Elephant grass cv. BRS capiaçu silage with inclusion of different proportions of silk cotton

The objective was to evaluate the qualitative and nutritional aspects of elephant grass cv. BRS capiaçu silage with increasing proportions of silk cotton. A completely randomized design was used with five (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60% on natural matter basis) different inclusion proportions of silk cotton to elephant grass silage and four repetitions. Silages were prepared in PVC minisilos and remained ensiled for 42 days. The inclusion of silk cotton resulted in a linear reduction in dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) contents at 0.06, 0.30, 0.23, 0.20, and 0.09 percentage points for each 1% inclusion, respectively. There was an increasing linear effect of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), with an increase of 39.32 and 20.89% from the lowest to the highest inclusion of silk cotton to elephant grass cv. BRS capiaçu silage. Values of pH, gas losses (GL), effluent losses (EL), dry matter recovery (DMR), hemicellulose, and lignin were not influenced by the evaluated inclusion levels, showing estimated averages of 3.87, 1, 42%, 11.55kg t-1 natural matter, 97.36%, 19.30%, and 7.20%, respectively. An increasing linear effect was found for fraction a, c, effective degradability (ED) (2% and 5%) dry matter, with an increment of 0.05, 0.0005, and 0.11 percent points, respectively. There was a quadratic effect for fraction b, potential degradability (PD), ED (2%), with minimum points of 23.72%, 50.52%, (at 45% inclusion level) 39.69%, (at 15% inclusion level) respectively. The indigestible fraction (IF) had a quadratic effect with a maximum of 49.48% at the 45% inclusion level. The colonization time (CT) linearly reduced by 0.09 percentage points for each 1% inclusion evaluated. According to the parameters evaluated, the inclusion of up to 60% silk cotton improved nutritional aspects and nutritional value of elephant grass cv. BRS capiaçu silage.

Effect of Supplying Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Essential Oils to Feedlot Lambs on in vitro Ruminal Fermentation

The aim of this trial was to evaluate the ruminal degradation kinetics of carbohydrates in diets with different roughage:concentrate ratios and dosages of garlic and rosemary essential oils, in order to find the most suitable dosage to supply feedlot lambs. Three roughage:concentrate ratios (50:50, 40:60, and 20:80) and six dosages of garlic and rosemary essential oils (0.0, 0.10, 0.25, 1.0, 1.50, and 2.0 g L−1) were tested. Kinetic parameters for carbohydrate breakdown were estimated using a semi-automated in vitro gas production technique. Ruminal degradation parameters were subjected to variance analysis and then regression analysis at a 5% significance level. There was no interaction between the roughage:concentrate ratios and the dosage of rosemary essential oil. The roughage:concentrate ratios in diets with rosemary oil affected the non-fiber carbohydrate degradation rate (Kdnfc), colonization time (L), gas volume and breakdown rate from the degradation of fiber carbohydrates (Vfc and Kdfc, respectively), and final gas volume of both fiber and non-fiber carbohydrates (Vfinal). Rosemary dosages affected Vnfc and Vfc, which presented a quadratic response with a peak at 0.71 g L−1 and a nip at 1.17 g L−1, respectively. Bacterial colonization time was quadratic, reaching a maximum value at 1.18 g L−1. Vfinal showed a decreasing linear trend, such that each gram of rosemary essential oil added to the diet could reduce gas production by 30.312 mL. Therefore, rosemary essential oil has an effect on carbohydrate degradation kinetics. There was no interaction between roughage:concentrate ratios and different garlic oil dosages, except for colonization time. Roughage:concentrate ratios with garlic oil had affected the Vnfc, Kdnfc, and L. Garlic oil dosages affected Vfc and Vfinal in a quadratic manner, with the lowest values of gas production at 1.35 and 1.54 g L−1, respectively. L was affected by the garlic oil dosage and roughage:concentrate ratios in a decreasing linear trend for a 50:50 ratio and quadratic response for a 40:60 ratio, peaking at 0.14 g L−1. Based on these in vitro results, a ruminal content of 1.0 g L−1 is recommended for both rosemary and garlic essential oils.

Reduction of Ascaridia galli Pathology by Salmonella typhimurium in Broiler Chicken

Previous studies have reported interactions between Salmonella spp. and some helminth coinfections. In this study, S. typhimurium and Ascaridia galli coinfections were analyzed, and the consequences on therapy were proposed. In a first experiment where the effect of the bacteria on the nematode was evaluated, thirty 42-day-old broiler chickens were divided into 3 groups and coinfected with both parasites. The rate of A. galli egg inoculum was kept constant at 500/ml while that of S. typhimurium varied as follows: T0 (500 A. galli eggs/ml), T104 (500 A. galli eggs/ml+104 S. typhimurium CFUs), and T106 (500 A. galli eggs/ml +106S. typhymurium CFUs). EPG and parasitic load were measured using the McMaster technic, and number of worms and their length were also measured. We observed that T106 containing 106 CFUs of Salmonella significantly reduced the EPG values, and this group recorded the lowest worm load ranging from 18 to 21 worms. Likewise, the length of the worms obtained with T104 and T106 appeared to be shorter than those of the control (T0). In a second experiment to assess the effects of the nematode on the bacteria, thirty 42-day-old broiler chickens were divided into 3 groups and coinfected with both parasites. The rate of S. typhimurium inoculum was kept constant at 106 CFUs while that of A. galli varied as follows: T0 (106CFUs), T500 (500 A. galli eggs/ml +106S. typhymurium CFUs), and T750 (750 A. galli eggs/ml +106S. typhymurium CFUs). Bacterial load was measured using Voogt technique. We observed that T500 increased the colonization time and prolonged the duration of S. typhimurium secretion. Salmonella appears to be a hyperparasite considering the deleterious effect on A. galli. Due to this, it may be prudent to combine anti-Salmonella treatment with anthelmintic so as to effectively treat pathologies caused by these two pathogens.

Early Transcriptome Response of Trichoderma virens to Colonization of Maize Roots

Trichoderma virens is a well-known mycoparasitic fungal symbiont that is valued for its biocontrol capabilities. T. virens initiates a symbiotic relationship with a plant host through the colonization of its roots. To achieve colonization, the fungus must communicate with the host and evade its innate defenses. In this study, we explored the genes involved with the host communication and colonization process through transcriptomic profiling of the wild-type fungus and selected deletion mutants as they colonized maize roots. Transcriptome profiles of the T. virens colonization of maize roots over time revealed that 24 h post inoculation appeared to be a key time for plant-microbe communication, with many key gene categories, including signal transduction mechanisms and carbohydrate transport and metabolism, peaking in expression at this early colonization time point. The transcriptomic profiles of Sm1 and Sir1 deletion mutants in the presence of plants demonstrated that Sir1, rather than Sm1, appears to be the key regulator of the fungal response to maize, with 64% more unique differentially expressed genes compared to Sm1. Additionally, we developed a novel algorithm utilizing gene clustering and coexpression network analyses to select potential colonization-related gene targets for characterization. About 40% of the genes identified by the algorithm would have been missed using previous methods for selecting gene targets.

The Forensic Entomology Case Report—A Global Perspective

Forensic practitioners analyzing entomological evidence are faced with numerous challenges when presenting their findings to law practitioners, particularly in terms of terminology used to describe insect age, what this means for colonization time of remains, and the limitations to estimates made. Due to varying legal requirements in different countries, there is no standard format for the entomological case report prepared, nor any guidelines as to the sections that are required, optional or unnecessary in a case report. The authors herein propose sections that should be considered when drafting an entomological case report. The criteria under which entomological evidence is analyzed are discussed, as well as the limitations for each criterion. The concept of a global, standardized entomological case report is impossible to achieve due to national legislative differences, but the authors here propose a basic template which can be adapted and changed according to the needs of the practitioner. Furthermore, while the discussion is fairly detailed, capturing all differences between nations could not be accomplished, and those initiating casework for the first time are encouraged to engage other practicing forensic entomologists or professional associations within their own nation or region, to ensure a complete report is generated that meets lab or national requirements, prior to generating a finalized report.

Potential degradation and colonization time of ruminal microorganisms on the particles of different oilseeds-crushed, and its chemical composition

This study was carried out to evaluate by-product of the biodiesel industry as canola, safflower, forage turnip, and soybean crushed on the chemical composition, in situ degradability, and colonization time. Canola (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), forage turnip (Raphanus stivus L. var. oleiferus Metzg), and soybean (Glycine max) grains went through the oil extraction process by means of a cold pressing, resulting in the oilseeds-crushed. The treatments identification included: CAN – Canola crushed; SAF – Safflower crushed; TUR – Forage turnip crushed; and SOY – Soybean crushed. The oilseed-crushed treatments were quantified about mineral (calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, phosphorus and potassium), chemical composition (dry matter, ash, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrient contents), In situ degradability, and colonization time. Magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc showed the greater values for TUR treatment 3.46, 27.4, 39.8, respectively, when compared to the other oilseed-crushed treatments. The TUR treatment had the lowest organic matter, whereas had the greater (p≤0.05; TUR and SOY treatments) for the non-fibrous carbohydrates. Ether extract was not affected (p>0.05) with the different oilseed-crushed treatments. Neutral detergent fiber was affected (p≤0.05) for CAN and SAF treatments with the greater values, 344 and 500 g/kg of dry matter, respectively. Soluble and potentially degradable fractions for SAF treatment showed similar results. Whereas the constant rate of degradation, presented the lowest value when compared to the other treatments. Effective degradability of crude protein was greater for CAN 63.2% than SOY 65.9% treatment, which had the lowest value. Potential degradability of crude protein did not differ between treatments. Colonization time for dry matter and crude protein were similar between TUR and SOY treatments. In conclusion, oilseeds-crushed from the biodiesel production can be targeted/used, as feed with great protein and energetic potential in the ruminant’s production, considering the need of correct formulation and ingredients knowledge.

The dictator – A specific figure of modern Latin American novels

heroic pages of her own. Latin America is an area encompassing countries historically ruled by the Spanish and the Portuguese under their colonization time throughout the centuries.After hard struggles to gain independence, the region continued to face many new challenges and difficulties in which violence and military dictatorship were the most common situation dominating Latin American politics in the 19th and 20th centuries. Since then, the topic of dictatorship has been written in novels in that region. Márquez has stated in an interview that, the fact that brutality ran from one end of the continent to the other made the history shaped by brutality. Writing about this topic, modern Latin American writers have "entered" the deepest into the reality of their continent, wherever they are, no matter what narrative method they use. This helps modern Latin American literature express its own literary themes, not being mixed with other literatures. In Vietnam, over the past 50 years, a lot of Latin American novels have been translated and well received by Vietnamese academic and popular readers. Such authors as A. Asturias, L. Borges, Carpentier of the Latin American Vanguardia, Márquez, Llosa of the Latin American Boom have become familiar names to Vietnamese readers. Understanding the image of the dictator – an important image of the tradition and identity of Latin American literature will give a better understanding about this literature.

Tuna aggregation dynamics at Drifting Fish Aggregating Devices: a view through the eyes of commercial echosounder buoys

This study addresses novel questions on the dynamics of tuna aggregations around floating objects, using echosounder buoys data collected throughout the drifts of newly deployed Drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (DFADs) in the Atlantic Ocean (AO) and Indian Ocean (IO). Time series of presence/absence of tunas were obtained by supervised classification of acoustic data. To avoid biases related to the variability in individual DFAD soak times, a new approach was developed to estimate the average colonization time of new DFADs by tuna aggregations. We showed that tunas colonize DFADs after an average of 16 days in the AO, and 40 days in the IO. Moreover, the analysis indicated that the time span during which tuna aggregations occupy DFADs is driven by a time-independent process with short- and long-term residence modes. On average, DFADs were continuously occupied by tuna aggregations for 6 and 9 days in the IO and AO, respectively. The time between two consecutive aggregations at the same DFAD averaged 9 days in the IO and 5 days in the AO. Throughout their soak time after being colonized, DFADs remained occupied for a larger proportion of time in the AO (63%) than in the IO (45%).

Occurrence of Drosophilids in the Pernambuco’s coastal region (years 2000-2001) and the Frequency of chromosomal inversions found in Drosophila malerkotliana

Drosophilids were collected in the campus of UFPE (Recife), Rio Doce (Olinda), Vila Velha (Itamaracá), Parque de dois Irmãos (Recife) and Charles Darwin Ecological Refuge (Igarassu), in the years 2000 and 2001, seeking to establish the frequency of occurrence of the various species of the genus Drosophila. In these collections, D. malerkotliana occurred in an average frequency of 64%, followed by D. melanogaster, with an average frequency of 23%. The frequency of D. malerkotliana was higher than that of D. melanogaster in localities with high and medium degree of urbanization. Despite the great distance from the distribution center of the species (Africa), D. malerkotliana presented high polymorphism of chromosomal inversions. In the locality of Rio Doce, inversions In(IIL)24B-39A and In(IIL)21-25, occurred with frequencies of 18.5% and 100%, respectively, while inversion In(IIIR)84-88B occurred with a frequency of 100%. In the population of campus UFPE (Recife), also with high urbanization, two inversions were found, In(IIIR)93C-94A and In(IIIL)64A-72A with frequencies of 37.1 and 60%, respectively. In the population of The Parque de Dois Irmãos (Recife), with medium urbanization, four inversions were visualized: In(IIIL)70C-73B (66%); In(IIIR)93C-94A (52%); In(IIL)24B-39A (33%); and In(IIR)50B-51A (33%). In the population of the Charles Darwin Ecological Refuge (Igarassu), of low urbanization, only the inversion In(IIIR)100A-98B(?) was found. −88(?), with 100% frequency. These data suggest that the polymorphism of inversions is higher in localities with greater urbanization, possibly due to the longer colonization time, which allowed the accumulation of genetic variations.