scholarly journals Milk quality in small farms from Southern Region of Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Candiotto ◽  
Regis Luis Missio ◽  
José Ricardo da Rocha Campos ◽  
André Brugnara Soares ◽  
Felipe Candiotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Smallholder Farms ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluates some physical chemical aspects of chilled raw milk that meet Brazilian quality standards in smallholder farms from southern Region of Brazil. The fat content, crude protein (CP), total solids (TS), somatic cell count (SCC), and total plate count (TPC) of the chilled raw milk from 78 smallholder farms was analyzed between Oct 2014 and Feb 2017. It was found that 96% of the samples met the Brazilian regulations for fat content, 87% for CP, and 91% for TS. The mean values of TPC and SCC were higher than the maximum limits established by Brazilian regulations. Smallholder farms from Southern Region of Brazil produce milk with an adequate standard for the main chemical indicators. However, there is an important gap in compliance with hygienic-sanitary practices, leading to high levels of chilled raw milk that does not meet the limits of Brazilian regulations.

scholarly journals Bacterial Analysis of Different Types of Milk (Pasteurized, Unpasteurized and Raw Milk) Consumed in Kathmandu Valley

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarda Acharya ◽  
Nabin Kishor Bimali ◽  
Soni Shrestha ◽  
Binod Lekhak
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Mean

Objectives: The presence of pathogenic bacteria in milk is the major public health concern resulting in food borne illness. The aim of this study is to determine the microbial quality of three different types of milk consumed in Kathmandu Valley with respect to the acceptable standard guideline and measure the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolates.Methods: A total of 66 samples (16 pasteurized, 25 unpasteurized and 25 raw milk) were collected from various sites of Kathmandu Valley. Those samples were subjected for total plate count and total coliform count by pour plate method. Furthermore, identification was made for the presence of E. coli and S. aureus with biochemical tests.Results: The mean total plate count (TPC) of pasteurized, unpasteurized and raw milk was 1.2X106 cfu/ml, 2.3 X 107 cfu/ml and 2.0 X 107 cfu/ml respectively. And, the mean total coliform count (TCC) of pasteurized, unpasteurized and raw milk was 2.9 X 104cfu/ml, 6.3 X 105 cfu/ml and 1.6 X 105 cfu/ ml respectively. Coliforms were detected in 50%, 84% and 56% of the pasteurized, unpasteurized and raw milk sample respectively. E. coli and S. aureus were isolated from 18.8% and 12.5% of pasteurized, 40% and 16% of unpasteurized and 20% and 24% of the raw milk samples respectively. Among total E. coli isolates (n=18), 16.7% were susceptible to ampicillin whereas 100% isolates were susceptible to other tested antibiotics. Similarly, 33.3% and 66.7% of the isolated S. aureus were susceptible to penicillin and cefoxitin respectively, whereas all S. aureus isolates were sensitive to all other antibiotics.Conclusion: The mean value of TPC and TCC of pasteurized and raw milk exceed the standard guideline by FDA. Higher total plate count and presence of coliforms (also E. coli) and S. aureus in this study necessitates the close monitoring of the pasteurization process and post pasteurization process (packaging, transportation, storage etc.).  

The chemical composition of cattle skin.

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
NM Tulloh
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Dry Skin ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Angus Cattle ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fresh Skin ◽  
Skin Samples

Skin samples taken from the midsides of Hereford, Angus, and Shorthorn cattle of the same age were analysed for water, crude protein (N x 6.25), and fat contents. Water and crude protein contents were calculated as percentages of fat-extracted fresh skin and fat-extracted dry skin respectively. Breed differences in Chese components were small and not significant. Mean values obtained for all cattle were: water, 69.84�S.E. 0.16; crude protein, 100.68�S.E. 0.29. When fat content was calculated as a percentage of total dry matter, Angus cattle had a significantly lower skin fat content than Shorthorns and Herefords, the mean values for each breed being: Shorthorn 7.40�S.E. 0.88; Hereford, 5.51 �S.E. 0.57; Angus, 3.72�S.E. 0.26. The difference between values for Herefords and Shorthorns was not significant. At slaughter, rib cuts were collected from each beast and dissected into bone, muscle, and fat. The correlation coefficient between the percentage of fat in dry skin samples with the percentage of dissected fat tissue in fresh rib cuts was +0.18 (not significant). In a group of Hereford cattle the effect of plane of nutrition on skin composition was investigated. The percentages of water and crude protein present in skin were almost unaffected by plane of nutrition. However, the absolute contents of water and crude protein increased in animals fed to either gain or lose weight. The percentage of fat in skin increased when animals were gaining weight and decreased when they were losing weight. It is concluded that analyses of skin samples are not likely to be useful in predicting body composition of cattle.

scholarly journals Bacteriological quality and safety of raw cow milk in Madurai (South India)

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Lingathurai ◽  
P Vellathurai
Keyword(s):  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
The Mean

The microbiological quality and safety of raw milk from 60 dairy farms in Madurai were determined. Milk samples were collected at 60 centers from four regions, namely northern, eastern, western and southern (NEWS) according to stratified random sampling design. Samples were analyzed for Total plate count (TPC), psychrotrophs, thermophiles, Staphylococcus aureus, coliform, Escherichia coli 0157: H7 and Salmonella. The mean counts per ml for TPC, psychrotrophs and thermophiles were 12.5x106, 5x103 and 6.85x103 respectively. From the 60 milk samples tested, coliform bacteria contaminated approximately 90% and 70% were E. coli positive, with mean counts ranged from 103 to 104 cfu ml-1. S. aureus was isolated from more than 61.7% of the samples and the mean count per ml was 6.2x103. Meanwhile, E. coli 0157: H7 was also detected in 39 (65%) samples. However, Salmonella was only detected in 8 (13.3%) of the samples with the southern region having the highest frequency of isolation. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(2), 109-114, 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i2.15741

scholarly journals Microbiological quality of bulk tank raw milk from two dairy farms in Hajdú-Bihar County, Hungary

2018 ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Benjamin Kojo Woode ◽  
Flóra Petróczki ◽  
Béla Béri ◽  
Ferenc Peles
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Bulk Tank

Two main channels have been identified to be responsible for microbiological contamination of raw milk and milk products. Firstly, contamination has occurred due to udder infection from the cow or the blood which harbours most bacteria that come in contact with the raw milk. Secondly, via external factors (may include faeces, skin, contaminated water, environment etc.) which are associated with the operation of milking. There is direct contact with the milk and/or surfaces before, during or after the milking, posing public health risk and economic decline. The aim of this study was to examine the bacteriological quality of bulk tank raw milk samples collected from two different size dairy farms (Farm 1 and Farm 2) of different housing forms (cubicle loose and deep litter) in Hajdú-Bihar County, Hungary in July, 2017. Three samples were taken from each farm, and the total plate count, coliform count, Escherichia coli count, Staphylococcus aureus count, and yeast and mould count were determined in them. The results clearly showed low level of all measured bacteria group load in Farm 1 samples in comparison to Farm 2 with the exception of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) which represented high level in general, indicating significant difference (P<0.05). The mean value of total plate count in Farm 2 samples was higher (1.0 × 105 CFU/mL) than Farm 1 samples (2.8 × 104 CFU/mL). There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in mean count of coliforms in raw milk samples between Farm 1 and Farm 2. Similarly, results of E. coli were significantly different (P<0.05) with mean count of 1.44 × 102 CFU/mL and 2.02 × 103 CFU/mL for Farm 1 and Farm 2 respectively. Results of Staphylococcus aureus also showed significant difference (P<0.05) with mean count of 9.7 × 101 CFU/mL for Farm 1 and 6.28 × 102 CFU/mL for Farm 2. The mean of mould count recorded was 1.07 × 102 CFU/mL and 4.93 × 102 CFU/mL for Farm 1 and Farm 2 respectively. The recorded mean of yeast count was 1.68 × 103 CFU/mL and 3.41 × 103 CFU/mL for Farm 1 and Farm 2 respectively; however, both farms showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in terms of mean of mould and yeast count. Although Farm 2 produced six times lower milk quantity than Farm 1, the measured microbial parameters were high. Both farms’ microbiological numbers were higher above the permitted limit values as stated by Regulation (EC) No 853/2004, Hungarian Ministry of Health (MoH) 4/1998 (XI. 11.). This could be an indication of non-conformance to effective GMP, ineffective pre–milking disinfection or udder preparation, poor handling and storage practice, time and temperature abuse and inadequate Food Safety Management System Implementation. Therefore, our recommendation is as follows; establish control measures for pre- and postharvest activities involved in the milking process which would be an effective approach to reduce contamination of the raw milk by pathogenic microorganisms from these farms, strict sanitation regime and hygiene protocol be employed and applied to cows, all equipment, contact surfaces and minimize handling of the milk prior, during and after milking. This will also serve as scientific information to the producers for continual improvement in their operations.

CONCENTRADO PROTEICO OBTIDO DAS FOLHAS DE MANDIOCA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) DE TRÊS VARIEDADES COMERCIAIS.

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabel Aparecida Soares ◽  
Mauro Sérgio Téo ◽  
Carlise DEBASTIANI ◽  
Suzymeire BARONI ◽  
Vanessa Silva RETUCI
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
White Variety ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar diferenças entre rendimento do concentrado proteico e proteína bruta da folha da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtidos a partir de três variedades comerciais: branca, cascuda e vermelha. As manivas foram plantadas seguindo o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Nas comparações entre as variedades, considerou coletas escalonadas pós-plantio, realizadas aos 12, 14 e 16 meses. O concentrado proteico foi obtido a partir da farinha das folhas inteiras e submetido ao método de termo - coagulação ácido e a proteína bruta pelo método padrão AOAC. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey - 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados não indicaram diferença significativa entre as médias obtidas para rendimento de concentrado proteico. Para a variável porcentagem de proteína bruta a variedade Branca foi a que apresentou maior valor, com média de 46,25%, seguida pela Cascuda e Vermelha, 44,52% e 37,30%, sucessivamente. Conclui-se que outros estudos devem avaliar condições que possam influenciar no teor de proteína foliar, como clima e solo, e, avaliar os níveis de ácido cianídrico de cada variedade, indicando qual das três é a melhor para a extração do concentrado proteico das folhas. Palavras chaves: Manihot esculenta Crantz, variedades comerciais, concentrado proteico, proteína bruta. ABSTRACT: The study aimed to assess the differences between income protein concentrate, crude protein of cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtained from three commercial varieties: white, red and cascuda. The cuttings were planted following the completely randomized design with three replications. Comparisons between the varieties considered after planting staggered collections, held on 12, 14 and 16 months. The protein concentrate was obtained from flour of whole sheets and subjected to the term method - acid coagulation and crude protein by AOAC standard method. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test - 5% probability. The results indicated no significant difference between the mean values obtained for protein concentrate income. For the variable percentage of crude protein White variety showed the highest, with an average of 46.25%, followed by cascuda and Red, 44.52% and 37.30%, successively. We conclude that further studies should evaluate conditions that may affect the leaf protein content, such as climate and soil, and evaluate the hydrocyanic acid levels of each variety, indicating which of the three is the best for the extraction of protein concentrate from leaves Key words: Manihot esculenta Crantz, commercial varieties, protein concentrate, crude protein.

Composition of beagle dog milk

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack R. Luick ◽  
Harold R. Parker ◽  
A. C. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Study ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Total Solid Content ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Beagle Dog ◽  
The Mean

A statistical study has been made of the composition of the major C-containing compounds taken from beagle dog milk during the 3rd through 5th week of lactation. The mean values are as follows: 26% total solids, 13% fat, 3.3% lactose and 9.8% protein. Total solid content was found to vary with fat content according to the equation: % total solids = 15.6 + 0.85 % fat.

Proximate, microbial and mineral compositions of Millet Pennisetum gluacuum L. and sorghum bicolor compounded straw feed for ruminant

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 009-014
Author(s):  
Bello Muhammed magaji ◽  
Femi Maroof Adams ◽  
Azeez Ayodeji Tijani ◽  
Bamidele Joshua Awogbemi ◽  
Temitope Oluwaranti Alake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Ruminant Feed

The study was aimed for the production and determination of the proximate, microbiological and mineral compositions of Millet Pennisetum gluacuum L. and Sorghum bicolor compounded straw feed for ruminant production. The result revealed a pH 5.791 which is suitable for fibre in the feed and promote chewing and rumination processes in the rumen, low percentage moisture content of 1.37 was recorded due to high drying in the field, high percentage fat and crude protein of 4.67 and 6.97 respectively this was as a result of the inclusion of groundnut cake as source of protein and fat in the feed, percentage digestible protein was 3.58, crude fibre value of 27.56 which satisfied the 18% requirement in the diet of ruminants, percentage carbohydrate was 54.2, and estimated energy value (Kcal) 286.95. Microbiological analysis showed a total plate count of 5 x10-4 cfu/g, Mould count of 1 x10-3 cfu/g, while Yeast, Staphylococcus, Coliform, Shigella, Salmonella and Escherichia coli count were not detected respectively. Mineral composition of sorghum and millet Pennisetum gluacuum compounded straw feed showed the presence of Fe, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Cu Mn, and Cr as 120.4189mg/kg, 570.9844 mg/kg, 227.1493 mg/kg, 568.2669 mg/kg, 12.9195mg/kg, 14.0666mg/kg, 62.9926mg/kg respectively and 18.584 mg/kg while Ni and Pb were not detected in the formulated ruminant feed.

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Microbial Contaminants in Raw Cow Milk of Tangail District in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahin Mahmud ◽  
Md. Firoz Ali ◽  
Md. Omar Faruque ◽  
Muhammad Wasim ◽  
Fatematuz Zuhura Evamoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Quality Of Milk

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the microbial quality and associated health Methodology: An intensive study was carried out from January¬ to October 2019 at the Tangail district of Bangladesh to assess bacterial contamination of raw milk. A total of 60 samples were examined by following the standard bacteriological methods and the health impact was evaluated with the help of a semi-structured-based questionnaire. Molecular characterization of isolated bacteria was carried out by PCR. Results: Results revealed the mean values of TVC and TCC in raw milk, udder, oil, and utensil samples were 7.6×106, 8.8×106, 4.6×106, and 1.3×106 cfu/ml and 3.7×105, 1.4×106, 4.4×105, and 8.9×104 cfu/ml, respectively. The yeast and mold in raw milk, udder, and oil were 1.5×103, 1.8×103, and 1.3×102cfu/ml, respectively, and the mean values of E. coli in the above-mentioned samples were 1.9×103, 1.8×104, 2.1×103, and 1.6×103cfu/ml, respectively. On the other hand, the mean values of Salmonella spp. in raw milk, udder, oil, and utensil samples were 2.4×102, 7.9×102, 1.5×102, and 1.1×102cfu/ml, respectively. Some selected isolates confirmed by molecular identification were tested for their sensitivity against some common antibiotics used in Bangladesh. Escherichia coli showed 70% resistance to Amoxicillin and 90% sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin whereas Salmonella spp. And Staphylococcus aureus showed 90% resistance to Ampicillin and both were 80% and 90% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, respectively. Conclusion, Significance, and Impact of Study: Milk producers should be appropriately trained to monitor the overall hygienic conditions surrounding the production and handling of milk until it reaches the consumer. Frequent monitoring of the milk production facility, occasional testing of raw milk, and minimal use of antibiotics will ensure the quality of milk. Consumption of quality milk and avoidance of raw milk consumption will reduce the health risk of the consumers.

Comparison of the Reproducibilities of the Kjeldahl and Dye Binding Methods for Measuring Protein in Milk

1967 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J W Sherbon ◽  
Bobbie Hemphill
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Reaction Flask ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Dye Binding ◽  
Orange G ◽  
Kjeldahl Method ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Protein in milk samples was measured by both the Kjeldahl and Orange G binding methods. Ten samples of pooled raw milk were tested with ten replications of each method. Coefficients of variation were 0.352-3.089% protein for the Kjeldahl method and 0.098-0.661% protein for the dye binding method. The overall means of the two methods were significantly different, but not more than the expected agreement between duplicate Kjeldahl analyses. The position of the reaction flask in the manifold during digestion and distillation affected the Kjeldahl results. One sample of pasteurized-homogenized milk was tested on four successive days. The variation in dye binding results was less than in the Kjeldahl results. The dye binding response decreased each day and the mean values on the first and last days were significantly different

Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in Milk and Dairy Products

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 536-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. EL-BASSIONY
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Processed Cheese ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

A total of 163 samples of milk and milk products (including raw milk, Damietta and Kareish cheese, hard and processed cheese, yogurt, butter and ice cream) were collected from Assiut City markets. Clostridium perfringens was detected in 45.5, 20, 30, 14.3, 20, 10, 50 and 20% of the examined samples, respectively, using SPS agar. With TSN agar, the organism was isolated from 72.7, 20, 30, 28.6, 50, 10, 50, and 30% of the samples, respectively. The mean value of the C. perfringens count using SPS agar was 53.6/ml, 40/g, 60/g, 14.3/g, 30/g, 1.4/g, 25/g and 8/ml of raw milk, Damietta and Kareish cheese, hard and processed cheese, yogurt, butter and ice cream samples, respectively, while the mean values of C. perfringens counts obtained with TSN agar were 76.4/ml, 170/g, 140/g, 42.9/g, 590/g, 2.9/g, 172.9/g, and 109/ml of examined samples, respectively. Milk and dairy products, if improperly handled, provide a means for transmission of C. perfringens to the consumer.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document