Diversity of sand flies in domiciliary environment of Santarém, state of Pará, Brazil: species composition and abundance patterns in rural and urban areas

This paper aimed to evaluate the richness, abundance and frequency of sand fly occurrence in rural and urban areas American visceral Leishmaniasis -AVL is endemic in the study area of Santarém municipality, Pará state. Sand flies were collected during 1995-2000, using CDC light traps placed in neighborhoods and rural areas of the municipality. A total of 53.454 individuals and 26 species of sand flies were collected. The most abundant species in both urban and rural environments was Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of AVL in the area. The highest species richness by capture was in rural area. In all years sampled, the largest number of species of sand fly collected was always in rural areas. The species of sand flies in urban and rural area were similar in 11 species. In the rural area other 11 species were found, a total of 22 species. Shannon-Wiener index ranged from 0.12 to 0.84 at rural areas and 0.08 to 0.34 at urban ones. In general, rural localities showed higher diversity (H') of phlebotomines than urban ones. Individual-based rarefaction curves for each area demonstrated that urban localities had the lowest expected number of phlebotomine species and the richest rural ones reach higher expected values with lower amount of individuals than urban sites. The most frequent species were Lutzomyia longipalpis, Evandromyia carmelinoi and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata.

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Kadar glukosa darah dan tekanan darah pada penduduk pedesaan dan perkotaan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Journal of Community Empowerment for Health ◽

10.22146/jcoemph.39569 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tasmini Tasmini ◽

Arta Farmawati ◽

Sunarti Sunarti ◽

Pramudji Hastuti ◽

Ahmad Hamim Sadewa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Difference

ABSTRAK Sebagian besar penduduk di daerah pedesaan bertaraf ekonomi menengah ke bawah, memiliki keterbatasan akses informasi, dan memiliki mata pencaharian berbeda dibanding penduduk kota. Bantar Kulon merupakan daerah pedesaan dan Kronggahan adalah daerah perkotaan di Yogyakarta. Mengingat terjadinya pergeseran pola penyakit dari penyakit menular ke penyakit tidak menular serta adanya pengaruh lingkungan dan gaya hidup terhadap terjadinya penyakit degeneratif, dilakukan pengkajian mengenai faktor risiko sindroma metabolik di dua daerah tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah ada perbedaan kadar glukosa darah puasa (GDP) dan tekanan darah (TD), serta keluhan/ penyakit utama pada penduduk di daerah pedesaan dan perkotaan. Sebanyak 71 orang dari Bantar Kulon dan 91 orang dari Kronggahan diperiksa kadar GDP menggunakan GCU Multi-Function Monitoring System (EasyTouch®). Tekanan darah diperiksa menggunakan sphygmomanometer raksa dan otomatis. Faktor risiko GDP dan TD kedua lokasi ditampilkan dalam bentuk deskriptif berdasarkan cut-off (GDP: ≥100mg/dL; TD: ≥140/90 mmHg). Uji t atau Mann Whitney U dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaaan nilai variabel antar kedua lokasi. Hasil dinyatakan berbeda bermakna jika p<0,05. Data keluhan kesehatan ditampilkan secara deskriptif. Tidak ada perbedaan kadar GDP antara desa dan kota (p=0,385). Persentase subjek yang memiliki GDP ≥ 100 mg/dL lebih banyak di kota dibanding desa (42,3% vs 26,4%). Persentase hipertensi berdasarkan pemeriksaan lebih tinggi di kota dibanding desa (50,5% vs 33,8%). Berdasarkan wawancara, keluhan/ penyakit tertinggi pada kedua wilayah adalah hipertensi sebanyak 23 orang (33,82%) di desa dan 30 (32,97%) di kota. Disimpulkan bahwa faktor risiko GDP di atas normal lebih banyak ditemukan di desa sedangkan hipertensi lebih banyak ditemukan di kota. Keluhan/ penyakit utama di kedua wilayah adalah hipertensi.KATA KUNCI kadar glukosa darah; penyakit metabolik; hipertensi; pedesaan; perkotaan ABSTRACT Most people living in rural areas are from lower to middle income class, have limited access to information, and have different occupations compared to those in urban areas. In Yogyakarta, Bantar Kulon is a rural area, while Kronggahan is an urban area. Currently, the pattern of disease is shifting from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases with environment and lifestyle factors as determinants. Thus, it is necessary to study the trends of risk factors for metabolic syndrome in both areas. This study aimed to seek the difference of fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure (BP), and major complaints/illness between rural and urban areas. 71 people from Bantar Kulon and 91 people from Kronggahan were examined for FBG levels using GCU Monitoring System (EasyTouch®). Blood pressures were checked using sphygmomanometer. Risk factors for FBG and BP were presented as frequencies based on cut-offs (FBG: ≥100mg/dL; BP: ≥140/90 mmHg). T-test or Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the difference in variables between both areas. Results were significantly different if p <0.05. Health complaint data were displayed descriptively. There was no difference in FBG level between rural and urban areas (p = 0.385). The percentage of subjects with FBG ≥ 100 mg / dL was higher in Kronggahan than in Bantar Kulon (42.3% vs 26.4%). Based on examination, percentage of hypertension was higher in urban than rural areas (50.5% vs. 33.8%). Based on interviews, the top complaint/ disease in both areas was hypertension. The number of subjects who were diagnosed with hypertension were 23 (33,82%) and 30 (32,97%) from Bantar Kulon and Kronggahan respectively. Impaired fasting glucose was more common in Bantar Kulon (rural area) while hypertension is more common in Kronggahan (urban area). The main complaint / disease in both regions is hypertension.KEYWORDS blood glucose; metabolic syndrome; hypertension; rural area; urban area

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Does the Rural Environment Influence Symptomatology and Optimize the Effectiveness of Disease Acceptance? A Study Among Women With Fibromyalgia

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.658974 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Patricia Catalá ◽

Sheila Blanco ◽

Soledad Perez-Calvo ◽

Octavio Luque-Reca ◽

Dolores Bedmar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Area ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Functional Limitation ◽

Physical Symptoms ◽

Mental Fatigue ◽

Place Of Residence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban

The present study aims to explore whether the symptoms associated with fibromyalgia are contextually influenced by the area of residence (rural/urban). Furthermore, it is analyzed whether the effect of the acceptance of the disease on the emotional, cognitive and physical symptoms is moderated by the patients’ place of residence. Using a cross-sectional design, a total of 234 women with fibromyalgia (mean age = 56.91 years; SD = 8.94) were surveyed, of which 55.13% resided in rural areas and 44.87% in urban areas. Self-reported questionnaires were used to assess pain severity, anxiety and depression, functional limitation, physical and mental fatigue and acceptance of the disease. The results show significant differences in acceptance (p = 0.040), pain (p < 0.001), and physical and mental fatigue (p = 0.003 and p = 0.004, respectively) between patients from rural and urban areas. The rural area patients presented higher levels of acceptance and pain and lesser levels of physical and mental fatigue compared to the urban area. The moderation analysis add that, only in patients from the rural area, the variables of physical symptoms (pain, functional limitation, and physical fatigue) were significantly and negatively associated with acceptance. This study addresses for the first time the role of the place of residence in suffering from fibromyalgia, suggesting that the rural or urban environment plays a relevant role in the severity and/or management of symptoms in fibromyalgia women. Limitations and practical implications are also discussed.

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Transmission dynamics, heterogeneity, and controllability of SARS-CoV-2 in the rural area

10.21203/rs.3.rs-360060/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuying Li ◽

Taojun Hu ◽

Xin Gai ◽

Yunjun Zhang ◽

Xiao-Hua Zhou

Keyword(s):

Rural Area ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Control Measures ◽

Transmission Dynamics ◽

Reproductive Number ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Government ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract BackgroundsFew studies examine the transmission dynamics and heterogeneity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in rural areas and clarify rural–urban differences. Moreover, the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) relative to that of vaccination in rural areas is uncertain.MethodsWe addressed this knowledge gap using an improved statistical stochastic method based on the Galton–Watson branching process considering both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. Data were collected from the epidemiological records of 1136 SARS-2-CoV infections after the rural outbreak in Hebei, China, between 2 January and 20 February 2021.ResultsThe estimated average reproductive number R and dispersion parameter k (k < 1 indicating strong heterogeneity) in the rural area were 0.55 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45–0.68) and 0.14 (95% CI: 0.10–0.20), respectively. Although age group and contact-type distributions significantly differed between urban and rural areas, the \(R\) and \(k\) did not. Further, simulation results based on pre-control parameters (R = 0.81, k = 0.27) showed that in the vaccination scenario (80% efficacy and 55% coverage), the cumulative secondary infections will be reduced by more than half; however, NPIs are more effective than vaccinating 65% of the population. The presence of asymptomatic infections might affect the estimation of R but showed no significant effect on estimating transmission heterogeneity.ConclusionThe government should pay equal value to SARS-CoV-2 transmission in rural and urban areas and conduct specific prevention and control measures in rural areas. Older adults and children should receive particular attention in such policies, and community contact should be minimized. Moreover, the government must consider a country’s economy and governance when conducting vaccination and NPIs.

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Research on Improving Human Settlement of New Rural Areas in Hangzhou Suburb

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2844 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 524-527 ◽

pp. 2844-2848

Author(s):

Yue Zhang ◽

Ying Xu ◽

Jia Zhang

Keyword(s):

Rural Area ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

System Reform ◽

Public Facility ◽

Human Settlement ◽

Rural Space ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Rural Land System

Rural area at the rural-urban fringe, has significant rural space and environment appearance, forming a particularly special rural region. The system function of rural area human settlement is facing disorder, chaos, transition, and other development problems due to policy influence, profit-driven factors, and vandalism. This article discussed how to improve collaborative development of contemporary new rural area human settlement of Hangzhou suburb, from the aspects of village infrastructure, public facility, preservation of historic buildings, policy and law making, rural land system reform and planning management, under the background that Hangzhou is striving to become an environment-oriented city, building a city of high living standards, constructing a networked metropolitan area, and employing the strategy of collaborative planning of rural and urban areas.

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TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

NORDSCI Conference proceedings, Book 1 Volume 3 ◽

10.32008/nordsci2020/b1/v3/31 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Remus Runcan

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Low Income ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Physical Work ◽

Healthy Environment ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural Development Programme ◽

Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

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Changes in Water Quality of the River das Antas as It Passes through Rural and Urban Areas

Urban Science ◽

10.3390/urbansci5010022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 22

Author(s):

Valdemir Antoneli ◽

Manuel Pulido-Fernández ◽

João Anésio Bednarz ◽

Leonardo Brandes ◽

Michael Vrahnakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Area ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Ph Values ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Feasible Option ◽

Decreasing Ph ◽

The City

The catchment area of River das Antas (Irati, Paraná, Brazil) is of high importance both for human consumption and irrigation. Within Irati, this river passes through a rural area and through the city of Irati, crossing both poor and rich neighbourhoods. We selected three study areas downstream (a rural area, poor community, and rich neighbourhood) in which we measured turbidity, the concentration of sediments and pH during rainy days. Our results showed downstream trends of increasing turbidity and concentrations of sediments with decreasing pH. The values of turbidity and of concentration of sediments were significantly different in the rural area, while the pH values were significantly different between the three study areas. These findings highlight the effect of agricultural activities in the generation of sediments and turbidity. The—presumably expected—effects of organic urban waste from the poor neighbourhood were also detected in the pH values. We conclude that efforts should be made to ensure that land planning and training/education programmes on sustainable farming practices are undertaken by the authorities to reduce water pollution and its effects on water bodies during rainfall events, since paving streets is not a feasible option in the short term due to the high costs associated with this measure.

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Urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, 2008–2012: a cross-sectional analysis of data from 36 cancer registers

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042762 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e042762

Author(s):

Shuai Yuan ◽

Shao-Hua Xie

Keyword(s):

Cancer Incidence ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Cancer Type ◽

Anatomic Site ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Urban Rural

ObjectiveThe substantial differences in socioeconomic and lifestyle exposures between urban and rural areas in China may lead to urban–rural disparity in cancer risk. This study aimed to assess the urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China.MethodsUsing data from 36 regional cancer registries in China in 2008–2012, we compared the age-standardised incidence rates of cancer by sex and anatomic site between rural and urban areas. We calculated the rate difference and rate ratio comparing rates in rural versus urban areas by sex and cancer type.ResultsThe incidence rate of all cancers in women was slightly lower in rural areas than in urban areas, but the total cancer rate in men was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The incidence rates in women were higher in rural areas than in urban areas for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower for cancers of thyroid and breast. Men residing in rural areas had higher incidence rates for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower rates for prostate cancer, lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer, and colorectal cancer.ConclusionsOur findings suggest substantial urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, which varies across cancer types and the sexes. Cancer prevention strategies should be tailored for common cancers in rural and urban areas.

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Relating Household Consumption Expenditures to Road Traffic Fatalities: A Rural–Urban Study

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/03611981211033281 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 036119812110332

Author(s):

Ruchika Agarwala ◽

Vinod Vasudevan

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Traffic Safety ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Household Consumption ◽

Household Expenditure ◽

Traffic Fatality ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Relationship

Research shows that traffic fatality risk is generally higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In developing countries, vehicle ownership and investments in public transportation typically increase with economic growth. These two factors together increase the vehicle population, which in turn affects traffic safety. This paper presents a study focused on the relationship of various factors—including household consumption expenditure data—with traffic fatality in rural and urban areas and thereby aims to fill some of the gaps in the literature. One such gap is the impacts of personal and non-personal modes of travel on traffic safety in rural versus urban areas in developing countries which remains unexplored. An exhaustive panel data modeling approach is adopted. One important finding of this study is that evidence exists of a contrasting relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality in rural and urban areas. The relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality is observed to be positive in rural areas and a negative in urban areas. Increases in most expenditure variables, such as fuel, non-personal modes of travel, and two-wheeler expenditures, are found to be associated with an increase in traffic fatality in rural areas.

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Komparácia pro-poor rastu vo vidieckych a mestských oblastiach Indonézie

10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-16 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Barbora Frličková

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Poor People ◽

Average Income ◽

Poor Growth ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Poverty And Inequality ◽

Partial Period ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

The paper analyses construction and use of a selected indicator of pro-poor growth – the rate of pro-poor growth. It further explains the interpretation of this indicator in absolute and relative terms and indicates how economic growth affects poverty and inequality. The selected indicator is applied to the example of Indonesia and compares pro-poor growth in urban and rural areas of the country, examines regional disparities in terms of pro-poor growth for the period 1996–2019. From the absolute interpretation, pro-poor growth is observed in both urban and rural areas over the whole period. In relative terms, results of pro-poor growth for the first partial period (1996–2000) differ. While there was a relative pro-poor growth in the rural areas, there was a strong pro-poor growth in the cities with a significant decline in inequality observed (incomes of poor people increased while the average income of the whole population dropped). Indonesia achieved trickle-down growth in both rural and urban areas in two remaining periods (2000–2010 and 2010–2019).

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The Quality of Life of Coronavirus Disease Survivors Living in Rural and Urban Area of Riau Province, Indonesia

Infectious Disease Reports ◽

10.3390/idr14010005 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 33-42

Author(s):

Suyanto Suyanto ◽

Shashi Kandel ◽

Rahmat Azhari Kemal ◽

Arfianti Arfianti

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Status ◽

Rural And Urban Area

This study assesses the status of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among coronavirus survivors living in rural and urban districts in Riau province, Indonesia. The cross-sectional study was conducted among 468 and 285 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) survivors living in rural and urban areas, respectively in August 2021. The St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) was used to measure the HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors. A higher total score domain corresponds to worse quality of life status. Quantile regression with the respect to 50th percentile found a significant association for the factors living in rural areas, being female, having comorbidities, and being hospitalized during treatment, with total score of 4.77, 2.43, 7.22, and 21.27 higher than in their contra parts, respectively. Moreover, having received full vaccination had the score 3.96 in total score. The HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors living in rural areas was significantly lower than in urban areas. Factors such as living in rural areas, female sex, having comorbidities, and history of symptomatic COVID-19 infection were identified as significant predictors for lower quality of life. Meanwhile, having full vaccination is a significant predictor for a better quality of life. The results of this study can provide the targeted recommendations for improvement of HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors.

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