Phytophthora capsici Leonian, the causal agent of lima bean pod rot, was first identified as a pathogen of lima bean in 2002 (1) and poses a new threat to lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) production in the Mid-Atlantic Region. The phenylamide fungicide mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold; Syngenta Crop Protection) is widely used in the region for controlling foliar and soilborne diseases caused by Oomycetes. Isolates of P. capsici were collected from lima bean pods from production fields in Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey from 1998 to 2004. These isolates originated from survey samples of lima bean fields for another pathogen, P. phaseoli, in 1999 and 2000 and diagnostic samples were submitted to the Plant Disease Clinic. Isolates were from lima bean, except for one from pepper (basal stem). Identification was made on the basis of morphometric characteristics. No known sensitive or insensitive isolates were included in the evaluation. Single zoospore cultures were evaluated for mefenoxam sensitivity on V8 agar plates amended with 100 ppm of mefenoxam, a previously tested concentration (2). Seven-millimeter-diameter agar plugs of each isolate were cut from the edge of actively expanding cultures of P. capsici with a cork borer and transferred to three V8 agar plates amended with mefenoxam and three unamended V8 plates. The plates were arranged in a completely randomized design and incubated at 25°C in the dark for 3 days. After incubation, colony growth was measured in millimeters and averaged for the three replicate plates of each isolate and percent growth relative to the unamended control was calculated. Mefenoxam sensitivity was assigned according to methods of Lamour et al. (2). The experiment was repeated once, and also run with a treatment of 200 ppm of mefenoxam. Of sixteen isolates screened, nine were rated as sensitive, four were intermediately resistant, and three were resistant. There was no difference between the 100 and 200 ppm results, except for a slight increase in sensitivity for one isolate. A subsequent experiment tested five isolates at concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 ppm. Results were consistent with previous tests, with resistant isolates exhibiting some growth at the highest concentration of mefenoxam. One resistant isolate was from a field in Delaware previously cropped to slicing cucumbers with a history of mefenoxam applications. The second was from Caroline County, MD, which is heavily cropped to pickling cucumbers and likely to have been exposed to mefanoxam applications for the control of fruit rot; the origin of the third insensitive isolate from lima bean is unknown. Mefanoxam usage on lima bean is usually limited to one foliar application of mefenoxam+copper hydroxide to control downy mildew in the fall crop in wet seasons. This study indicates that mefenoxam resistance is present in populations of P. capsici in lima bean fields in the Mid-Atlantic Region, presumably as a result of mefenoxam applications to other vegetable crops, principally cucurbits, which are planted in rotation with lima beans or from nearby cucurbit fields. Implementing strategies to minimize fungicide resistance in other vegetables is important to slow resistance development associated with this emerging pathogen on lima beans. Lima bean pod rot continues to be seen sporadically each year in fields with a history of P. capsici and abundant rainfall or excessive irrigation. References: (1) C. R. Davidson et al. Plant Dis. 86:1049, 2002. (2) K. H. Lamour et al. Phytopathology 90:396, 2000.
Total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and antioxidant activity of lima beans conserved in a Brazilian Genebank
