - wheat cropping system in an acid alfisol

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Sharma ◽  
Vandana Kaushal ◽  
Gayatri Verma ◽  
S. P. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Continuous Maize

The results on the effect of three decade long term application of chemical fertilizers and amendments on the yield of continuous maize-wheat crop rotation in an acid alfisol at Palampur revealed that continuous omission of essential nutrients in a maize-wheat sequence resulted in an appreciable decline in the grain yield of maize and wheat crops. A remarkable reduction in crop yield was noticed in plots where nitrogen was applied alone. Use of recommended level of N alone through urea had deleterious effect on crop productivity. The continuous exhaustionof native pools of K in 100% NP treated plots appreciably reduced percent grain yield. Application of farmyard manure (FYM) and lime along with NPK fertilizers increased the crop yield. The integrated use of optimal dose of NPK and FYM give better and more sustainable yields.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Phosphorus Management Under Long-Term Experiments

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-47
Author(s):  
C. Ailincăi ◽  
G. Jităreanu ◽  
Despina Ailincăi
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The investigations conducted at the Podu-Iloaiei Agricultural Research Station, Iaşi County, Romania, have studied the influence of different mineral fertilizers rates on wheat and maize yield and soil agrochemical characteristics. In bean-wheatmaize- sunflower-wheat crop rotation, the mean yield increases, obtained for each kg of a.i. of applied fertilizer, were comprised between 8.3 and 10.1 kg in wheat (N120P80- N160P80) and between 10.8 and 11.0 kg in maize (N150P80-N200P100). Generally, nitrogen use efficiency is low and, to achieve maximum yields, need for high doses of nitrogen which can increase the risk of environmental pollution. The N agronomic efficiencies and physiological efficiencies in wheat and maize declined with the increase of nitrogen rate. Wheat placed in rotation for five years, after sunflower at recommended dose (N160P80), physiological efficiency of nitrogen utilization was 43.4 kg grain per kilogram of nitrogen exported from soil, from fertilizer applied. Mean annual amounts of nutrients exported from soil by wheat in dry (14 yr.) and favourable (11 yr.) years in five year crop rotation have varied according to rates, between 34.5 and 100.7 kg at nitrogen and between 6.5 and 18.4 kg at phosphorus. The long-term use of bean - wheat - maize - sunflower - wheat rotation determined the diminution by 43.4% (2,772 t/ha) in the mean annual losses of eroded soil and by 38.5% (5.61 kg/ha) in nitrogen leakages by erosion, compared with maize continuous cropping.

scholarly journals Association Between Aflatoxin M1 Excretion in Milk and Indicators of Rumen Fermentation in Bovines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanul Thukral ◽  
Pankaj Dhaka ◽  
Jasbir Singh Bedi ◽  
Randhir Singh ◽  
Gurpreet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Excretion In Milk ◽  
Negative Effect

Abstract Aflatoxins and its metabolites negatively impact the ruminant health and production. The present cross-sectional study was aimed to determine the effect of aflatoxins on rumen fermentation by deducing the correlation between the Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) excretion in milk and indicators of rumen fermentation in bovines. The indicators of rumen fermentation were taken into account and correlated with AFM1 concentration in milk of respective 120 bovines [cattle (n = 82) and buffalo (n = 38)]. The AFM1 in milk samples (n = 120) was quantified by ELISA kit. The correlation analysis revealed that with increase in excretion of AFM1 in milk, the pH (r = 0.38), Methylene Blue Reduction Time (MBRT) (r = 0.43), Sedimentation Activity Time (SAT) (r = 0.31) and ammonia nitrogen content (r = 0.34) of rumen liquor increases; whereas, the Total Volatile Fatty Acids (TVFA’s) content (r=-0.25), Total Bacterial Count (TBC) (r=-0.43) and Total Protozoal Count (TPC) (r=-0.14) of rumen liquor decreases. The results of the present study suggest that the presence of aflatoxins in rumen could have negative effect on the process of rumen fermentation. Therefore, the prevention of primary entry point(s) of AFB1 through the feed of bovines is important for the animal as well as public health.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Winter Planted Green Manure on Physical Properties of Reddish Paddy Soil Under a Double-Rice Cropping System

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeng-ping YANG ◽  
Ming-gang XU ◽  
Sheng-xian ZHENG ◽  
Jun NIE ◽  
Ju-sheng GAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Double Rice

scholarly journals Microbiological, rheological and physical-chemical characteristics of bovine meat subjected to a prolonged ageing period

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Smaldone ◽  
Raffaele Marrone ◽  
Lucia Vollano ◽  
Maria Francesca Peruzy ◽  
Carmela Maria Assunta Barone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Force ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Texture Profile ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Ageing Period

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a long ageing period on the microbiological, rheological and physicalchemical characteristics of bovine beef. For the trial n. 3 Marchigiana bovine breed (live weight of 760 kg approximately), slaughtered at 34 months were chosen and the loin muscles were undergone to a prolonged ageing process. The analytical determinations performed were: pH and aw values, texture profile analysis, Warner-Bratzler shear force, colour (CIE L*a*b*), centesimal analysis, total bacterial count, Enterobacteriaceae, Listeria monocytogenes, yeasts and moulds. The results indicate that extended ageing has a negative effect on weight loss but, by the means of the standardization of dry aging parameters, reduce lipid oxidation and improve tenderness.

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