scholarly journals Performance of lactating crossbred cows on pasture supplemented with conventional urea or slow release urea

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1487-1494
Author(s):  
D.C. Abreu ◽  
R.P. Lana ◽  
A.S. Oliveira ◽  
F.A. Barbosa ◽  
F.L. Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Slow Release Urea ◽  
Matter Basis

The effect of using conventional urea (CU) or slow release urea (SRU) was evaluated by replacing soybean meal (SBM) in concentrated supplements in levels of 2, 4 or 6% (dry matter basis) on productive performance of crossbred Holstein x Zebu lactating dairy cows (499±61kg body weight and 167 days of lactation) grazing on elephant grass (11.5% CP and 60% NDF) under rotational grazing during the rainy season. A supplement control (no urea) was used containing SBM as a protein source. A total of 21 cows were distributed an incomplete randomized block design with three periods of 21 days each (14 days of adaptation and seven days of collection). The animals entered the paddocks with a pasture height of 110-120cm and left when the grass reached the height of 40-50cm. The concentrated isonitrogenous supplements (24% crude protein, dry matter basis) were provided in the amount of 3.2kg/cow/day (fed basis). There was no effect (P>0.05) on source of crude protein (SBM vs source NPN), source NPN, level of NPN, interaction between source NPN and level of NPN on milk production (10.0kg/day), fat milk production corrected to 3.5% (10.7kg/day), levels of fat (4.01%), protein (3.66%), lactose (4.16%), total solids (12.86%) and non-fat solids (8.60%) in milk. The replacement of CU by SRU does not promote improvement in the productive performance of crossbred dairy cows grazing on elephant grass during the rainy season. Urea (CU or SRU) can be included in up to 6% of the DM concentrated supplements, replacing SBM, without affecting the productive performance of crossbred cows (Holstein x Zebu) in pasture during the rainy season.

scholarly journals Feed Composition Analysis and Reproductive Status of Dairy Cows Raised in Yogyakart

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.29) ◽  
pp. 457
Author(s):  
Mohammad Firdaus Hudaya ◽  
Diah Tri Widayati ◽  
Budi Prasetyo Widyobroto ◽  
Cuk Tri Noviandi
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Reproductive Status ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Local Farmer

The objective of this study was to determine the content of the feed given and reproductive status of each animal and its effect on reproduction performance in early lactation dairy cows. Seven early lactation of Friesian Holstein cows were used from local farmer. The observed variable were feedstuff from local farmer and reproductive status (post partum estrous and service per conception). The results of proximat and van soest analysis from feedstuff consist of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and concentrate feed from feed mill. The elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) was contained of dry matter (DM) 86.27%, Ash 18.63%, extract eter (EE) 3.84%, crude fiber (CF) 30.62%, crude protein (CP) 13.05%, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) 73.73% and acid detergent fiber (ADF) 45.31%. Concentrates feed was contained of dry matter (DM) 89.24%, Ash 15.36%, extract eter (EE) 5.37%, crude fiber (CF) 17.11%, crude protein (CP) 12.76%, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) 58.23% and acid detergent fiber (ADF) 19.20%. The results of reproductive parameters for post partum estrous (PPE) 121.43±16.672 days and service per conception (S/C) was 2.14±0.690. In conclusion the feedstuff were given less meet the requirement, and affecting the performance of reproduction.  

Dry matter intake, nutrient selection and milk production of dairy cows grazing rainfed perennial pastures at different herbage allowances in spring

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 923 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Moate ◽  
D. E. Dalley ◽  
J. R. Roche ◽  
C. Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Selection Differentials

Summary. The effect of herbage allowance (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 kg DM/cow. day) on the consumption of nutrients from herbage and milk production by cows in early lactation, was examined. The experiment was conducted on rainfed perennial ryegrass pastures in September and October 1997 in south-eastern Victoria, Australia. The herbage on offer comprised 64% perennial ryegrass, 21% other grasses, 1% white clover, 5% weeds and 9% dead material on a dry matter (DM) basis. The average pregrazing herbage height was 13 cm, at an estimated pregrazing herbage mass of 3.6 t DM/ha. The herbage on offer was of high quality containing 11.6 MJ metabolisable energy/kg DM, 202 g crude protein/kg DM and 525 g neutral detergent fibre/kg DM. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur and chloride were 4.4, 2.2, 4.4, 31.2, 3.5, 2.7 and 11.4 g/kg DM, respectively. As daily herbage allowance per cow increased, dry matter intake increased curvilinearly (P<0.01) from 11.2 to 18.7 kg DM/cow. day. This was associated with a decrease in utilisation of herbage from 54 to 26% and an increase in milk production from 25.9 to 29.1 kg/cow. day. The cows on all treatments grazed for less than 8.7 h/day. The increase in intake was achieved by an increase in the rate of herbage intake from 1.5 to 2.2 kg DM/h for herbage allowances of 20 and 70 kg/cow.day, respectively. Irrespective of herbage allowance, cows selected a diet that was approximately 10% higher in in vitro dry matter digestibility and 30% higher in crude protein than that in the herbage on offer. The neutral detergent fibre content of the herbage selected was lower (P<0.05) than that on offer. The herbage consumed contained more (P<0.05) magnesium, potassium and sulfur, the same amount of calcium and phosphorus and less (P<0.05) sodium and chloride than the herbage on offer. For rainfed perennial pastures in spring, herbage allowance is an important factor in determining voluntary feed intake and production of dairy cows. To achieve 30 L from herbage, without supplementation, high herbage allowances are required. The increase in herbage intake, with increasing herbage allowance, resulted from an increase in rate of dry matter intake and not an increase in grazing time. No relationship was evident between herbage allowance and the selection differentials for in vitro dry matter digestibility, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre. Selection differentials for rainfed perennial pastures in spring are similar to those reported for irrigated perennial pastures in northern Victoria in spring and autumn. When determining nutrient requirements it is important to consider the interaction between herbage intake and nutrient concentration in the herbage.

scholarly journals Alfalfa Protein Concentrate as a Less Ruminally Degradable Protein Source for High-Producing Dairy Cows

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
C.D. Lu ◽  
NA. Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen

Ten multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 105-day continuous feeding trial to compare soybean meal (SBM) and alfalfa protein concentrate (APC) as supplemental protein sources for high-producing dairy cows. Dairy cows with an average milk production of 35.2 kg/day were paired and randomly assigned to one of the treatments. A double reversal design was employed With 35 days per period. The comparison between treatments was made during the last 21 days of each period. Experimental diets, containing 60% corn silage and 10% alfalfa hay, were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic (crude protein. 15.6%; net energy tor lactation, 1.60 Mcal/kg DM). Fifty percent of dietary nitrogen was provided by test proteins. Animals were fed four times daily. Chromie oxide boluses, 50 g/day were used to estimate digestion coefficients. Ruminal protein degradability in viva (%) and in situ(%)were 56.8, 68.3 and 47.3. 35.3 for SBM and APC, respectively. Dry matter intake (kg/day) was 19.1 and 18.6 for cows fed SBM and APC. respectively. Rummal parameters cows fed SBM vs APC were, pH. 6.6 vs 6.7, ammonia nitrogen(mg/dI) 10.8 vs 6.2(p less than 0.01); total volatile fatty acids (mM), 86.3 VS 84.6(P LESS THAN 0.05), acetate (%) , 50.8 vs 64.9 (p less than 0.01); propionate dry matter , 65.3 vs 61.8; crude protein . 67.6 vs 61.1 (P less than 0.05 ) neutral detergent fiber , 51.1 vs 52.5 ; acid detergent fiber, 47.7 vs 49.0 . A slightly higher (P more than 0.05 ) amount of milk was produced by cows fed APC(28.6+_ 3.5 vs 28.2+- 3.8 kg/day). Each additional gramof undergradable intake protein provided by APC continued to a 5- gram increase in 4% fat-corrected milk production.

scholarly journals Effects of replacing soybean meal with slow-release urea on milk production of Holstein dairy cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hallajian ◽  
J. Fakhraei ◽  
H.M. Yarahamdi ◽  
K.J. Khorshidi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Plant Protein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Slow Release Urea

The study investigated the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with slow-release urea (SRU) on milk production, milk composition, and rumen fermentation of Holstein dairy cows. Sixteen Holstein cows weighing between 550 and 680 kg in mid lactation were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a 12-week study. The treatments consisted of T1: a diet containing 16.7% crude protein (CP), T2: T1 with 0.5% SRU replacing plant protein, T3: T1 with 0.75% SRU replacing plant protein, and T4: T1 with 1.00% SRU replacing plant protein. Animals were fed three times a day with feed being offered ad libitum. Dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) were not affected by the level of SRU. Feeding SRU did not affect milk production and milk composition significantly, but milk fat and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) levels were increased. Significant differences were observed in ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration. Feeding SRU increased butyrate concentration with no significant effects on concentrations of acetate or propionate. Significant differences were observed in cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations, but glucose, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels were not affected significantly by the treatments. Thus, feeding SRU altered the release rate of ammonia and provided more ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen.

Degradabilities of dry matter and crude protein from perennial herbage and supplements used in dairy production systems in Victoria

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Wales ◽  
P. T. Doyle ◽  
D. W. Dellow
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Outflow Rate

Summary The nylon bag technique was used to estimate the degradability of the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of herbage samples and supplementary feeds from recent grazing experiments with dairy cows conducted in Victoria. The cumulative disappearance data for CP were used to calculate the effective rumen degradability of CP (ERDP, g/kg DM) for these feeds at rumen outflow rates of 0.02, 0.05 or 0.08/h. Crude protein was more extensively degraded than DM in all herbage samples collected before grazing, or in those samples taken to represent the herbage consumed by grazing cows. The ERDP of spring pastures (excluding the dead material and postgrazed samples) was generally in the range 103–197 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.02/h and in the range 74–142 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.08/h. For summer pastures, the ERDP was generally in the range 80–128 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.02/h and in the range 58–108 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.08/h. For autumn pastures, ERDP ranged from 108 to 170 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.02/h and from 84 to 140 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.08/h. There were only 2 herbage samples collected during the winter, which had ERDP of 237 and 249 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.02/h and 213 and 222 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.08/h. Values for ERDP tended to be higher for these winter samples compared with spring samples. In contrast, autumn samples tended to have lower ERDP than spring samples. It is shown that metabolisable protein is unlikely to limit milk production of cows consuming 17 kg herbage DM/cow. day and producing up to 30 L milk/day, when milk production is determined from metabolisable energy supply. The excesses in metabolisable protein ranged from 0.48 to 1.21 kg/cow. day from a subset of spring herbage samples cut to represent that selected by cows and from 0.14 to 0.23 kg/cow. day from summer herbage samples. The degradability characteristics of the herbage samples were similar to some estimates for temperate herbages in the United Kingdom and from limited data from Australia and should form a useful basis on which to assess whether additional metabolisable protein is required as supplements for dairy cows grazing pastures in Victoria. There was a positive (P<0.01) relationship between CP content and ERDP (R2 = 0.93), across herbage samples indicating it could be possible to estimate ERDP for herbage samples that have been assessed for CP content. There was also a significant (P<0.01) positive relationship between the effective degradability of DM of herbage and ERDP (R2 = 0.77). The relationships between in vitro dry matter digestibility or neutral detergent fibre and ERDP were also significant (P<0.01), but accounted for even less of the variability. The ERDP in cereal grain-based supplements ranged from 87 to 111 g/kg DM, at a outflow rate from the rumen of 0.02/h, compared with 70–92 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.08/h. The compounded supplements containing varying levels of cereal grain, lupins and cottonseed meal, had effective degradabilities of CP that generally declined as the content of lupins decreased and the content of cottonseed meal increased. However, ERDP increased to 152 g/kg DM because of the increasing CP content with increasing cottonseed meal. These results are compared with previously published estimates of effective degradability of CP for supplementary feeds.

scholarly journals Effects of Microencapsulated Methionine on Milk Production and Manure Nitrogen Excretions of Lactating Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3545
Author(s):  
Layla King ◽  
Janaka Wickramasinghe ◽  
Brooke Dooley ◽  
Carrie McCarthy ◽  
Emily Branstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

The study objective was to determine the effects of rumen-protected methionine (Met) by microencapsulation (RPM) on amino acid (AA) supply to the udder, milk production, and manure nitrogen (N) losses of dairy cows. A corn and soybean-based diet deficient in metabolizable Met (~10 g/d) was supplemented with RPM providing 0, 11.0, 19.3, and 27.5 g/d of Met. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, plasma essential AA (EAA), mammary plasma flow (MPF), and fecal (FN) and urinary N (UN) outputs (g/d) were determined. The RPM increased linearly milk yield, milk protein yield, and energy corrected milk yield (p < 0.040) without affecting DMI. Milk protein yield increased by 50 g/d for the 19.3 vs. 0 g/d dose (p = 0.006) but the rate of increment decreased for 27.5 g/d dose. Plasma Met, and MPF increased linearly with RPM dose (p < 0.050). Apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (p = 0.020) and FN (p = 0.081) decreased linearly with RPM. The UN did not change but total manure N decreased linearly with RPM (p = 0.054). The RPM (19.3 g/d) seemed to help cows overcome the metabolizable Met deficiency while mitigating manure N excretions to the environment.

scholarly journals Effect of Slow-Release Urea Administration on Production Performance, Health Status, Diet Digestibility, and Environmental Sustainability in Lactating Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2405
Author(s):  
Silvia Grossi ◽  
Riccardo Compiani ◽  
Luciana Rossi ◽  
Matteo Dell’Anno ◽  
Israel Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Slow Release Urea

The effects of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with a slow-release urea source (SRU) on production performance, feed efficiency, digestibility, and environmental sustainability of dairy cows were evaluated. A total of 140 lactating Holstein Frisian cows were allocated into two study groups: (i) control (diet entirely based on SBM), and (ii) treatment (diet of 0.22% on dry matter basis (d.m.)) of SRU. Milk yield, dry matter intake (DMI), feed conversion rate (FCR), body condition score (BCS), reproductive parameters, and milk quality were evaluated. The chemical composition of the feeds and feces were analyzed to calculate the in vivo digestibility of the two diets. The carbon footprint (CFP) and predicted methane (CH4) emissions were evaluated. The inclusion of SRU significantly increases milk yield, DMI, and FCR (p < 0.0001), whereas milk quality, BCS, and reproductive indicators were not affected (p > 0.05). In the treatment group, the digestibility of crude protein (CP) (p = 0.012), NDF (p = 0.039), and cellulose (p = 0.033) was significantly higher, while the other nutritional parameters weren’t affected. All the environmental parameters were significantly improved in the treatment group (p < 0.0001). Replacing SBM with SRU can be a strategy to enhance dairy cows’ sustainability due to improved production efficiency, reduced feed CFP, and predicted CH4 production.

scholarly journals Sugarcane with Elephant grass replacing sugarcane with urea in the diet of crossbred dairy cows1

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e48004
Author(s):  
César Roberto Viana Teixeira ◽  
Rogério de Paula Lana ◽  
Luiz Henrique dos Santos Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Crossbred Cows

The objective was to evaluate the partial substitution of sugarcane treated with urea by elephant grass in the feeding of crossbred cows in lactation. Eight crossbred cows (Holstein x Gyr) were used, with 474 kg of body weight (standard deviation = 46.15 kg) and 8.15 kg of milk per day. The animals were housed in individual stalls, distributed in two 4 x 4 Latin squares, and the treatments were: sugar cane; sugar cane corrected with 0.5% of urea and ammonium sulfate (9:1); 75% of sugar cane + 25% of elephant grass and 50% of sugarcane + 50% of elephant grass, based on natural matter. In addition to the treatments, it was provided water and mineral salt ad libitum and 3 kg of concentrate supplement (24% crude protein), based on corn meal and soybean meal, supplied in two portions during the morning and afternoon milking. There was a treatment effect on the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, except for non-fibrous carbohydrate intake, and there was no effect on milk production and composition. It can be concluded that the substitution of sugarcane by elephantgrass (25 and 50%) increases the intake and decreases the digestibility of DM and OM, without affecting milk production, when the cows are supplemented with 3 kg of concentrate, containing 24% of protein per day.

scholarly journals Ruminal degradation of elephant grass silages added with faveira pods

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 39946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Spindola Garcez ◽  
Claudiane Morais dos Santos ◽  
Cicero Nicolini ◽  
Francisco Araújo Machado ◽  
Ernando De Oliveira Macedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Ruminal Degradability ◽  
Colonization Time ◽  
Matter Basis

 The objective of this study was to evaluate in situ ruminal degradability of elephant grass silages with addition of 8, 16 and 24% of faveira pods in experimental silos of 100x50 mm, equipped with bunsen valves. The content of crude protein (cp) and neutral detergent fiber (ndf) were determined on a dry matter basis. To evaluate the in situ degradability of dm, cp and ndf, nylon bags containing 4 g sample were incubated in the rumen of three fistulated cattle for 6, 24 and 72h. The dm and cp content of elephant grass silages increased (p < 0.05) from 8% inclusion associated with a higher concentration of constituents in faveira pods (77.25 and 9.61% dm). The ndf fraction reduced 10.91% (p < 0.05) when adding 24% pods. The potential degradation (pd) of dm and cp increased with inclusion of faveira pods, with 75.97 and 95.21%, respectively, for the level of 24%. There was increased potentially degradable fraction (bp) of ndf by 7.07% with inclusion of 24% faveira pods, as well as a reduced colonization time (lag) from 3.81 to 3.44 hours. The addition of up to 24% faveira pods to elephant grass silages improves rumen microbial degradation, and it is indicated this level of addition to obtain better quality silage. 

scholarly journals Slow-release urea partially replace soybean in the diet of Holstein dairy cows: intake, blood parameters, nutrients digestibility, energy utilization, and milk production

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani M. El-Zaiat ◽  
Ahmed E. Kholif ◽  
Ibrahim M. Khattab ◽  
Sobhy M.A. Sallam
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Slow Release Urea

Abstract The present experiment aimed to evaluate the partial replacement of soybean with slow-release urea (Optigen 1200™) in the diet of lactating cows for 84 d. Three-hundred multiparous lactating Holstein (635 ± 25 kg of body weight, BW) cows were stratified by live body weight; parity and previous milk production were randomly assigned into two experimental groups with 150 cows per each treatment. In the control treatment, 25 g soybean meal was replaced by 5.7 g slow-release urea for 84 d. Optigen treatment did not affect feed intake, daily milk production, milk composition, or milk (feed) efficiency; however, increased (P<0.01) total BW gain and daily BW gain. Optigen treatment increased (P<0.01) the digestibility of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber. Optigen treatment increased (P<0.01) estimated N balance, milk urea-N, and net energy (NE) for gain. Without affecting blood total protein, creatinine, urea-N, triglycerides, glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, or non-esterified free fatty acids, Optigen treatment increased the concentrations of blood albumin and cholesterol compared to the control (P<0.05). In conclusion, slow-release urea could replace soybean meal in ruminant diets with no adverse effects on feed intake, nitrogen utilization, or digestibility; however, improve the total tract digestibility of fiber and crude protein in cows.

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