Cutting Type and IBA Treatment Duration Affect <i>Teucrium fruticans</i> Adventitious Root Quality

Root development of stem cuttings of Silver Germander (Teucrium fruticans) was investigated in relation to cutting type and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatment. Terminal cuttings of a clone grown in Sicily were trimmed to three types: terminal cuttings with apex (TWA), terminal cuttings without apex (TWOA) or sub-terminal cuttings (ST). To verify the cutting response to exogenous auxin, cuttings were dipped to a 2.0 cm depth in a 0.5% indole-3-butyric acid solution for 0, 5 or 7 minutes. Overall percent survival was 97 to 98%. Rooting percent, root number and root length were affected by cutting type and indole-3-butyric acid treatment. In general, TWA cuttings demonstrated a higher capacity to form roots than cuttings without apex (TWOA and ST cuttings). In absence of indole-3-butyric acid treatment, TWA and ST cuttings gave higher rooting percentages than TWOA cuttings. Exposing cuttings to indole-3-butyric acid improved percent rooting, number of roots per cutting and root length. The best results in terms of rooting percentage and root number per cuttings were obtained with TWA cuttings in combination with 7 min indole-3-butyric acid basal dip. However, cuttings taken farther down the stem, such as sub-terminal cuttings gave satisfactory rooting performance as well. We suggest that the use of all cutting types tested associated to indole-3-butyric acid basal dip for 5 or 7 min may be beneficial to propagators wishing to produce T. fruticans rooted cuttings with well-developed root system.

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Three Mussaenda Cultivars Propagated by Stem Cuttings Exhibit Variation in Rooting in Response to Hormone and Rooting Conditions

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.10.4.780 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 780-784

Author(s):

Rolston St. Hilaire ◽

Carlos A. Fierro Berwart

Keyword(s):

Butyric Acid ◽

Root Length ◽

Clonal Propagation ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Root Number ◽

Root Numbers ◽

Rooting Medium ◽

Rooting Of Cuttings

The effects of 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), cutting position on stock plants, the date of propagation, the type of rooting substrate and temperature on rooting of mussaenda (Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. `Ashanti Blood' and `Rosea', and Mussaenda philippica A. Rich `Aurorae') stem cuttings were determined. Cuttings of `Ashanti Blood' produced the largest number of roots when treated with 15 mmol (3000 ppm) IBA and rooted in perlite at 29 °C (84 °F). Cutting position on stock plants did not affect rooting in any of the three cultivars. Propagation date and temperature of the rooting medium affected root numbers in `Aurorae'. With `Rosea', only the type of rooting substrate affected root number. Rooting percentage was 22%, 48%, and 39% in `Ashanti Blood', `Aurorae', and `Rosea' respectively. After 30 days of propagation average root length was 4, 12, and 4 mm (0.2, 0.5, and 0.2 inch) in `Ashanti Blood', `Aurorae', and `Rosea' respectively. Growers must determine precise rooting conditions for each cultivar to obtain consistent rooting of cuttings. This process may not be economically feasible on a commercial basis because rooting percentages are relatively low. We conclude that other methods of clonal propagation need to be evaluated before uniform rooted stem cuttings of mussaenda can be produced economically.

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EFFECT OF SUBSTRATES ON ROOTING OF STEM CUTTINGS OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES Clematis socialis

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.3.875d ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 875d-875

Author(s):

C. N. Johnson ◽

D. J. Eakes ◽

L. L. Bruner ◽

A. N. Wright ◽

J. L Sibley

Keyword(s):

Endangered Species ◽

Root Growth ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Root Length ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Root Initiation ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Root Number ◽

Cutting Propagation ◽

Root Quality

Clematis socialis Kral, also known as the Alabama Leatherflower, is an endangered species with only six known populations in northeast Alabama and northwest Georgia. Cutting propagation of the species would be beneficial for establishing additional self-sustaining populations and providing genetic material for future hybridization. A study conducted in 2000 and 2004 determined the effects of four nonamended substrates on root initiation and growth, as well as survival of C. socialis stem cuttings. Of the four substrates tested, including sand, perlite, vermiculite, and 1:1:1 (by volume) peat (P): pine bark (PB): sand (S), cutting survival was highest in sand in both 2000 and 2004. In 2000, sand also produced the longest roots and highest root quality. Vermiculite produced the longest and most roots and highest root quality in the 2004 study. In 2004, cuttings rooted in fine-particled substrates, such as sand and vermiculite, had higher cutting survival, root growth, root number, and root quality than those rooted in perlite and 1:1:1 (by volume) P:PB:S. The 1:1:1 P:PB:S substrate produced the lowest averages for all data collected in both the 2000 and 2004 studies. Sand was among the two highest performing media in both years, regardless of differences in IBA concentration, misting times, and environmental conditions, making it the overall best substrate for rooting C. socialis stem cuttings. Increasing the concentration of IBA in the rooting solution, providing a cooler environment, and decreasing the number and duration of misting cycles the cuttings received increased cutting survival, root length, root number, and root quality for all four substrates from 2000 to 2004.

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Rooting Response of Stem Cuttings of Shantung Maple (Acer truncatum) to Time of Year, Cutting Position, and Auxin Concentration, Formulation, and Solvent

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898.32.3.163 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 163-166

Author(s):

Justin A. Brock ◽

Jason J. Griffin

Keyword(s):

Butyric Acid ◽

Root Length ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Root Number ◽

Solvent Water ◽

Auxin Concentration ◽

Time Of Year ◽

Rooting Response

The influence of time of year, cutting position, and auxin concentration, formulation, and solvent on rooting of stem cuttings of shantung maple (Acer truncatum Bunge) was investigated in seven experiments. Softwood, semi-hardwood, second-flush softwood, and hardwood stem-tip cuttings were compared. Semi-hardwood cuttings [15 cm (6 in) in length] rooted best (55%). Auxin treatments [indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or the potassium (K) salt of IBA (K-IBA)] ranged from 0 to 15,000 ppm (0 to 1.5%). Generally, rooting percentage decreased as auxin concentration increased. Cutting position (terminal or subterminal), auxin formulation (liquid or powder), and auxin solvent [water or ethanol:water (1:1 v/v)] did not affect percent rooting. Mean root number and mean root length were unaffected by all treatments. Results suggest shantung maple roots best from semi-hardwood cuttings treated with auxin at concentrations of 0 or 2,500 ppm (0.25%).

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Submist is Effective for Propagation of Korean Lilac and Inkberry by Stem Cuttings

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech03970-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 378-381

Author(s):

Bryan J. Peterson ◽

Stephanie E. Burnett ◽

Olivia Sanchez

Keyword(s):

Butyric Acid ◽

Woody Plants ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Potassium Salt ◽

Foliar Nutrients ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Rooted Cuttings ◽

Soilless Substrate

Although overhead mist revolutionized the propagation industry, it does suffer from potential drawbacks that include the application of large volumes of water, potentially unsanitary conditions, irregular misting coverage, and leaching of foliar nutrients. We explored the feasibility of submist as an alternative as it might avoid these problems by applying water exclusively from below the cutting, which is inserted basally into an enclosed rooting chamber. We propagated cuttings of korean lilac (Syringa pubescens ssp. patula) and inkberry (Ilex glabra) using both overhead mist and submist to compare effectiveness of the systems. Cuttings of korean lilac were wounded and dipped basally into 8000 mg·L−1 of the potassium salt of indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA), and those in the overhead mist systems were inserted into coarse perlite. Cuttings of inkberry were wounded and treated with 5000 mg·L−1 K-IBA, and those in the overhead mist systems were inserted into 50:50 peat:perlite (by vol). Cuttings of korean lilac in the submist systems produced more than twice as many roots as cuttings in the overhead mist systems, with roots more than 2.6 times the length. Similarly, cuttings of inkberry in the submist systems produced more than three times the root counts and root lengths as cuttings in the overhead mist systems. For korean lilac, root dry weights averaged 58 mg for cuttings in the submist system, compared with only 18 mg among cuttings receiving overhead mist. Likewise, root dry weights averaged 70 and 7 mg for cuttings of inkberry propagated by submist and overhead mist, respectively. Rooted cuttings of korean lilac transplanted well into a soilless substrate, where they more than tripled their root biomass to 218 mg (vs. 59 mg for cuttings transplanted from overhead mist). We did not evaluate transplant performance of inkberry. Our results show that submist systems might merit consideration for the propagation of woody plants by leafy stem cuttings.

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EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM ACID PHOSPHATE, CANE SUGAR, ETHYL MERCURIC BROMIDE, AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID IN A TALC CARRIER ON THE ROOTING OF STEM CUTTINGS

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr41c-014 ◽

1941 ◽

Vol 19c (4) ◽

pp. 99-105

Author(s):

N. H. Grace

Keyword(s):

Acid Treatment ◽

Cane Sugar ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Organic Mercury ◽

Acid Phosphate ◽

Rooted Cuttings ◽

Indolylacetic Acid ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Plant Stem

Greenwood cuttings of Deutzia Lemoinei, Symphoricarpus albus, and Weigela rosea and dormant cuttings of Lonicera tatarica were treated with a series of 32 talc dusts containing potassium acid phosphate at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10%, in combination with 0 and 10% cane sugar, 0 and 50 p.p.m. ethyl mercuric bromide, and 0 and 1000 p.p.m. indolylacetic acid. The lower concentrations of phosphate tended to increase rooting and reduce mortality of two of the species of greenwood cuttings whereas the 10% concentration was ineffective or injurious. However, this concentration was favourable to the rooting of dormant cuttings. Indolylacetic acid treatment increased the number of rooted cuttings and the number and length of roots. Beneficial effects were indicated for organic mercury and cane sugar treatments. However, these were attributed largely to the combinations with phosphate and indolylacetic acid. The results indicate that the effectiveness of dusts containing indolylacetic acid in the treatment of plant stem cuttings may be increased by the addition of nutrient and disinfectant chemicals.

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Effects of acid treatment duration and sulfuric acid molarity on purification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Open Physics ◽

10.2478/s11534-010-0017-9 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Seyedeh Mortazavi ◽

Abdul Novinrooz ◽

Ali Reyhani ◽

Soghra Mirershadi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Sulfuric Acid ◽

Acid Solution ◽

Treatment Duration ◽

Acid Treatment ◽

Bimetallic Catalyst ◽

Chemical Vapor ◽

Destructive Effect ◽

Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Walled Carbon Nanotubes

AbstractMulti-walled carbon nanotubes were synthesized using a Fe-Ni bimetallic catalyst supported by MgO using thermal chemical vapor deposition. Purification processes to remove unwanted carbon structures and other metallic impurities were carried out by boiling in sulfuric acid solution. Various analytical techniques such as TGA/DSC, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, HRTEM and EDAX were employed to investigate the morphology, graphitization and quality of the carbon nanotubes. The obtained results reveal the molarity of sulfuric acid and immersed time of the carbon nanotubes in the acid solution is very effective at purifying multi-walled carbon nanotubes. It was also found that 5 M concentration of boiling sulfuric acid for a 3 h treatment duration led to the highest removal of the impurities with the least destructive effect. Moreover, it was observed that acid treatment results in decreasing of CNTs’ diameter.

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Shading and IBA Treatment Do Not Improve Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Quercus phillyraeoides ‘Emerald Sentinel’

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-17.3.123 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 123-125

Author(s):

Jason J. Griffin ◽

Frank A. Blazich ◽

Thomas G. Ranney

Keyword(s):

Solar Irradiance ◽

Root Length ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Shoot Tip ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Root Number ◽

Indolebutyric Acid ◽

Rooted Cutting ◽

Quercus Phillyraeoides

Abstract Shoot tip cuttings of Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray ‘Emerald Sentinel’ (‘Emerald Sentinel’ oak), in a transitional growth stage between softwood and semi-hardwood, were collected from containerized plants growing under uniform fertility on June 4, 1998. Cuttings were treated with talc formulations of indolebutyric acid (IBA), ranging from 0 to 8000 ppm (0.8%), and placed under intermittent mist with shade levels excluding 0%, 30%, 60% or 90% of full solar irradiance. After 14 weeks, percent rooting averaged 18% and was unaffected by either IBA concentration or shading regime. Similarly, both mean root number per rooted cutting and mean root length were unaffected by IBA concentration or shading. Roots per rooted cutting and mean root length averaged 2.6 and 41 mm (1.6 in), respectively. Results suggest that shading stem cuttings of ‘Emerald Sentinel’ during propagation does not affect rooting.

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Propagation of Ulmus parvifolia ‘Emerald Prairie’ by Stem Cuttings

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-22.2.55 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 55-57

Author(s):

Jason J. Griffin ◽

Kenneth R. Schroeder

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Root Number ◽

Stock Plant ◽

Rooted Cuttings ◽

Rooted Cutting ◽

Ulmus Parvifolia ◽

Survival And Growth ◽

Terminal Shoot

Abstract Stem cuttings of Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. ‘Emerald Prairie’ (‘Emerald Prairie’ lacebark elm), consisting of 7.5 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) terminal shoot portions, were collected four times throughout the year from mature stock plants and treated with the potassium (K) salt of indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) ranging from 0 to 20,000 ppm (2.0%). Rooting percentages were affected greatly by K-IBA treatment and stock plant growth stage. Little to no rooting was observed without K-IBA application, whereas overall rooting for treated softwood, early semi-hardwood, late semi-hardwood, and hardwood, cuttings was 92, 86, 87, and 8%, respectively. Mean root number varied by growth stage and K-IBA concentration. Higher concentrations of K-IBA increased the number of roots on rooted cuttings except for hardwood cuttings. In general, rooting percentage and mean root number were highest at the softwood stage with 15,000 or 20,000 ppm (1.5 or 2.0%) K-IBA, resulting in 97% rooting and 15 or 22 roots per rooted cutting, respectively. However, leaf abscission was high on softwood cuttings. Semi-hardwood cuttings achieved similar rooting percentages and may exhibit better survival and growth due to greater leaf retention.

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Hardwood Cutting Propagation of Confederate Rose Using Auxin and Wounding Treatments

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.22.4.476 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 476-478

Author(s):

Eugene K. Blythe

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Total Root Length ◽

Department Of Agriculture ◽

Rooted Cuttings ◽

Cutting Propagation ◽

Nursery Production ◽

Hardwood Cutting ◽

High Humidity Environment

Confederate rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), a native of southeastern China, is an old-fashioned, ornamental plant often found in older gardens in the southern United States. Current breeding programs aim at developing selections with improved garden performance, thus providing new cultivars for nursery production. Hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) zones 7 to 9, plants grow as large shrubs or small trees in warmer areas, but generally die back to a woody base or short trunk in colder areas of their range. Stems from the past growing season that remain on plants during the winter in the warmer regions may be used to prepare hardwood stem cuttings. The current study examined hardwood cutting propagation of confederate rose in response to a 1-second basal quick-dip in auxin [1000 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 3000 ppm IBA, 1000 ppm IBA + 500 ppm 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 3000 ppm IBA + 1500 ppm NAA] and a basal wound (along with 1000 ppm IBA only). Cuttings were rooted in a warm, high-humidity environment within a greenhouse. Auxin treatments improved overall rooting percentage and total root length, with 1000 ppm IBA (without and with a basal wound) providing the highest rooting percentages (about 70%) and nontreated cuttings the lowest (44%). A significant increase in total root length on rooted cuttings resulted with the use of 3000 ppm IBA (211 cm) and use of a basal wound plus 1000 ppm IBA (193 cm) compared with nontreated cuttings (87 cm). Auxin and wounding treatments did not have any significant inhibitory effects on budbreak and growth of new shoots on rooted cuttings.

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Highly Successful Adventitious Root Formation of Zamia L. Stem Cuttings Exhibits Minimal Response to Indole-3-Butyric Acid

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci15212-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (9) ◽

pp. 1463-1467 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Benjamin E. Deloso ◽

Anders J. Lindström ◽

Frank A. Camacho ◽

Thomas E. Marler

Keyword(s):

Butyric Acid ◽

Root Development ◽

Adventitious Root ◽

Adventitious Roots ◽

Root Formation ◽

Adventitious Root Formation ◽

The Other ◽

Control Group ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Adventitious Root Development

The influences of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations of 0–30 mg·g−1 on the success and speed of adventitious root development of Zamia furfuracea L.f. and Zamia integrifolia L.f. stem cuttings were determined. Root formation success for both species was greater than 95%. The IBA concentrations did not influence the speed of root development for Z. furfuracea, but the Z. integrifolia cuttings that received IBA concentration of 3 mg·g−1 generated adventitious roots more slowly than the cuttings in the control group. The ending dry weights of the stems, leaves, and roots were not influenced by IBA concentration for either species. Our results indicated that adventitious root formation on stem cuttings of these two Zamia species is successful without horticultural application of IBA. Additional IBA studies are needed on the other 300+ cycad species, especially those that are in a threatened category.

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