scholarly journals SEROEPIDEMIOLOGY OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN HUMANS AND DOGS FROM A SMALL MUNICIPALITY IN PARANA, BRAZIL

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline do Nascimento Benitez ◽  
Daniela Dib Gonçalves ◽  
Beatriz de Souza Lima Nino ◽  
Eloiza Teles Caldart ◽  
Roberta Lemos Freire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significance Level

Abstract Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis with important public health implications. The aims of this study were to determine and identify factors associated to the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in humans and dogs from Jataizinho, Parana State, Brazil. Serum samples from 280 humans and 766 dogs, from rural and urban areas, were tested by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. Positive dilutions were ≥ 1:16. Epidemiological informations were obtained through an individual questionnaire and data tabulation was performed using EpiInfo 3.5.3 (CDC, Atlanta). Statistical significance was evaluated by chi-square (ᵪ2) or Fisher's exact tests with a 5.0 % significance level. The seroprevalence in humans was 70.00% (196/280), as follows: 69.08% (143/207) in rural and 72.60% (53/73) in a slum urban community. The seroprevalence in dogs was 52.35% (401/766), as follows: 71.74% (99/138) in rural and 48.08% (302/628) in urban area. In rural areas, there was no factor associated to risk of infection. In urban slum community, visualizing more than four rats at home was a factor statistically associated to seropositivity for human toxoplamosis. Infection of urban dogs was associated to age, contact with stray dogs or rodents, and free access to street. The results indicated a similar possibility of contact with Toxoplasma gondii between dogs and humans living in rural or slum urban areas of small municipalities.

scholarly journals Factors associated with the distribution of natural Toxoplasma gondii infection among equids in Northeastern Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Dias Munhoz ◽  
Monia Andrade Souza ◽  
Sonia Carmen Lopo Costa ◽  
Jéssica de Souza Freitas ◽  
Aísla Nascimento da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected equids in northeastern Brazil. Serum samples from 569 equids (528 horses, 8 mules and 33 donkeys) were subjected to the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate associated factors. Among the 569 animals sampled, 118 (30.6%) living in rural areas and 14 (26.42%) in urban areas were seropositive (p>0.05). Seropositive animals were observed on 95% of the farms and in all the municipalities. Donkeys/mules as the host, presence of domestic cats and rats on the farm, ingestion of lagoon water and goat rearing remained in the final model as factors associated with infection. Preventive measures such as avoiding the presence of domestic cats close to rearing areas, pastures and sources of water for the animals should be adopted. The wide-ranging distribution of positive animals also indicated that infection in other domestic animals and in humans, through the contaminated environment, was possible. It should be highlighted that there was the possibility that donkeys and mules would continue to have detectable titers for longer, thus explaining the prevalence found. Further studies are needed to confirm this possibility.

scholarly journals Prevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected backyard pigs intended for familial consumption in Romania

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamaria Ioana Paştiu ◽  
Anamaria Cozma-Petruț ◽  
Aurélien Mercier ◽  
Anamaria Balea ◽  
Lokman Galal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Pcr Targeting ◽  
Backyard Pigs

Abstract Background Foodborne toxoplasmosis in humans can be due to the exposure to tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii through the consumption of meat, including pork, of infected animals. Traditional Romanian food habits include pork as the preferred meat, while backyard pig rearing remains a common practice in many rural areas of Romania. The aims of the present study were to estimate the prevalence of T. gondii infection in naturally infected backyard pigs slaughtered for familial consumption and to genetically characterize the T. gondii strains obtained. Methods Paired blood and heart samples were collected from 94 backyard pigs, home slaughtered for private consumption. Serum samples were analyzed using the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for anti-T. gondii antibody detection. Heart samples were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 529-bp repeat region (REP529) for T. gondii detection. In addition, heart samples from IFAT positive animals were bioassayed in mice. The T. gondii isolates were genotyped by the analysis of 15 microsatellite markers. Results The results showed that almost half of the pigs investigated were T. gondii seropositive (46.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 36.4–57.4%) and in more than a quarter of the pigs (26.6%, 95% CI: 18.0–36.7%), the parasite was detected by PCR. Three (3/44) T. gondii strains were isolated from hearts of seropositive pigs and they all belonged to genotype II. Conclusions The present study showed the presence of T. gondii infection in backyard pigs in Romania, which suggests that consumption of pork from animals reared and slaughtered at home may pose a potential threat to human health and should be given attention. In addition, to our knowledge, this is the first study to provide data concerning T. gondii strains circulating in pigs from Romania.

scholarly journals Contribution Factors on Congenital Malformations in Neonates in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevda Riyahifar ◽  
Reza Ali Akbari Khoei ◽  
Kayvan Mirnia
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Family Relationship ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Education Of Patients ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Hands And Feet

Background: Congenital malformations are one of the most important and common types of anomalies in infants, and they are considered as the leading causes of disability and mortality in children. These malformations impose enormous costs on families and organizations involved in the treatment, maintenance, and education of patients. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the risk factors affecting the incidence of congenital anomalies in infants born in Iran. Methods: In this retrospective descriptive-analytical study, we registered various information of all newborns examined and their mothers, including gender, family relationship of parents, type of delivery, types of congenital malformations, anomalies of the hands and feet, and anomalies of the nervous and reproductive systems in the maternity wards of hospitals in Iran. Data were gathered using a checklist. The relationships between different factors were assessed by chi-square test, and the factors influencing congenital malformations were investigated by logistic regression using SPSS-26 software. The significance level of all tests was 0.05. Results: According to the results, 7.5% of newborns had congenital malformations. Eclampsia and diabetes mellitus increased the risk of congenital malformations by 15 and 11%, respectively. The risk of congenital malformations in rural areas was 12% higher than in urban areas. Factors such as consanguineous marriages, history of abortion, and gender also affected the risk of congenital malformations. Conclusions: Necessary measures and plans in the field of premarital counseling, regular pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy tests and controls, especially in rural and deprived areas, are essential and effective in reducing the incidence of congenital malformations.

scholarly journals Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kepemilikan Jamban Sehat di Desa Nambangan Kidul Manguharjo Kota Madiun

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Eny Pemilu Kusparlina
Keyword(s):  
Health Center ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Guard ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

ABSTRACT   The World Bank states that the 2018 data 22% of Indonesian people has not had a sanitation facility (latrine). The existence of latrines in Indonesia, according to World Bank data in 2015 about 22% of Indonesia's population does not have latrines. The coverage of national guard to urban areas with 79% and 49% for rural areas. Most of the sludge removal used  the river or dug wells which do not have the requirements of health latrine and contiminate the ground water. Based on the data obtained from the Health Center Community Manguharjo in 2019 of 855 homes were inspected as many as 530 households, households have basic sanitation facilities such as latrines in the Health Center Community Manguharjo downstream for 420 households or 79%. This study aims to determine the relationship between the factors of income, knowledge, and attitude, with the ownership of latrines in Madiun City, Manguharjo. The research method used observational design with cross sectional approach. The sample are mothers who have children under five do not have latrines that 64 respondents. The sampling technique used  random sampling. Statistical analysis used chi square test. Decision of research hypothesis testing based on the significance level of 5% (p = 0.05) and confidence interval (CI) 95%. The result showed that there are relationship between income and the latrine ownership (p = 0.037), knowledge (p = 0.037) and attitude (p = 0.037). The result showed no relationship between education (p = 0196), and the role of health care workers (p = 1.000) with the ownership of latrines in the Madiun City, Manguharjo.   Keywords: Latrine, income, knowledge, attitude.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection in Continental Croatian Regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek ◽  
Tena Oreski ◽  
Misa Korva ◽  
Branko Kolaric ◽  
Vladimir Stevanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a neglected human pathogen associated with aseptic meningitis, severe systemic infections in immunocompromised persons, and congenital anomalies. Data on the prevalence of LCMV infections are scarce. We analyzed the seroprevalence of LCMV in continental Croatian regions. A total of 338 serum samples of professionally exposed (forestry workers, hunters, agriculture workers in contact with rodents) and non-exposed populations (general population, pregnant women) were tested for the presence of LCMV antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence assay. No participants reported recent febrile disease. LCMV IgG antibodies were detected in 23/6.8% of participants: 9.8% exposed persons and 5.1% non-exposed persons (6.1% in the general population and 3.9% in pregnant women). No participants were LCMV IgM positive. Although higher seropositivity was found in males compared to females (8.9% vs. 4.7%), inhabitants of suburban/rural areas compared to inhabitants of urban areas (9.2% vs. 4.6%), and persons who used well as a source of water compared to those who used tap (11.4% vs. 5.6%), these differences did not reach statistical significance. Results of logistic regression showed that the presence of rodents in the house/yard and cleaning rodent nests were associated with an elevated risk for LCMV infection (OR = 2.962, 95% CI = 1.019–8.607).

scholarly journals FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEPEMILIKAN JAMBAN SEHAT DI DESA MALIKIAN, KALIMANTAN BARAT

IKESMA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Otik Widyastutik
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

The World Bank states that the 2010 data 22% of Indonesian people has not had a sanitation facility (latrine). The existence of latrines in Indonesia, according to World Bank data in 2010 about 22% of Indonesia's population does not have latrines. The coverage ofnational guard to urban areas with 79% and 49% for rural areas. Most of the sludge removal is using the river or dug wells which do not have the requirements of health latrine and contiminate the ground water. Based on the data obtained from the Health CenterCommunity Mempawah Hilir in 2014 of 855 homes were inspected as many as 530 households, households have basic sanitation facilities such as latrines in the Health Center Community Mempawah downstream for 420 households or 79%. This study aims todetermine the relationship between the factors of income, knowledge, and attitude, with the ownership of latrines in Malikian, Mempawah Hilir. The research method uses observational design with cross sectional approach. The sample in this study are mothers who have children under five do not have latrines that sebayak 64 respondents. The sampling technique using random sampling. Statistical analysis using chi square test. Decision of research hypothesis testing based on the significance level of 5% (p = 0.05) and confidence interval (CI) 95%. The result show that there are relationship between income and the latrine ownership (p = 0.037), knowledge(p = 0.037) and attitude (p = 0.037). The result shows no relationship between education (p = 0196), and the role of health care workers (p =1.000) with the ownership of latrines in the Malikian, Mempawah Hilir. Keywords: Latrine, income, knowledge, attitude. Keberadaan jamban di Indonesia menurut data Bank Dunia tahun 2010 sekitar 22%. Secara nasional, untuk daerah perkotaan yaitu 79 % dan untuk daerah pedesaan 49%. Sebagian besar pembuangan tinja masih dilakukan ke sungai atau mempergunakansumur galian yang tidak memenuhi persyaratan sehingga mencemari air tanah. Berdasarkan data yang di peroleh dari Puskesmas Mempawah Hilir pada tahun 2014 dari 855 rumah yang dilakukan pemeriksaan sebanyak 530 rumah tangga, rumah tangga yangmemiliki sarana sanitasi dasar berupa jamban di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Mempawah Hilir sebesar 420 rumah tangga atau 79%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor penghasilan, pengetahuan, dan sikap, dengan kepemilikan jamban di Desa Malikian, Mempawah Hilir, Kalimantan Barat. Metode penelitian menggunakan rancangan observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah rumah tangga yang memiliki balita yaitu sebanyak 64 responden, di ambil dengan menggunakan random sampling. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya hubungan penghasilan terhadap kepemilikan jamban (p = 0.037), pengetahuan (p = 0.037) dan sikap (p = 0.037). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan antara pendidikan (p = 0.196), dan peran petugas kesehatan (p = 1.000) dengan kepemilikan jamban di Desa Malikian, Mempawah Hilir. Kata kunci : Jamban, penghasilan, pengetahuan, sikap.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among women of childbearing age in an endemic region of Romania, 2016–2018

Parasite ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Alin Gabriel Mihu ◽  
Cornel Balta ◽  
Daniela Teodora Marti ◽  
Ana Alexandra Paduraru ◽  
Maria Alina Lupu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Western Romania

Toxoplasmosis is an important worldwide zoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This parasitic infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent people. However, if the infection occurs in pregnant women, it can have serious consequences for the foetus. In this study, we evaluated the seroprevalence of T. gondii in women of childbearing age in Arad County, Western Romania. Serum samples from 2626 women were analysed using a Siemens ADVIA Centaur XP Immunoassay System. Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies were demonstrated in 1081 women (41%) and prevalence tended to increase with age, from 32% in women aged 15–19 years to 62% in women aged 40–45 years. There was a higher prevalence in rural areas (46%) than in urban areas (36%). This study provides new data on T. gondii seroprevalence in women of childbearing age from Western Romania.

scholarly journals Occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and risk factors associated with infection in equids slaughtered for human consumption in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Falco Arruda ◽  
Wellington Alves de Freitas ◽  
Kênia de Fátima Carrijo ◽  
Paula Silva da Paz ◽  
Marianny Miranda Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square Test

Abstract Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Ingestion of raw/undercooked meat is considering an important route of infection. Consumption of meat from equids is common in European and Asian countries and an increase in Brazil has been observed. The aim of this study was to evaluate occurrences of anti-T. gondii antibodies and risk factors relating to infection in equids slaughtered for human consumption in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Blood samples from 192 horses and 208 donkeys were collected in the exsanguination area during the slaughter. Serum samples were subjected to the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Association analysis was performed using Pearson’s chi-square test (χ2) or Fisher’s exact test, to evaluate risk factors relating to the prevalence of seroreagents. Antibodies against T. gondii were found in 13.5% of the equids, with higher occurrence in horses (18.75%) than in donkeys (8.65%). Associations between seropositivity and the following variables were found (p ≤ 0.05): species, animal origin, purpose of rearing and source of water for animal consumption and contact with cats. Farms need to implement preventive measures to control T. gondii infection in these species and avert transmission of the parasite to the human population that will consume their meat.

scholarly journals A comparative study of chest CT findings regarding the effects of regional dust exposure on patients with COPD living in urban areas and rural areas near cement plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junghyun Kim ◽  
Bom Kim ◽  
So Hyeon Bak ◽  
Yeon-Mok Oh ◽  
Woo Jin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Dust Exposure ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Wall Area ◽  
Copd Patients

Abstract Background The clinical and radiological presentation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is heterogenous depending on the characterized sources of inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate COPD phenotypes associated with specific dust exposure. Methods This study was designed to compare the characteristics, clinical outcomes and radiological findings between two prospective COPD cohorts representing two distinguishing regions in the Republic of Korea; COPD in Dusty Area (CODA) and the Korean Obstructive Lung Disease (KOLD) cohort. A total of 733 participants (n = 186 for CODA, and n = 547 for KOLD) were included finally. A multivariate analysis to compare lung function and computed tomography (CT) measurements of both cohort studies after adjusting for age, sex, education, body mass index, smoking status, and pack-year, Charlson comorbidity index, and frequency of exacerbation were performed by entering the level of FEV1(%), biomass exposure and COPD medication into the model in stepwise. Results The mean wall area (MWA, %) became significantly lower in COPD patients in KOLD from urban and metropolitan area than those in CODA cohort from cement dust area (mean ± standard deviation [SD]; 70.2 ± 1.21% in CODA vs. 66.8 ± 0.88% in KOLD, p = 0.028) after including FEV1 in the model. COPD subjects in KOLD cohort had higher CT-emphysema index (EI, 6.07 ± 3.06 in CODA vs. 20.0 ± 2.21 in KOLD, p < 0.001, respectively). The difference in the EI (%) was consistently significant even after further adjustment of FEV1 (6.12 ± 2.88% in CODA vs. 17.3 ± 2.10% in KOLD, p = 0.002, respectively). However, there was no difference in the ratio of mean lung density (MLD) between the two cohorts (p = 0.077). Additional adjustment for biomass parameters and medication for COPD did not alter the statistical significance after entering into the analysis with COPD medication. Conclusions Higher MWA and lower EI were observed in COPD patients from the region with dust exposure. These results suggest that the imaging phenotype of COPD is influenced by specific environmental exposure.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study to assess knowledge of women about cervical cancer: an urban and rural comparison

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Lesińska-Sawicka
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
The City

Abstract Introduction Cervical cancer and its etiopathogenesis, the age of women in whom it is diagnosed, average life expectancy, and prognosis are information widely covered in scientific reports. However, there is no coherent information regarding which regions—urban or rural—it may occur more often. This is important because the literature on the subject reports that people living in rural areas have a worse prognosis when it comes to detection, treatment, and life expectancy than city dwellers. Material and methods The subjects of the study were women and their knowledge about cervical cancer. The research was carried out using a survey directly distributed among respondents and via the Internet, portals, and discussion groups for women from Poland. Three hundred twenty-nine women took part in the study, including 164 from rural and 165 from urban areas. The collected data enabled the following: (1) an analysis of the studied groups, (2) assessment of the respondents’ knowledge about cervical cancer, and (3) comparison of women’s knowledge depending on where they live. Results The average assessment of all respondents’ knowledge was 3.59, with women living in rural areas scoring 3.18 and respondents from the city—4.01. Statistical significance (p < 0.001) between the level of knowledge and place of residence was determined. The results indicate that an increase in the level of education in the subjects significantly increases the chance of getting the correct answer. In the case of age analysis, the coefficients indicate a decrease in the chance of obtaining the correct answer in older subjects despite the fact that a statistically significant level was reached in individual questions. Conclusions Women living in rural areas have less knowledge of cervical cancer than female respondents from the city. There is a need for more awareness campaigns to provide comprehensive information about cervical cancer to women in rural areas. A holistic approach to the presented issue can solve existing difficulties and barriers to maintaining health regardless of the place of life and residence. Implication for cancer survivors They need intensive care for women’s groups most burdened with risk factors.

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