scholarly journals Population genetics of three threatened catfish species in heterogeneous environments of the Cauca River, Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Restrepo-Escobar ◽  
Anny Johanna Yepes-Acevedo ◽  
Edna Judith Márquez
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Population Genetics ◽  
Fish Populations ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Threatened Fish ◽  
Hydroelectric Development ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Species Specific

ABSTRACT Neotropical catfishes Ageneiosus pardalis, Pimelodus grosskopfii and Sorubim cuspicaudus are migratory fishes of commercial importance that exhibit decreasing populations due to overfishing and other anthropic interventions. This study used species-specific microsatellite loci to test the hypothesis that threatened fish populations show genetic vulnerability signs and are genetically structured in the middle and lower sections of the Cauca River. The studied species exhibit genetic diversity levels higher than the average values reported for Neotropical Siluriformes; however, they seem to have suffered recent bottlenecks and they present significant endogamy levels that are higher for the critically endangered catfish P. grosskopfii. Furthermore, both Ageneiosus pardalis and S. cuspicaudus are each formed by one genetic group, while Pimelodus grosskopfii comprises two coexisting genetic groups. The information obtained in this study is useful for the decision making in management plans that are appropriate for the sustainability of these three species populations within the proposal for the expansion of the hydroelectric development and other anthropic activities.

scholarly journals Development of microsatellite loci and population genetics of the catfish Pimelodus yuma (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristhian Danilo Joya ◽  
Ricardo Marcel Landínez-García ◽  
Edna Judith Márquez
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Genetics ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Lower Section ◽  
Habitat Disturbances ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Species Specific

ABSTRACT Pimelodus yuma (formerly Pimelodus blochii) is a freshwater fish, endemic to the Colombian Magdalena-Cauca and Caribbean basins that experiences habitat disturbances resulting from anthropogenic activities. Due to the lack of information about the population genetics of this species, this study developed 14 species-specific microsatellite loci to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of samples from the lower section of the Cauca River. The studied species showed genetic diversity levels higher than the average values reported for Neotropical Siluriformes and significant inbreeding levels as was described for some congeners. Furthermore, P. yuma comprises two coexisting genetic groups that exhibit gene flow along the lower section of the Cauca River. This information constitutes a baseline for future monitoring of the genetic diversity and population structure in an anthropic influenced sector of the Magdalena-Cauca basin.

scholarly journals Phylogeography and genetic variability of the Arnica montana chemotypes in NW Iberian Peninsula

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Vera ◽  
R. Romero ◽  
M. A. Rodríguez-Guitián ◽  
R. M. Barros ◽  
C. Real ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽  
Arnica Montana ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Chloroplast Markers ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Western Spain ◽  
North Western

AbstractThe threatened European species Arnica montana L. is a plant much appreciated in the pharmaceutical industry, Galicia (North-Western Spain) being one of the main supply regions. Two chemotypes based on the content of sesquiterpene lactones have been found in this area: a chemotype dominated by helenalins, common in Central Europe, and another dominated by dihydrohelenalins, only found currently in Galicia. The aim of this work was to analyse the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of Arnica montana in Galicia and their concordance with previous biochemical and environmental information. Two polymorphic chloroplast markers were sequenced in individuals from populations showing significant biochemical differences and situated in different environments (heathland, hay-meadow and peatland). Three haplotypes, different from those previously described in Europe, were found in Galicia and our results suggest that one of them could be ancestral inside the species. Significant population differentiation was detected in the studied area but genetic diversity within populations was low, only showing variability in heathland populations. This study is the first one describing the genetic diversity of Arnica montana in the extreme SW of Europe. The results suggested the presence of two different genetic groups (one of them ancestral) and were congruent with the two chemotypes described. Plants from heathlands displayed the highest variability because the two chemotypes were present in them. Future design of conservation and economical management plans for this threatened species should take into account this genetic variability and prioritize further genetic and chemical characterizations across the distribution range of the species.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Demographic History of the Shaggy Soft-Haired Mouse Abrothrix hirta (Cricetidae; Abrotrichini)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourdes Valdez ◽  
Guillermo D’Elía
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Local Fauna ◽  
Recent Population Expansion ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
History Of ◽  
Species Specific

Genetic information on species can inform decision making regarding conservation of biodiversity since the response of organisms to changing environments depend, in part, on their genetic makeup. Territories of central-southern Chile and Argentina have undergone a varying degree of impact during the Quaternary, where the response of local fauna and flora was rather species-specific. Here, we focus on the sigmodontine rodent Abrothrix hirta, distributed from 35° S in Chile and Argentina to northern Tierra del Fuego. Based on 119,226 transcriptome-derived SNP loci from 46 individuals of A. hirta, we described the geographic distribution of the genetic diversity of this species using a maximum likelihood tree, principal component and admixture analyses. We also addressed the demographic history of the main intraspecific lineages of A. hirta using GADMA. We found that A. hirta exhibited four allopatric intraspecific lineages. Three main genetic groups were identified by a Principal Component Analysis and by Ancestry analysis. The demographic history of A. hirta was characterized by recent population stability for populations at the northernmost part of the range, while southern populations experienced a recent population expansion.

scholarly journals Chapter 4. Evolutionary forces at work in fish populations

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Santos
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Genetics ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Fish Populations ◽  
Small Populations ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Aquatic Conservation ◽  
Evolutionary Forces

<p>This chapter of CONΣERV IT deals with the following questions in aquatic conservation:</p><p>- How do escapees from aquaculture affect genetically salmon populations in rivers?<br />- What are the time-scales of change in the gene pool of fish?<br />- Can we eradicate undesirable traits from fish stocks?<br />- Are small populations more or less affected by immigration?<br />- What genetic diversity can we expect from large stocks in the sea?<br />- How much, and how to avoid inbreeding in broodstocks used in fish farming?</p><p> </p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3514/138" target="_blank">Population genetics migration selection deterministic</a></p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3514/139" target="_blank">Population genetics drift stochastic macro</a>

scholarly journals Comprehensive genotyping of a Brazilian cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) germplasm bank: insights into diversification and domestication

2021 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 1343-1362
Author(s):  
Alex C. Ogbonna ◽  
Luciano Rogerio Braatz de Andrade ◽  
Lukas A. Mueller ◽  
Eder Jorge de Oliveira ◽  
Guillaume J. Bauchet
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Germplasm Bank ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Population Structure Analysis ◽  
Modern Breeding

Abstract Key message Brazilian cassava diversity was characterized through population genetics and clustering approaches, highlighting contrasted genetic groups and spatial genetic differentiation. Abstract Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a major staple root crop of the tropics, originating from the Amazonian region. In this study, 3354 cassava landraces and modern breeding lines from the Embrapa Cassava Germplasm Bank (CGB) were characterized. All individuals were subjected to genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), identifying 27,045 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Identity-by-state and population structure analyses revealed a unique set of 1536 individuals and 10 distinct genetic groups with heterogeneous linkage disequilibrium (LD). On this basis, a density of 1300–4700 SNP markers were selected for large-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection. Identified genetic groups were further characterized for population genetics parameters including minor allele frequency (MAF), observed heterozygosity $$({H}_{o})$$ ( H o ) , effective population size estimate $$\widehat{{(N}_{e}}$$ ( N e ^ ) and polymorphism information content (PIC). Selection footprints and introgressions of M. glaziovii were detected. Spatial population structure analysis revealed five ancestral populations related to distinct Brazilian ecoregions. Estimation of historical relationships among identified populations suggests an early population split from Amazonian to Atlantic forest and Caatinga ecoregions and active gene flows. This study provides a thorough genetic characterization of ex situ germplasm resources from cassava’s center of origin, South America, with results shedding light on Brazilian cassava characteristics and its biogeographical landscape. These findings support and facilitate the use of genetic resources in modern breeding programs including implementation of association mapping and genomic selection strategies.

The impact on clinical practice of the 2015 reforms to the New South Wales Mental Health Act

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher James Ryan ◽  
Sascha Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Mental Health Act ◽  
Recovery Movement ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Decision Making Model ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: The Mental Health Act 2007 (NSW) ( MHA) was recently reformed in light of the recovery movement and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. We analyse the changes and describe the impact that these reforms should have upon clinical practice. Conclusions: The principles of care and treatment added to the MHA place a strong onus on clinicians to monitor patients’ decision-making capacity, institute a supported decision-making model and obtain consent to any treatment proposed. Patients competently refusing treatment should only be subject to involuntary treatment in extraordinary circumstances. Even when patients incompetently refuse treatment, clinicians must make every effort reasonably practicable to tailor management plans to take account of any views and preferences expressed by them or made known via friends, family or advance statements.

scholarly journals Virus Disinfection and Population Genetics: Toward the Control of Waterborne Virus Diseases by Water Engineering

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syun-suke Kadoya ◽  
Hiroyuki Katayama ◽  
Daisuke Sano
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Genetics ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Virus Evolution ◽  
Diverse Population ◽  
Virus Population ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Sensitivity Change ◽  
Waterborne Virus ◽  
Waterborne Viruses

Abstract Purpose of Review Major waterborne viruses comprise numerous variants rather than only a master sequence and form a genetically diverse population. High genetic diversity is advantageous for adaptation to environmental changes because the highly diverse population likely includes variants resistant to an adverse effect. Disinfection is a broadly employed tool to inactivate pathogens, but due to virus evolvability, waterborne viruses may not be inactivated sufficiently in currently applied disinfection conditions. Here, by focusing on virus population genetics, we explore possibility and factor of emergence of disinfection sensitivity change. Recent Findings To test whether virus population obtains disinfection resistance, the evolutionary experiment developed in the field of population genetics has been applied, indicating the change in disinfection sensitivity. It has been also confirmed that the sensitivity of environmental strains is lower than that of laboratory strains. In some of these studies, genetic diversity within a population less sensitive to disinfection is higher. Researches in virus population genetics have shown the contribution of intra-population genetic diversity to virus population phenotype, so disinfection sensitivity change may attribute to the genetic diversity. Summary The research elucidating a relationship between virus evolution and disinfection has only recently begun, but significant information about the relationship has been accumulated. To develop an effective disinfection strategy for the control of waterborne virus spread, we need to clarify whether disinfection practice truly affects virus outbreaks by refining both laboratory and field experiments related to virus evolution in the disinfection-exerted environment.

Geographic patterns of genetic diversity in North American trees: a continent-wide analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew V. Gougherty
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Genetics ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
Study Characteristics ◽  
Dispersal Traits ◽  
The Last Glacial Maximum ◽  
The Last Glacial

In the northern hemisphere, many species have been reported to have greater genetic diversity in southern populations than northern populations - ostensibly due to migration northward following the last glacial maximum (LGM). The generality of this pattern, while well-established for some taxa, remains unclear for North American trees. To address this issue, I collected published population genetics data for 73 North American tree species, and tested whether genetic diversity was associated with latitude or longitude and whether geographic trends were associated with dispersal traits, range or study characteristics. I found there were no general geographic patterns in genetic diversity, and the strength of the geographic gradients were not associated with any species or study characteristics. Species in the northern and western regions of North America tended to have more species with genetic diversity that declined with latitude, but most species had no significant trend. This work shows that North American trees have complex, individualistic, patterns of genetic diversity that may negate explanation by any particular dispersal trait or range characteristic.

scholarly journals The genetic legacy of fragmentation and overexploitation in the threatened medicinal African pepper-bark tree, Warburgia salutaris

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annae M. Senkoro ◽  
Pedro Talhinhas ◽  
Fernanda Simões ◽  
Paula Batista-Santos ◽  
Charlie M. Shackleton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Diversity Management ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Genetic Diversity Management ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe pepper-bark tree (Warburgia salutaris) is one of the most highly valued medicinal plant species worldwide. Native to southern Africa, this species has been extensively harvested for the bark, which is widely used in traditional health practices. Illegal harvesting coupled with habitat degradation has contributed to fragmentation of populations and a severe decline in its distribution. Even though the species is included in the IUCN Red List as Endangered, genetic data that would help conservation efforts and future re-introductions are absent. We therefore developed new molecular markers to understand patterns of genetic diversity, structure, and gene flow of W. salutaris in one of its most important areas of occurrence (Mozambique). In this study, we have shown that, despite fragmentation and overexploitation, this species maintains a relatively high level of genetic diversity supporting the existence of random mating. Two genetic groups were found corresponding to the northern and southern locations. Our study suggests that, if local extinctions occurred in Mozambique, the pepper-bark tree persisted in sufficient numbers to retain a large proportion of genetic diversity. Management plans should concentrate on maintaining this high level of genetic variability through both in and ex-situ conservation actions.

scholarly journals Morphological and genetic diversity of traditional varieties of agave in Hidalgo State, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Julia Figueredo-Urbina ◽  
Gonzalo D. Álvarez-Ríos ◽  
Mario Adolfo García-Montes ◽  
Pablo Octavio-Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Domestication Syndrome ◽  
Cultural Importance ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Distilled Beverages

Abstract Background: The agaves are plants of cultural importance that have been used by humans for about 10,000 years for about 40 specific uses, of which the most culturally and economically important are fermented (Pulque) and distilled beverages (Mescal). Pulque continues to be produced in nearly all of Mexico, and the agaves used for this propose have shown domestication syndrome and selected morphological characteristics, such as larger plant size (since size is positively related to sap production) and less dentition of the leaves.Methods: In this study, we carry out an ethnobotanical, morphological and genetic analysis of the traditional varieties of pulque agave used in the production of aguamiel (agave sap) and pulque in two localities of the state of Hidalgo. We did semi-structured interviews and tours with crop owners, tlachiqueros (sap harvesters), and people related to the production system. We analyzed the morphology of 111 plants, and we studied the diversity and genetic structure of 130 individuals using 16 nuclear microsatellites.Results: We found wild, tolerated, transplanted, and cultivated varieties of agave. Asexual reproduction was the main method of propagation. We recorded 19 traditional varieties of pulque agave, 12 of them in production during the study, which correspond to the species Agave americana, A. salmiana y A. mapisaga with five intraspecific entities. The varieties were grouped according to a management gradient; the wild varieties were the smallest, with more lateral teeth and a larger terminal spine. The cultivated varieties clearly exhibited domestication syndrome, with larger plants and smaller dentition. The expected heterozygosity (He) of the varieties ranged between 0.204 to 0.721. Bayesian clustering suggested the existence of three genetic groups (K = 3), both at the level of traditional varieties of pulque agaves and for management categories, a result that matches multivariate clustering.Conclusions: Pulque producers in the studied localities, maintain high agrobiodiversity. The cultivated varieties exhibit domestication syndrome, as has been reported for other species of the genus with the same selection purposes. Our results support the hypothesis of a decrease in genetic diversity in crops compared to wild agaves, which seems to be due to vegetative propagation, among other factors.

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