scholarly journals Frequency of self-reported sexual aggression and victimization in Brazil: a literature review

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lylla Winzer
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Sexual Aggression ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Male Perpetration ◽  
Brazilian Studies ◽  
Official Data ◽  
Important Progress

Abstract: The lack of official data on rape has been a challenge for researchers in Brazil. Two recently published studies were based on law enforcement and medical records. Although these studies represent important progress in research on rape in the country, they have several limitations. In order to obtain more realistic rates, the current article reviews Brazilian studies on self-reported sexual aggression and victimization in individuals over 14 years of age. Forty-one studies were identified through electronic searches and reference verification. From 1% to 40% of women and 1% to 35% of men reported some form of victimization in the previous year. The male perpetration incidence ranged from 2% to 44%. Despite the wide variability, these rates were much higher than those provided by official data. The results suggest that sexual orientation is associated with vulnerability. Mixed findings were found concerning race. Most studies were based on convenience samples and focused on female victimization. Male victimization has received increasing attention, but studies on self-reported perpetration are still limited.

Cultivation theory: The impact of crime media's portrayal of race on the desire to become a U.S. police officer

2021 ◽  
pp. 146135572110365
Author(s):  
Wendi Pollock ◽  
Natalia D Tapia ◽  
Deborah Sibila
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officer ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Deadly Force ◽  
Cultivation Theory ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Impact

The death of George Floyd on 25 May 2020 again left people asking why U.S. police officers so commonly resort to the use of deadly force when interacting with Black individuals. The current article proposes that media, combined with cultivation theory and social cognition concepts may create implicit biases that are potential contributors to this problem. Police officers have a greater vulnerability to these biases because intake of crime-related media positively predicts their interest in selecting law enforcement as a career. Other predictors of an interest in working in law enforcement, and implications of these findings, are discussed.

scholarly journals Toward Global Comparability of Sexual Orientation Data in Official Statistics: A Conceptual Framework of Sexual Orientation for Health Data Collection in New Zealand’s Official Statistics System

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Pega ◽  
Alistair Gray ◽  
Jaimie F. Veale ◽  
Diane Binson ◽  
Randell L. Sell
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Sexual Minority ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Orientation Data ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Official Data

Objective.Effectively addressing health disparities experienced by sexual minority populations requires high-quality official data on sexual orientation. We developed a conceptual framework of sexual orientation to improve the quality of sexual orientation data in New Zealand’s Official Statistics System.Methods.We reviewed conceptual and methodological literature, culminating in a draft framework. To improve the framework, we held focus groups and key-informant interviews with sexual minority stakeholders and producers and consumers of official statistics. An advisory board of experts provided additional guidance.Results.The framework proposes working definitions of the sexual orientation topic and measurement concepts, describes dimensions of the measurement concepts, discusses variables framing the measurement concepts, and outlines conceptual grey areas.Conclusion.The framework proposes standard definitions and concepts for the collection of official sexual orientation data in New Zealand. It presents a model for producers of official statistics in other countries, who wish to improve the quality of health data on their citizens.

The Role of Necessity in International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Hill-Cawthorne
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Relationship

The nature of armed conflict has changed dramatically in recent decades. In particular, it is increasingly the case that hostilities now occur alongside ‘everyday’ situations. This has led to a pressing need to determine when a ‘conduct of hostilities’ model (governed by international humanitarian law – IHL) applies and when a ‘law enforcement’ model (governed by international human rights law – IHRL) applies. This, in turn, raises the question of whether these two legal regimes are incompatible or whether they might be applied in parallel. It is on this question that the current article focuses, examining it at the level of principle. Whilst most accounts of the principles underlying these two areas of law focus on humanitarian considerations, few have compared the role played by necessity in each. This article seeks to address this omission. It demonstrates that considerations of necessity play a prominent role in both IHL and IHRL, albeit with differing consequences. It then applies this necessity-based analysis to suggest a principled basis for rationalising the relationship between IHL and IHRL, demonstrating how this approach would operate in practice. It is shown that, by emphasising the role of necessity in IHL and IHRL, an approach can be adopted that reconciles the two in a manner that is sympathetic to their object and purpose.

Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation in Hate Crime Victimization: Identity Politics or Identity Risk?

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Gay And Lesbian ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the impact of hate crimes upon gay and lesbian victims, reviewing 1,538 hate crimes committed in Los Angeles County. Differences between sexual orientation and other hate crime categories were considered for offense severity, reportage to law enforcement, and victim impact. The type of offense varied between crimes classified for sexual orientation (n = 551) and other bias-motivated crimes (n = 987). Assault, sexual assault, sexual harassment, and stalking were predictive of sexual orientation hate crimes. Sexual orientation bias crimes evidenced greater severity of violence to the person and impact upon victim level of functioning. More violent forms of aggression were predictive of gay and lesbian victim’s underreportage to law enforcement. For sexual orientation offenses, victim gender and race/ethnicity differences were predictive of the base rates of crime reportage as well. These findings are considered in terms of a group-risk hypothesis, encountered by multiple outgroup persons, that influences help-seeking behavior and ingroup identity.

scholarly journals REKAM MEDIS: PENGGUNAAN INFORMASI MEDIS PASIEN DALAM PELAKSANAAN ASAS PERLINDUNGAN PUBLIK

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-423
Author(s):  
Yudi Yasmin Wijaya ◽  
Edy Suyanto ◽  
Fanny Tanuwijaya
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Medical Record ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Privacy Rights ◽  
Confidential Information ◽  
The Public

Medical records contain confidential information of patient’s medical condition and treatment given.  In the public interest or for the sake of law enforcement, the confidentiality of medical records may be breached.   Stake holders (patients, health workers and law enforcers) should take cognizance of what procedures and limitation exist when requesting the acquisition of medical records in the public interest. Using a juridical doctrinal method, the prevailing rules and regulation related to medical record and its breach of confidentiality shall be analysed.  One important finding is that there is a dire need to seek a balance between satisfying public interest and the protection of patient’s privacy rights.

scholarly journals The Legal Position Of Electronic Medical Recording As An Evidence At The Court

Ius Poenale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
Dwi Retno Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Electronic Medical Records ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Electronic Evidence ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Valid Evidence ◽  
Article 5

This research aimed to analyze the position of electronic medical records and as evidence in court. The research method uses a normative juridical approach. To obtain an overview of electronic medical records as evidence in court, the legal materials collected are qualitative data. Any electronic evidence can be used as evidence if it meets formal and material requirements, as regulated in Article 5 paragraph (4) of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law). Electronic medical records have an essential role in health services and law enforcement efforts as evidence. Based on this, the main problem is the position of electronic medical records as valid evidence in court. The results show that the position of electronic medical records as evidence in court can be valid evidence following Article 184 of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), The Ministry of Health Regulation 269/2008 Articles 5 and 1, Article 51 of Government Regulation No. 71 Years. As evidence, electronic medical records do not have binding evidentiary power but rather have independent evidentiary value, namely, proof determined by the judge's conviction without being limited by law.

Diagnosing Homosexuality in a State Department of Mental Health

1983 ◽  
Vol 53 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1179-1188
Author(s):  
Sandra A. Shachar ◽  
Brian J. Hagan ◽  
Richard C. Evenson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnosis ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
White Males ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Per Se

The American Psychiatric Association's 1973 decision “to eliminate homosexuality per se as a mental disorder” has created interest in the extent to which a person's sexual orientation continues to be used as the basis for psychiatric diagnosis. Records of 359 patients given a DSM II diagnosis of Homosexuality/Sexual Orientation Disturbance between 1973 and 1979 were obtained from the Missouri Department of Mental Health automated data-base. Demographic information and diagnostic trends were studied. In addition, the medical records of a 100-patient subsample were examined for clinical details such as the reason for referral, diagnostic history, and treatment prescribed or administered. Presenting complaints were then compared with actual diagnoses recorded. A steady decline in the use of homosexuality as a psychiatric diagnosis after 1973 was observed. Consistent with prior literature, the data-base sample and clinical subsample were composed primarily of young, unmarried, white males. The chief presenting complaints of the subsample included: depression or suicidal ideation (38%), sexual-orientation problems (17%), behavioral acting out (12%), and substance abuse (10%). In a number of cases, the admission of homosexual preference became the focus of “the problem”. Yet, in nearly two-thirds of the subsample, sexual-orientation problems contributed significantly to the patients' expressed reasons for seeking psychiatric assistance.

Hospital Consent for Disclosure of Medical Records

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon F. Merz ◽  
Pamela Sankar ◽  
Simon S. Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Bodily Harm ◽  
Prior Consent

Physicians and other health care providers owe ethical and legal duties to patients to maintain the secrecy of the information learned during the course of patient care. This obligation is fulfilled by limiting access to such information to only those involved in the patient's care-that is, to those within the “circle of confidentiality.” As a general rule, providers may only disclose to others with the written prior consent of the patient. Exceptions may be “ethically and legally justified because of overriding social considerations,” when permitted or compelled by law. For example, eleven states permit providers to disclose identified records to approved researchers.’ Many states compel disclosure in cases where a patient threatens serious bodily harm to another; require reporting to health or law enforcement authorities of communicable diseases, gunshot or knife wounds, or child abuse; and mandate reporting of cancer or other health care cases to state registries (such as immunization, birth, and abortion).

scholarly journals Dependent Personality in a Case of Sexual Offence on a Child (A Case Study)

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 192-195
Author(s):  
Hudi Winarso ◽  
Roni Subagyo
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sexual Offence ◽  
Important Data ◽  
Dependent Personality ◽  
Personal Trauma

This discussion is aimed on analyzing the fatal sexual violence incident that occurred in Kediri, East Java on June 27th, 2016. The victim was a three year old boy who was sodomized and thrown to his death by the perpetrator. The perpetrator himself is the victim’s uncle (30 years of age), who experienced relatively heavy stress, and an MMPI (Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory) indicating normal (heterosexual) sexual orientation, a modest and honest man with a dependent personality. Data was obtained from patient’s medical records, interview with psychiatrist in charge of the event, and the mother of the perpetrator to detect influential factors starting from conception to adulthood. An important data is that the perpetrator was once a victim of sexual violence (sodomy) when he was in the first year of primary school, the stressful burden in the family’s environment, personal trauma of wife’s miscarriage when the embryo was four months old that occurred one month prior to the incident.

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