scholarly journals Processing of reflected mirror images in the brain - Physiological basis, pathomechanisms and therapeutic options

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra SR ◽  
Vidya Annapoorni CS ◽  
Nitin Ramanujam C
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
The Brain

What Has Direct Cortical and Subcortical Electrostimulation Taught Us about Neurolinguistics?

2019 ◽  
pp. 185-211
Author(s):  
Hugues Duffau
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Cerebral Lesions ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Postoperative Mri ◽  
The Brain

Investigating the neural and physiological basis of language is one of the most important challenges in neurosciences. Direct electrical stimulation (DES), usually performed in awake patients during surgery for cerebral lesions, is a reliable tool for detecting both cortical and subcortical (white matter and deep grey nuclei) regions crucial for cognitive functions, especially language. DES transiently interacts locally with a small cortical or axonal site, but also nonlocally, as the focal perturbation will disrupt the entire subnetwork sustaining a given function. Thus, in contrast to functional neuroimaging, DES represents a unique opportunity to identify with great accuracy and reproducibility, in vivo in humans, the structures that are actually indispensable to the function, by inducing a transient virtual lesion based on the inhibition of a subcircuit lasting a few seconds. Currently, this is the sole technique that is able to directly investigate the functional role of white matter tracts in humans. Thus, combining transient disturbances elicited by DES with the anatomical data provided by pre- and postoperative MRI enables to achieve reliable anatomo-functional correlations, supporting a network organization of the brain, and leading to the reappraisal of models of language representation. Finally, combining serial peri-operative functional neuroimaging and online intraoperative DES allows the study of mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity. This chapter critically reviews the basic principles of DES, its advantages and limitations, and what DES can reveal about the neural foundations of language, that is, the large-scale distribution of language areas in the brain, their connectivity, and their ability to reorganize.

scholarly journals Ecstasy from a physiological point of view

1982 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 74-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaj Björkqvist
Keyword(s):  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Study ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Psychosomatic Diseases ◽  
The Brain

The biological study of man is one of today's most rapidly advancing sciences. There is no reason for not utilizing these methodologies of research and the knowledge already gained when studying ecstasy and other similar religious phenomena. Drugs have been used in all parts of the world as an ecstasy technique. Since mental states and physiological correlates always accompany each other, it is obvious that the human mind can be affected by external means, for instance by drugs. But the opposite is also true; mental changes affect the body, as they do in the case of psychosomatic diseases. Ecstasy is often described as an extremely joyful experience; this pleasure must necessarily also have a physiological basis. It is of course too early to say anything for certain, but the discovery of pleasure centres in the brain might offer an explanation. It is not far-fetched to suggest that when a person experiences euphoric ecstasy, it might, in some way or other, be connected with a cerebral pleasure center. Can it be, for example, that religious ecstasy is attained only by some mechanism triggering off changes in the balance of the transmitter substances? Or is it reached only via a change in the hormonal balance, or only by a slowing down of the brain waves, or is a pleasure centre activated? When a person is using an ecstasy technique, he usually does so within a religious tradition. When he reaches an experience, a traditional interpretation of it already exists.

scholarly journals Physiological Basis of Nonmemory Cognition in Alzheimers Disease-An Overview

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
A. S. V. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Alzheimers Disease ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Five Senses ◽  
Higher Brain Functions ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer's (AD) disease is foremost of the neurodegenerative diseases affecting cognition. Though memory, out of all cognitive functions of the brain, received much attention, the nonmemory cognitive functions including the higher brain functions, are equally important. In fact what is perceived by the five senses is the basis of our learning, what is learned thus, is stored in the brain as memory of various types and the retrieved memory appropriate to the situation is the basis for higher brain functions.Thus all are interconnected when overall cognitivefunctions of the brain are considered. This article focuses on the nonmemory functions of the brain (like attention, perception, language and learning) as well as higher brain functions like (thinking. planning, execution, judgement, emotional and social behaviour etc). Their physiological basis as well as how they are affected in AD are discussed in this article.

scholarly journals Physiological Basis of Empathy and Emotionality in Nursing Practice

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Gitonga Pius Gervasioh ◽  
Prof. Karani Anna Kagure ◽  
Dr. Kimani Samuel Thuo
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Physical State ◽  
Nursing Practice ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Mental Functions ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Relationship Model ◽  
The Brain

Empathy is a form of connection with a cognitive emotive response that stems from the apprehension of another person’s emotional and physical state of distress. The physiological context of empathy as related to emotionality and related behavior in nursing is a motivating challenge into adventures of high order mental functions. Since our responses are coordinated in the brain, understanding different contexts and processes complete the cycles of initiation, coordination, and memory is essential. The theoretical basis of Emotional Intelligence and Self Determinism for emotionality and empathy related behavior are applied. The pursuit of empathy as a centrally vital competence in healthcare is an interesting discovery and its regulation is a beautiful process. A conceptualized relationship model isillustrated to manifest a candid relationship between and among emotionality and empathy related behavior in nursing. Empathy builds on a likened emotional believe that humans have the capacity to demonstrate empathy or portray empathy related behavior to self and other people. Emotions and emotionality rule our daily lives. We choose activities and hobbies based on the emotions they incite in us. We make decisions based on whether we are happy, angry, sad, bored, or frustrated. The decisions we make impact to us and to others in a considerable emotional measure. Empathizing means we leave our comfort zones and delve into our clients’ phenomena and socialize with them within their imaginary and actual realms. This zone is almost always vulnerable for nurses.

scholarly journals Discovery of Oxazolidinone-Based Heterocycles as Subtype Selective Sigma-2 Ligands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin E Blass ◽  
Richie Rashmin Bhandare ◽  
Daniel J. Canney
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Amyloid Plaques ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Amyloid Hypothesis ◽  
Medical Need ◽  
The Us ◽  
Subtype Selective ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is a major, unmet medical need that impacts 6 million people in the US alone. Therapeutic options are limited, and the root cause of this condition remains unclear. The Amyloid Hypothesis has been proposed as a means of explaining the formation of amyloid plaques in the brain of patient. The sigma-2 receptor was recently identified as a potential therapeutic target capable of arresting the formation of amyloid plaques. Herein, we report the identification of a series of novel, functionalized oxazolidin-2-ones sigma-2 ligands.

Role of Diet, Functional Foods, and Nutraceuticals in Brain Disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 502-525
Author(s):  
Vandana Bharat Patravale ◽  
Shivraj Vasantrao Naik ◽  
Shrikant Ninaji Dhage
Keyword(s):  
Functional Foods ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The Brain

This chapter presents an overview of various complementary nutritional approaches for the management of brain disorders. Numerous epidemiological studies emphasize the growing burden of brain disorders worldwide. Due to the complex pathophysiology, lack of precise diagnostic and therapeutic options, there is growing need to have alternative approaches. One important strategy for the prevention and treatment of brain impairment is based on dietary supplements, functional foods, and nutraceuticals. The current chapter illustrates various aspects of available nutritional products for the brain disorder. Considering the recent surge in the nutritional products and as it destined to play an important role in future, existing regulatory framework is explained here which ensures purity, safety, and efficacy of the marketed products.

Single mechanism, divergent effects; multiple mechanisms, convergent effect

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavin R. Sheth ◽  
Daw-An Wu
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Temporal Response ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Single Mechanism ◽  
Lag Effect ◽  
Response Profile ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Motor Prediction ◽  
Predictive Mechanisms

AbstractIt is commonplace for a single physiological mechanism to seed multiple phenomena, and for multiple mechanisms to contribute to a single phenomenon. We propose that the flash-lag effect should not be considered a phenomenon with a single cause. Instead, its various aspects arise from the convergence of a number of different mechanisms proposed in the literature. We further give an example of how a neuron's generic spatio-temporal response profile can form a physiological basis not only of “prediction,” but also of many of the other proposed flash-lag mechanisms, thus recapitulating a spectrum of flash-lag phenomena. Finally, in agreeing that such basic predictive mechanisms are present throughout the brain, we argue that motor prediction contributes more to biological fitness than visual prediction.

scholarly journals A Pathway-Centered Analysis of Pig Domestication and Breeding in Eurasia

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2171-2184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Leno-Colorado ◽  
Nick J Hudson ◽  
Antonio Reverter ◽  
Miguel Pérez-Enciso
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Genome Variability ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Biological Interpretation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Ascertaining the molecular and physiological basis of domestication and breeding is an active area of research. Due to the current wide distribution of its wild ancestor, the wild boar, the pig (Sus scrofa) is an excellent model to study these processes, which occurred independently in East Asia and Europe ca. 9000 yr ago. Analyzing genome variability patterns in terms of metabolic pathways is attractive since it considers the impact of interrelated functions of genes, in contrast to genome-wide scans that treat genes or genome windows in isolation. To that end, we studied 40 wild boars and 123 domestic pig genomes from Asia and Europe when metabolic pathway was the unit of analysis. We computed statistical significance for differentiation (Fst) and linkage disequilibrium (nSL) statistics at the pathway level. In terms of Fst, we found 21 and 12 pathways significantly differentiated at a q-value < 0.05 in Asia and Europe, respectively; five were shared across continents. In Asia, we found six significant pathways related to behavior, which involved essential neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin. Several significant pathways were interrelated and shared a variable percentage of genes. There were 12 genes present in >10 significant pathways (in terms of Fst), comprising genes involved in the transduction of a large number of signals, like phospholipase PCLB1, which is expressed in the brain, or ITPR3, which has an important role in taste transduction. In terms of nSL, significant pathways were mainly related to reproductive performance (ovarian steroidogenesis), a similarly important target trait during domestication and modern animal breeding. Different levels of recombination cannot explain these results, since we found no correlation between Fst and recombination rate. However, we did find an increased ratio of deleterious mutations in domestic vs. wild populations, suggesting a relaxed functional constraint associated with the domestication and breeding processes. Purifying selection was, nevertheless, stronger in significantly differentiated pathways than in random pathways, mainly in Europe. We conclude that pathway analysis facilitates the biological interpretation of genome-wide studies. Notably, in the case of pig, behavior played an important role, among other physiological and developmental processes.

scholarly journals Panx1 channels promote both anti- and pro-seizure-like activities in the zebrafish via p2rx7 receptors and ATP signaling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige Whyte-Fagundes ◽  
Daria Taskina ◽  
Nickie Safarian ◽  
Christiane Zoidl ◽  
Peter L. Carlen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Purinergic Receptor ◽  
Atp Release ◽  
Anticonvulsant Drug ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Release Channel ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Anticonvulsant Activities ◽  
Atp Signaling ◽  
The Brain

The molecular mechanisms of excitation-inhibition imbalances promoting seizure generation in epilepsy patients are not fully understood. Experimental evidence suggests that Pannexin1 (Panx1), an ATP release channel, modulates excitability of the brain. In this report, we have performed behavioral and molecular phenotyping experiments on zebrafish larvae bearing genetic or pharmacological knockouts of panx1a or panx1b channels, each highly homologous to human PANX1. When Panx1a function is lost or both channels are under pharmacological blockage, treatment with pentylenetetrazol to induce seizures causes reduced ictal-like events and seizure-like locomotion. These observations were extended by transcriptome profiling, where a spectrum of distinct metabolic and cell signaling states correlates with the loss of panx1a. The pro- and anticonvulsant activities of both Panx1 channels affects ATP release and involves the purinergic receptor p2rx7. We propose that Panx1 zebrafish models offer opportunities to explore the molecular and physiological basis of seizures and assist anticonvulsant drug discovery.

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