Changes induced by cowpea green manure and farmyard manure in the timing of phenological events in maize (Zea mays)

1991 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Aggarwal ◽  
N. K. Sekhon
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Organic Manures ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Advanced Development

SUMMARYThe effect of cowpea green manure (CGM) and farmyard manure (FYM) on phenological events in maize grown with different rates of nitrogen (N) was evaluated at Ludhiana, India in 1988–89 as part of a long-term experiment on sandy loam. Tasselling (T), anthesis (A), silking (S), maturity (M) and appearance of leaves were recorded in 1988 and 1989 from plots of maize manured with cowpea and FYM and grown at 0, 75 and 125 kg N/ha. Time to phenological events was calculated in terms of calendar days and growing degree units (GDU).Phenological events in maize were significantly advanced by CGM, FYM and N. The occurrence of T, A and S with CGM was earlier by 60·5, 84·5 and 114·5 GDU, respectively, than without it and the end of each of the growth stages T, A and S was advanced by 81·0, 99·0 and 78·5 GDU, respectively. Maturity was earlier than in the control by 65·0 GDU. Leaf emergence occurred earlier after organic manuring. Farmyard manure advanced development less than CGM. Changes in phenological events due to N followed the same pattern of changes as those found with organic manures. Time from sowing to onset of T, A, S and M, and the interval between T, A, S and M were significantly correlated with yield and yield-related characters. Desirable changes in the timing of phenological events are thus one of the factors contributing to the improvement in productivity caused by organic manures. Calendar day was found to be as accurate an index as GDU for evaluation of the effect of cultural practices on phenological events.

scholarly journals Distribution of nitrogen in wheat plant in its late growth stages with regard to organic fertilisation and mineral nitrogen rate

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 553-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Čeh-Brežnik ◽  
A. Tajnšek
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Organic Fertilisation ◽  
N Rates ◽  
The Impact

In Central Slovenia within a long term static experiment IOSDV we investigated the impact of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilisation (0, 65, 130, 195 kg/ha) on the N content and the N amount in winter wheat (larger roots, stems, spikes and leaves) in EC 81/82 and EC 90/91, employing three systems of management: farmyard manure ploughing in before forecrop maize, straw ploughing in and green manure, no organic fertilisation. At EC 81/82 the N content in larger roots was around twice as high as the N content in stems and around twice as low as the N content in spikes and leaves. There was 80% of the whole N amount in plant located in the spikes and leaves (33–168 kg/ha) in EC 81/82 and 90% in EC 90/91. Calculated N recovery from mineral fertiliser was 68–87%; it increased with the increasing N rates in the system with farmyard manure ploughing in and in the system with no organic fertilisation, but not in the system with straw ploughing in and green manure. Between EC 81/82 and EC 90/91 wheat gained from 4 to 34 kg N/ha, but there were more important translocations of N inside the plants, which were higher at higher mineral N rates. There was a significant impact of management system on the N uptake at the highest mineral N rate.

Metabolism of nitrogen during long-term incubation of soil treated with fresh and rotted organic materials

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Cornfield
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Control Soil ◽  
Organic Manures ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio

The metabolism of nitrogen during incubation, at 28° C. for 184 days, of a soil treated with 1% by weight of five different bulky organic manures and 0·5% calcium carbonate was studied.1. Ammonia and nitrite could not be detected at any sampling date with any treatment, hence nitrate levels in treated soils compared with that in the control soil indicated the extent of mineralization or fixation of nitrogen.2. A good straw compost (carbon/nitrogen ratio, C/N, 20·6) was the only material which showed mineralization of nitrogen over practically the whole of the incubation period.3. Rotted farmyard manure (C/N 15–6) caused a small, whilst fresh grass (C/N 22·6), caused a fair amount of nitrogen fixation in the early stages, but there was a small overall mineralization of nitrogen by the final sampling.4. A poor straw compost (C/N 42·5) and straw (C/N 147·0) both caused considerable fixation of nitrogen in the early stages. With continuing incubation the bulk of the nitrogen fixed by the poor compost, but only a small portion of that fixed by the straw, was released.

scholarly journals Assessment of soil micro flora in rice-wheat cropping system through continuous and rotational herbicide applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-461
Author(s):  
Jagdish Parshad ◽  
Dharam Bir Yadav ◽  
Satbir Singh Punia ◽  
Kuldeep Singh ◽  
Baljeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing

A long term experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Uchani (Karnal), India. Assessment of fix and rotational herbicides with and without green manure on the microbial population were studied in wheat crop during 2017-18. The treatments included fix/continuous herbicide (Clodinafop) and rotational herbicide (Sulfosulfuron) to control weeds along with weed free and weedy checks. Rhizosphere samples of wheat were collected from different plots of fixed and rotational herbicides treated soil to assess the total bacterial count, phosphate solubilizing microorganisms, actinobacteria, fungi and free-living diazotrophs. Weed free and weedy check served as check (control) for total microbial populations in the soil. Initially, herbicidal application showed negative effect on the soil microbes but retain the number later on as compared to weedy check under both conditions. But the effects of the herbicides on the micro flora in soil could be nullified through green manure.

YIELD RESPONSE TO APPLIED NUTRIENTS AND ESTIMATES OF N2 FIXATION IN 33-YEAR-OLD SOYBEAN–WHEAT EXPERIMENT ON A VERTISOL

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUNESHWAR SINGH ◽  
R. H. WANJARI ◽  
ANIL DWIVEDI ◽  
RAM DALAL
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Balance Technique ◽  
Biomass N

SUMMARYSoybean–wheat systems are the major grain production systems on vertisols in Madhya Pradesh, India. A study on yield response to nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) and estimation of N2 fixation by soybean under different nutrient combinations was studied in a 33-year-old, long-term experiment on soybean–wheat–maize system. For estimation of N2 fixation, annual input–output N balance technique was used. The experiment was initiated in June 1972, comprising eight treatments, viz. control (no fertiliser and no manure), 100% N, 100% NP, 100% NPK, 150% NPK, 100% NPK + 15 t farmyard manure (FYM), 100% NPK + Zn and 100% NPK – S with four replications arranged in a randomised block design. The amount of N applied (100%) to each crop of soybean, wheat and maize was 20, 120 and 80 kg ha−1, P (100%) 35, 35 and 26 kg ha−1 and K (100%) 16, 32 and 16 kg ha−1, respectively. FYM was applied one week before the onset of monsoons. Both soybean and wheat yields responded to applied N and P during all these years. The yield response to K was observed after 10 years. The estimated amount of N2 fixed by soybean annually varied from 62.8 to 161.1 kg ha−1; however, the net gain of N in soil after offsetting the N derived by soybean from soil varied from 24.2 to 66.5 kg ha−1 annually. Maximum N gain was recorded on application of P. There was a linear relationship between the amount of harvestable biomass N and residual biomass N, whereas quantity of N added to soil has a curvilinear relationship with the harvestable biomass N. The highest percentage of N derived from the atmosphere (% Ndfa) was recorded in the control treatment, but the highest amount of N2 fixed was found in the 100% NPK treatment. Balanced use of nutrient is the best option to harness the N2 fixation potential of soybean.

Effect of farmyard manure and mineral fertiliser on the yield and yield components of maize in a long-term monoculture experiment in Martonvásár

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Micskei ◽  
I. Jócsák ◽  
T. Árendás ◽  
P. Bónis ◽  
Z. Berzsenyi
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mineral Fertiliser ◽  
Year Effect ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Set Up

In a long-term experiment on continuous maize set up by Béla Győrffy in 1959, changes in biotic and abiotic environmental factors were studied over time. The long-term effects and stability of the cropping systems, the year effects and the genotype × environment interactions were analysed. The original aim of the experiment was to determine whether the NPK nutrients in farmyard manure could be replaced partially or entirely by inorganic NPK fertiliser. In the present experiment the effect of farmyard manure, mineral fertiliser and the year effect on yield and yield stability were studied for four years (2005–2008). Various levels of farmyard manure and mineral fertiliser induced significant changes in the yield, harvest index, thousand-kernel mass, grain number per ear and grain protein content.

scholarly journals Effect of liming on the change of some agrochemical soil properties in a long-term fertilization experiment

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 146-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Jaskulska ◽  
D. Jaskulski ◽  
M. Kobierski
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Set Up

For 10 years (1999&ndash;2008) there was investigated the effect of liming on soil pH<sub>KCl</sub> and on organic carbon, available forms of macroelements and DTPA-extracted forms of some metals in 6 different fertilization objects in a long-term experiment set up in 1948: without fertilization (0), straw + NPK (STR NPK), NPK, farmyard manure (FYM), FYM NPK, FYM NPKMgCa. As a result of the application of 12.0 t/ha of lime (4.3 t Ca/ha), an increase was found not only in soil pH value but also in organic carbon, plant available phosphorus, zinc and copper contents and a decrease in manganese content. Despite significant changes in the soil properties, they still varied across the long-term fertilization objects.

scholarly journals A Field Evidence of Cd, Zn and Cu Accumulation in Soil and Rice Grains after Long-Term (27 Years) Application of Swine and Green Manures in a Paddy Soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2404
Author(s):  
Babar Hussain ◽  
Jumei Li ◽  
Yibing Ma ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
Chunyan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Organic Manures ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
Zn And Cu In

Although inorganic and organic manures with high concentrations of heavy metals can lead to accumulation or contamination of heavy metals in soils, there are few reports on the effects of long-term application of swine and green manures on the accumulation of heavy metals in rice grains in paddy soils. A long-term field experiment, which was established in 1990 in paddy soil in Hangzhou, China, was used to investigate the effects of inorganic and organic manures on the availability and accumulation of heavy metals in soil and uptake by rice plant. The results showed that long-term application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash (NPK) plus green manure or swine manure, and swine manure only increased 202%, 146%, and 100% for total Cd, and 5.5%, 7.6%, and 6.6% for total Cu in rice grains, respectively compared to the control without fertilization. Total Zn in rice grain was significantly increased by 13.9% for the treatment of NPK plus green manure. The accumulation of Cd, Zn, and Cu in rice grains after long-term application of swine and green manures is due to the combined effects of the increased concentrations of total and EDTA extractable Cd, Zn, and Cu in soil and the changes of soil properties. Furthermore, the highest bioconcentration factor for Cd was found in the treatment of NPK plus green manure while for Zn and Cu it was observed in NPK treatment. Thus, it may be concluded that green manure and manure with increased Cd, Zn, and Cu in rice grain results in a potential risk of metal accumulation in paddy soils.

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