scholarly journals Stem and Crown Characteristics of Norway Spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst] Populations from Romanian Carpathians

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius BUDEANU ◽  
Neculae SOFLETEA
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Eastern Carpathians ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Romanian Carpathians ◽  
Crown Characteristics ◽  
The Stability

To establish the most important Norway spruce Romanian populations, open-pollinated progeny of ten plus trees originating from 33 seed stands mapped in the Romanian Carpathians have been evaluated for stem and crown characteristics at the age of 30 years, in two field trials: one established in their natural range (Breţcu trial), while the second was located outside of their natural range, in Subcarpathian lands (Avrig trial). Significant (p < 0.05) differences were found among the seed stands in both sites for most of the characteristics, suggesting an additive genetic control with different levels of significance depending on the evaluated trait and the testing site. Location analysis also revealed a highly significant population x locality interaction for all traits. The same populations behave differently to the change of the ecological conditions. In the Avrig trial higher values were recorded than in the Breţcu trial for the tree slenderness coefficient (19%), crown slenderness coefficient (13.6%) and crown lateral area (9.4%). Although outside of their natural area, pruning height (m) increased 6.4%, however pruning height ratio (%) decreases by 1%, compared to the test established in their natural range. The populations from the Eastern Carpathians stand out by showing sustained growth and superior wood quality, while the populations from the Western Romanian Carpathians have generally smaller differences between the mean values of analysed traits in both field trials. Qualitative characteristics that influence the stability of stands to windthrow and snowbreak showed low levels of correlations to ecological gradients of the originating location of tested seed stands.

scholarly journals Qualitative Traits of Norway Spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] Depending on First-Order Branches: Evaluation in Comparative Trials

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Marius BUDEANU ◽  
Neculae SOFLETEA ◽  
Gheorghe PARNUTA
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Qualitative Traits ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Eastern Carpathians ◽  
Genetic Value ◽  
Number Of Branches

To establish the most important Norway spruce Romanian populations in order to improve the genetic value of future forests, open-pollinated progeny of ten plus trees originating from 33 Norway spruce seed sources were evaluated at the age of 30 years in two field trials established in different site conditions: outside (Avrig trial) versus natural range (Breţcu trial) of Norway spruce in Romania. Evaluations have been made concerning the most important branches characteristics, influencing wood quality: Number of branches per whorl, dominant branch insertion angle, dominant branch diameter and branch finesse. Highly significant differences (p<0.001) were found among seed sources in both sites for all of the analyzed traits. The strong populations × localities interaction show the high spruce ability to react to the changing environmental conditions. Near-sites populations were placed in the first half of ranking. Smaller values were recorded in the Avrig trial than in the Breţcu trial for the number of branches per whorl (4.5%) and branches finesse (5.1%). The populations from the Eastern Carpathians stand out by showing sustained growth and superior wood quality, while the populations from the Western Romanian Carpathians generally have smaller differences between the mean values of analysed traits in both field trials. Simultaneous improvement of the spruce following quantitative and qualitative traits pending on the number of branches per whorl and branches diameter is contraindicated. The two-stage selection strategy seems to be applicable in this case.

scholarly journals Adaptability of Narrow-Crowned Norway Spruce Ideotype (Picea abies (L.) Karst. pendula Form) in 25 Years Half-Sib Comparative Trials in the Eastern Carpathians

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ecaterina Apostol ◽  
Marius Budeanu
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Eastern Carpathians

This study analysed the stability of the narrow-crowned Norway spruce (pendula form) compared with the classic form of spruce (pyramidalis form) in two half-sib field trials located in the Romanian Carpathians. From eight natural populations, representative of three of the four large spruce spread areas in Romania, open-pollinated seeds from 48 trees (24 pendula ideotype and 24 pyramidalis form) were collected to install the Maneciu and Soveja trials. In these trials, at age 25 years, measurements were performed for the following traits: tree height, breast height diameter, crown diameter, number of branches per whorl and dominant branch diameter. Some important traits were calculated: average volume per tree, trees’ slenderness, crown slenderness and branches’ finesse. Pearson’s simple correlations between the analysed traits were calculated and also the correlations between traits and geographic and climatic gradients of provenances’ origin. In addition, cores were collected to compare the wood density of the two forms of spruce. In both trials, but especially in the limitative environmental conditions of the Soveja trial, the narrow crowned form of Norway spruce (Picea abies f. pendula) presented more favourable average results than the normal crown spruce form for the most important stand stability traits: trees’ slenderness, wood density, branches’ diameter and branches’ finesse. Between spruce crown forms, in both trials, no significant differences were observed for the growth traits, but between trials, higher results resulted in optimal environmental conditions of the Măneciu test (+89% for the trees’ volume). The trees from different provenances and with specific forms of the crown reacted differently to the changing of the testing site, which required the adoption of maximum caution for decisions regarding the transfer of forest reproductive materials. The correlations between the analysed traits converge towards the adoption of a two-step breeding strategy, starting by selection of narrow crowned trees after stability traits.

scholarly journals The Dynamics and Variability of Radial Growth in Provenance Trials of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) Within and Beyond the Hot Margins of its Natural Range

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neculae ȘOFLETEA ◽  
Alexandru Lucian CURTU ◽  
Mihai Liviu DAIA ◽  
Marius BUDEANU
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Range Analysis ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Natural Range

Multi-site field trials provide valuable data for the investigation of possible effects of environmental changes on forest tree species. We analyze the descendants of plus trees from 33 Norway spruce seed sources of Romanian Carpathians, at age 30, in four comparative field trials: two established in the natural range of species and two outside of it. The dynamics and variation of radial growth, earlywood and latewood were analyzed. The influence of populations, site conditions and climatic factors were also quantified. The provenances response in the four comparative trials was asymmetric for mean radial growth, but its dynamics was less favourable outside of the natural range. Analysis of variance showed significant differences (P<0.001) between the testing sites, but non-significant (P<0.05) for the populations. Populations x localities interaction was high (P<0.001) in the first half of the testing period, but decreased over time, becoming not significant at the age of 30. At intra-populational level, the average coefficient of variation for radial growth was higher outside the natural range, whereas the proportion of latewood decreased. The temperature in the first half of the growing season negatively influenced (P<0.001) the radial increment, but in the latewood proportion significat effects (PË‚0.05) were recorded only in trials located outside of the natural range. An increased variability of radial growth and a decrease of latewood proportion are expected in Norway spruce stands located at lower altitudes, towards the limits of the natural range. Our results may contribute to the sustainable management of Norway spruce forests within and outside its natural range.

Geographical variation in random amplified polymorphic DNA and quantitative traits in Norway spruce

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Collignon ◽  
Hervé Van de Sype ◽  
Jean-Michel Favre
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
European Mountains ◽  
Dna Variations ◽  
East West

Quantitative traits and random amplified polymorphic DNA variations were investigated on the whole natural range of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Results showed that the species can be separated into two main groups (northern and central Europe) using both types of characters. Such spatial and geographical fragmentation of species natural range rarely occurs in conifers and is consistent with prolonged geographical isolation within two refugial zones located in distinct environmental conditions (Moscow area and east of central European mountains). Within each of these two infraspecific groups, we revealed an apparent uncoupling between quantitative traits (related to growth, phenology, and wood quality) and DNA. However, the combination of both molecular and quantitative traits information provided new insights about geographical patterns of variation: a dominant latitudinal gradient was found in the Baltico-Nordic domain contrasting markedly with the main east–west migration expected from pollen data, while in central Europe, a noticeable longitudinal gradient was congruent with east–west migration. The concordance and discrepancies between quantitative traits and DNA are discussed in terms of historical events in P. abies.

scholarly journals Provenance Variation in Radial Increment and Wood Characteristics Revealed by 30 Years Old Norway Spruce Comparative Trials

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 170-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Şofletea ◽  
M. Budeanu ◽  
G. Pârnuţă
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Romanian Carpathians ◽  
The One ◽  
Comparative Trials

AbstractThe performance of 33 Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seed sources from the Romanian Carpathians was evaluated with respect to growth and wood characteristics in comparative trials located at two different site conditions: Avrig- outside of the natural range of Norway spruce and Bret¸cu - within the natural range of this species. The radial increment (RI), latewood percentage (LWP) and conventional wood density (CWD) traits were evaluated at age 30 years after plantation. Phenotypic correlations between the evaluated traits, on the one hand, and between the same traits and the geographic gradients of the origin of seed sources, on the other hand, were calculated. Analysis of variance showed significant (p<0.01) differences between seed sources for RI, while for LWP and CWD, the differences were highly significant (p<0.001). These results suggest that selection at seed sources level could be possible. The test sites influence the LWP and CWD, while the RI is almost similar in both sites. For RI, the most valuable populations are situated in the Eastern and Western Romanian Carpathians. The highest LWP was registered for the Eastern Carpathian populations, while the lowest was recorded for the Western Carpathian populations. The Southern Carpathian populations, characterized by a lower growth rate, had higher values for wood density.

scholarly journals The Wood Quality of Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) Trees in an Urban Area: A Pilot Study

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Benas Šilinskas ◽  
Aistė Povilaitienė ◽  
Gintautas Urbaitis ◽  
Marius Aleinikovas ◽  
Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Wood Development

This study performed a pilot evaluation of the wood quality—defined by a single parameter: dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn, N mm−2)—of small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) trees in urban areas. A search of the literature revealed few studies which examined the specifics of tree wood development in urban areas. Little is known about the potential of wood from urban trees wood of their suitability for the timber industry. In this study, an acoustic velocity measuring system was used for wood quality assessment of small-leaved lime trees. The MOEdyn parameter was evaluated for small-leaved lime trees growing in two urban locations (along the streets, and in an urban park), with an additional sample of forest sites taken as the control. MOEdyn was also assessed for small-leaved lime trees visually assigned to different health classes. The obtained mean values of MOEdyn of 90–120-year old small-leaved lime trees in urban areas ranged between 2492.2 and 2715.8 N mm−2. For younger trees, the values of MOEdyn were lower in the urban areas than in the forest site. Otherwise, the results of the study showed that the small-leaved lime wood samples were of relatively good quality, even if the tree was classified as moderately damaged (which could cause a potential risk to the community). Two alternatives for urban tree management can be envisaged: (1) old trees could be left to grow to maintain the sustainability of an urban area until their natural death, or (2) the wood from selected moderately damaged trees could be used to create wood products, ensuring long-term carbon retention.

scholarly journals Stability and Instability in the Lysogenic State of Phage Lambda

2010 ◽  
Vol 192 (22) ◽  
pp. 6064-6076 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Little ◽  
Christine B. Michalowski
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
Stability And Instability ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Analysis Of Stability ◽  
Stable Association ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Gene Regulatory Circuits

ABSTRACT Complex gene regulatory circuits exhibit emergent properties that are difficult to predict from the behavior of the components. One such property is the stability of regulatory states. Here we analyze the stability of the lysogenic state of phage λ. In this state, the virus maintains a stable association with the host, and the lytic functions of the virus are repressed by the viral CI repressor. This state readily switches to the lytic pathway when the host SOS system is induced. A low level of SOS-dependent switching occurs without an overt stimulus. We found that the intrinsic rate of switching to the lytic pathway, measured in a host lacking the SOS response, was almost undetectably low, probably less than 10−8/generation. We surmise that this low rate has not been selected directly during evolution but results from optimizing the rate of switching in a wild-type host over the natural range of SOS-inducing conditions. We also analyzed a mutant, λprm240, in which the promoter controlling CI expression was weakened, rendering lysogens unstable. Strikingly, the intrinsic stability of λprm240 lysogens depended markedly on the growth conditions; lysogens grown in minimal medium were nearly stable but switched at high rates when grown in rich medium. These effects on stability likely reflect corresponding effects on the strength of the prm240 promoter, measured in an uncoupled assay system. Several derivatives of λprm240 with altered stabilities were characterized. This mutant and its derivatives afford a model system for further analysis of stability.

Field performance and early test results of offspring from two Norway spruce seed orchards containing clones transferred to warmer climates

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Skrøppa ◽  
Ketil Kohmann ◽  
Øystein Johnsen ◽  
Arne Steffenrem ◽  
Øyvind M. Edvardsen
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Seed Crops

We present results from early tests and field trials of offspring from two Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seed orchards containing clones that have been transferred from high altitudes to sea level and from northern to southern latitudes. Seedlings from seeds produced in the low-altitude seed orchard developed frost hardiness later at the end of the growth season, flushed later in field trials, and grew taller than seedlings from seeds produced in natural stands. They had the lowest mortality rate and the lowest frequency of injuries in the field trials. Similar results were observed in seedlings from seeds produced in the southern seed orchard. We found no adverse effects of the changed growth rhythm. Seedlings from two seed crops in the southern orchard, produced in years with a warm and a cold summer, had different annual growth rhythms. The results are explained mainly by the effects of the climatic conditions during the reproductive phase. Seed crops from different years in the same seed orchard may produce seedlings that perform as if they were from different provenances. It is argued that the effects of the climatic conditions during seed production must contribute to the variation among provenances of Norway spruce.

scholarly journals Sub-montane Norway spruce as alternative seed source for a changing climate? A genetic and growth analysis at the fringe of its natural range in Austria

Silva Fennica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Schiessl ◽  
Michael Grabner ◽  
Gerald Golesch ◽  
Thomas Geburek ◽  
Silvio Schueler
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Natural Range

Grade yields and wood properties of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] from the Maritimes

1995 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-478
Author(s):  
Y. H. Chui
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Bending Properties ◽  
Clear Wood ◽  
Comparative Information ◽  
Grade Yield

Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] is one of the major non-native softwood species in the Maritimes. A project was undertaken to evaluate the grade yields and mechanical properties of Norway spruce. The project also provided comparative information on the wood quality of two Norway spruce provenances from Germany and Poland. Four plantations were selected for the study with two of these plantations containing trees of known provenances. One plantation was mature and the other three were juvenile. In total, 530 pieces of lumber and the same number of matched small clear specimens were tested for bending properties. Prior to testing, the lumber was visually graded according to both British and Canadian specifications. Quality of lumber varied significantly between sites. Lumber from the Polish provenance had slightly better mechanical properties than that from trees of the German provenance. Compared with published information, the plantation-grown Norway spruce had lower clear wood bending properties and specific gravity than primary eastern Canadian spruce species and balsam fir, and natural Norway spruce grown in Europe. Key words: Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.], wood quality, bending properties, grade yield

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