Deep tissue culture and hemoculture in dogs with wounds and sepsis

ABSTRACT: Contaminated and infected wounds occur very frequently in veterinary medicine and can cause systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and death. This study aimed to test the feasibility of collecting wound material by deep-tissue or punch biopsy for microbial culture, determine the frequency of bacteria in the wound(s) and blood cultures and the susceptibility of these microbes to antimicrobials, and evaluate clinical parameters that could be related to prognosis. Thirty dogs with wounds and signs of SIRS/sepsis were included in this study. Bacteria were isolated from all wounds and 41 bacterial isolates could be identified based on culture of the materials collected by punch biopsy; 53.66% of the isolates were gram-negative, mainly involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus spp., and 46.34% were gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. The survival rate was 66.67%. Based on blood culture analysis, we identified bacteremia in seven patients, predominantly of gram-negative bacteria, which negatively affected patient survival, as six dogs died. Hypoglycemia (≤60mg/dL) and severe hyperglycemia (≥180mg/dL) also negatively affected survival as 23.33% of the hypo/hyperglycemic dogs died. Factors such as blood lactate level at admission and hematocrit levels, and mean arterial pressure were not significantly correlated with death or survival of the dogs.

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Survey on bacterial contamination of bidet toilets and relation to the interval of scrubbing these units

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2019.234 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 863-869

Author(s):

Akira Tsunoda ◽

Yoshihito Otsuka ◽

Akihiro Toguchi ◽

Kumiko Watanabe ◽

Ryou Nishino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Bacterial Contamination ◽

District Hospital ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Wide Range ◽

Enterococcus Spp ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

Abstract We conducted a survey to investigate the distribution of bacteria recovered from the bidet toilets at a district hospital. The nozzle surface and spray water of 192 bidet toilets were sampled for contamination. Of the 192 toilets sampled, the nozzle surface of 167 (87%) and the spray water of 181 (94%) were found to be contaminated by one or more of the following organisms: Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., non-glucose-fermenting rods, other Gram-negative bacteria, other Gram-positive bacteria, and Candida spp. An extended spectrum of β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli was found in one nozzle surface and one spray water. The frequency of colonization with 104 or more recovered from the nozzle surface was significantly greater in the toilets scrubbed every week than that in the units scrubbed every day, but that from the spray water was not significantly different between the groups. The nozzle surface and the spray water in the bidet toilets were contaminated with a wide range of bacteria. Because the interval of scrubbing the toilets did not have an influence on the contamination of the spray water, self-cleaning mechanisms of spray water should be developed to prevent patients' possible infections.

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A Comparison of Tissue versus Swab Culturing of Infected Diabetic Foot Wounds

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2016/8198714 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Ying Huang ◽

Ying Cao ◽

Mengchen Zou ◽

Xiangrong Luo ◽

Ya Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Foot ◽

Prospective Trial ◽

Punch Biopsy ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Deep Tissue ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Diabetic Foot Infection ◽

E Coli ◽

Grade 3 ◽

Tissue Specimens

Objective. To compare the efficacy of swabbing versus tissue biopsy for microbiological diagnosis of diabetic foot infection.Methods. This was a prospective trial. Fifty-six patients with diabetic foot infection were divided into the following 3 groups according to the PEDIS grading system: grade 2 (n=10), grade 3 (n=29), and grade 4 (n=17). Two specimens were collected from each wound for microbial culturing after debridement, including a superficial swab and a deep tissue punch biopsy specimen.Results. Swab culturing identified all of the microorganisms isolated from the corresponding deep tissue specimens in 9/10 of grade 2 wounds (90.0%), and this proportion decreased to 12/29 (41.4%) and 7/17 (41.2%) for grades 3 and 4 wounds, respectively (p=0.02). Moreover, the sensitivity for identifying Gram-negative bacteria, such asE. coliandCitrobacter, by swabbing was low (33.3%). In addition, some Gram-negative bacteria, such asSerratiaandRalstonia pickettii, were isolated from deep tissues but not from swabs.Conclusions. Swab culturing may be reliable for identification of pathogens in diabetic foot wounds classified as grade 2. However, it is advisable to culture deep tissue specimens for wounds of grade ≥3 because swab culturing is associated with a high risk of missing pathogens, especially Gram-negative bacteria.

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Ludwig’s Angina: Clinical Profile and Microbiology with Antibiotic Resistance and Sensitivity at Referral Hospital

International Journal Of Scientific Advances ◽

10.51542/ijscia.v2i6.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Muhamad Saifuddin ◽

Sahudi Sahudi

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Empirical Therapy ◽

Odontogenic Infection ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Management Protocol ◽

Common Etiology ◽

Considerable Resistance ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

Objective: To assess the distribution of sex and age, comorbidity factors, etiology, management protocol, isolated organisms, antibiotic resistance and sensitivity. Material and Methods: Retrospective observational study based on medical records in 2007 – 2016 and microbiological examination data from 2012 – 2016. Results: The proportion of males was greater than females 1.8 (71): 1 (29). Mean age 41 ±SD 16.99. The most comorbidity diagnoses were type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) 24.5% (27) and the most complications were sepsis 21.8% (24). The most common etiology was odontogenic infection 92%. Patients underwent drainage incisions and were treated with empiric ceftriaxone and metronidazole for an average of 7 days of treatment. Outcomes recovery were 93.7% (102) and were death 5.4% (6). The three most common types of bacteria as the etiology were Enterobacter spp. 32% (9), Streptococcus spp. 25% (7), Staphylococcus spp. 18% (5). Ceftriaxone showed considerable resistance to gram-negative bacteria as well as to gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus spp.). Conclusion: The ratio of male to female was 1.8:1 and odontogenic infection was 92%. DM increases the risk of complications of sepsis and prolongs the day of care. A drainage incision should be performed immediately. Gram negative bacteria were the most common bacteria found. The efficacy of using ceftriaxone as empirical therapy needs to be reviewed.

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Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Pathogenic Bacteria in Patients With Chronic Cutaneous Wounds in China

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2021.609584 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Haonan Guan ◽

Wei Dong ◽

Yechen Lu ◽

Minfei Jiang ◽

Di Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Chronic Wounds ◽

Microbial Culture ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Cutaneous Wounds ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Positive Rate ◽

Susceptibility Tests ◽

Resistance Rates

Background: To determine the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of pathogenic bacteria in patients with chronic cutaneous wounds on a national scale.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using the data recorded between January 1, 2018 and January1, 2020 in 195 hospitals across China. After screening the data, 815 patients with chronic wounds were finally analyzed. The data collected included information about the patients' general condition and local cutaneous wound assessments, especially microbial culture and antibiotic susceptibility tests. The analyses were performed using SPSS Version 26.Results: The study included 815 patients (290 [35.6%] females; 63 [50–74] years). The most common causes of chronic cutaneous wounds were diabetes (183, 22.5%), infection (178, 21.8%), and pressure (140, 17.2%). Among these, 521(63.9%) samples tested yielded microbial growth, including 70 (13.4%) polymicrobial infection and 451 (86.6%) monomicrobial infection. The positive rate of microbial culture was highest in wound tissue of ulcers caused by infection (87.6%), followed by pressure (77.1%), diabetes (68.3%), and venous diseases (67.7%). Bates-Jensen wound assessment tool (BWAT) scores >25 and wounds that lasted for more than 3 months had a higher positive rate of microbial culture. BWAT scores >25 and wounds in the rump, perineum, and feet were more likely to exhibit polymicrobial infection. A total of 600 strains were isolated, of which 46.2% (277 strains) were Gram-positive bacteria, 51.3% (308 strains) were Gram-negative bacteria, and 2.5% (15 strains) were fungi. The most common bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (29.2%), Escherichia coli (11.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.0%), Proteus mirabilis (8.0%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.8%). The susceptibility tests showed that 116 cultured bacteria were Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains. The resistance rates of S. aureus were 92.0% (161/175) to penicillin, 58.3% (102/175) to erythromycin, and 50.9% (89/175) to clindamycin. Vancomycin was the most effective antibiotic (0% resistance rate) against all Gram-positive bacteria. Besides, the resistance rates of E. coli were 68.1% (47/69) to ampicillin, 68.1% (47/69) to ciprofloxacin, 60.9% (42/69) to levofloxacin. However, all the isolated Gram-negative bacteria showed low resistance rates to tigecycline (3.9%) and amikacin (3.6%).Conclusions: The distribution of bacteria isolated from chronic cutaneous wounds varies with the BWAT scores, causes, duration, and the location of wounds. Multidrug resistance is a serious health issue, and therefore antibiotics used in chronic wounds must be under strict regulation. Our findings may help clinicians in making informed decisions regarding antibiotic therapy.

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Rapid demonstration of septic or infectious arthritis due to Gram-negative bacteria

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100123830 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 686-687

Author(s):

Jacob S. Hanker ◽

Paul R. Gross ◽

Beverly L. Giammara

Keyword(s):

Chronic Arthritis ◽

Blood Cultures ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Infectious Arthritis ◽

Bacterial Arthritis ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria

Blood cultures are positive in approximately only 50 per cent of the patients with nongonococcal bacterial infectious arthritis and about 20 per cent of those with gonococcal arthritis. But the concept that gram-negative bacteria could be involved even in chronic arthritis is well-supported. Gram stains are more definitive in staphylococcal arthritis caused by gram-positive bacteria than in bacterial arthritis due to gram-negative bacteria. In the latter situation where gram-negative bacilli are the problem, Gram stains are helpful for 50% of the patients; they are only helpful for 25% of the patients, however, where gram-negative gonococci are the problem. In arthritis due to gram-positive Staphylococci. Gramstained smears are positive for 75% of the patients.

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Antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles prepared by Calcination method

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance ◽

10.25258/ijpqa.10.3.25 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (03) ◽

Author(s):

Elaf Ayad Kadhem ◽

Miaad Hamzah Zghair ◽

Sarah , Hussam H. Tizkam, Shoeb Alahmad Salih Mahdi ◽

Hussam H. Tizkam ◽

Shoeb Alahmad

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Magnesium Oxide ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Agar Disc

magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were prepared by simple wet chemical method using different calcination temperatures. The prepared NPs were characterized by Electrostatic Discharge (ESD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). It demonstrates sharp intensive peak with the increase of crystallinty and increase of the size with varying morphologies with respect to increase of calcination temperature. Antibacterial studies were done on gram negative bacteria (E.coli) and gram positive bacteria (S.aureus) by agar disc diffusion method. The zones of inhibitions were found larger for gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria, this mean, antibacterial MgO NPs activity more active on gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria because of the structural differences. It was found that antibacterial activity of MgO NPs was found it has directly proportional with their concentration.

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BAKTERI PADA KARANG SCLERACTINIA DI KAWASAN PERAIRAN BUNAKEN, MOROTAI DAN RAJA AMPAT

JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS ◽

10.35800/jplt.8.1.2020.28110 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 122

Author(s):

Eghbert Eghbert Elvan Eghbert Elvan Ampou ◽

Iis Iis Triyulianti ◽

Nuryani Widagti ◽

Suciadi Catur Nugroho ◽

Yuli Pancawati

Keyword(s):

Scleractinian Coral ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Hard Coral ◽

Field Sampling ◽

Bacterial Isolation ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Coral Mucus ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria

Research on hard coral (Scleractinian coral) contaminated with bacteria is still not much done, especially in Indonesian waters. This study took samples of coral mucus in 2010 at 3 (three) different locations, namely Bunaken (May); Morotai (September) and Raja Ampat (November), which focused on the analysis of Research on hard coral (Scleractinian coral) contaminated with bacteria is still not much done, especially in Indonesian waters. This study took samples of coral mucus in 2010 at 3 (three) different locations, namely Bunaken (May); Morotai (September) and Raja Ampat (November), which focused on the analysis of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The method used for field sampling is time swim, which is by diving at a depth of 5-10 meters for ± 30 minutes and randomly taking samples of coral mucus using siring or by taking directly on corals (reef branching). Mucus samples were analyzed by bacterial isolation in the laboratory. The result shows that there were differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in the three research sites and that gram-positive bacteria were higher or dominant. Further research that can identify the bacteria species and explain its relationship to the ecosystem is highly recommended.Keywords: Bacteria, Scleractinian coral, gram-positive and -negative, Bunaken, Morotai, Raja Ampat AbstrakPenelitian tentang karang keras (Scleractinian coral) yang terkontaminasi bakteri masih belum banyak dilakukan, terutama di perairan Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengambil sampel mucus karang pada tahun 2010 di 3 (tiga) lokasi berbeda, yakni Bunaken (Mei); Morotai (September) dan Raja Ampat (November), yang difokuskan pada analisis bakteri gram postif dan gram negatif. Metode yang digunakan untuk pengambilan sampel di lapangan adalah time swim, yaitu dengan penyelaman pada kedalaman 5-10 meter selama ±30 menit dan mengambil sampel mucus karang secara acak menggunakan siring atau dengan mengambil langsung pada karang (fraksi cabang). Sampel mucus dianalisis dengan cara isolasi bakteri di laboratorium. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan antara bakteri gram positif dan gram negative di tiga lokasi survei dan bakteri gram positif lebih tinggi atau dominan. Penelitian lebih lanjut yang dapat menentukan jenis bakteri serta menjelaskan hubungannya dengan ekosistem sangat disarankan untuk dilakukan.Kata Kunci : Bakteri, Scleractinian coral, gram positif dan negatif, Bunaken, Morotai, Raja Ampat

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N-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots as Fluorescent Bioimaging Agents

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11070789 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 789

Author(s):

Shih-Fu Ou ◽

Ya-Yun Zheng ◽

Sin-Jen Lee ◽

Shyi-Tien Chen ◽

Chien-Hui Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantum Dots ◽

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Graphene Quantum Dots ◽

Carbon Quantum Dots ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Fluorescence Characteristics ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

Graphene quantum dots, carbon nanomaterials with excellent fluorescence characteristics, are advantageous for use in biological systems owing to their small size, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility. We used the hydrothermal method to prepare functional N-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) from 1,3,6-trinitropyrene and analyzed their ability to fluorescently stain various bacteria. Our results showed that N-CQDs stain the cell septa and membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonellaenteritidis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. The optimal concentration of N-CQDs was approximately 500 ppm for Gram-negative bacteria and 1000 ppm for Gram-positive bacteria, and the exposure times varied with bacteria. N-Doped carbon quantum dots have better light stability and higher photobleaching resistance than the commercially available FM4-64. When excited at two different wavelengths, N-CQDs can emit light of both red and green wavelengths, making them ideal for bioimaging. They can also specifically stain Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell membranes. We developed an inexpensive, relatively easy, and bio-friendly method to synthesize an N-CQD composite. Additionally, they can serve as a universal bacterial membrane-staining dye, with better photobleaching resistance than commercial dyes.

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Gram-positive bacteria cell wall-derived lipoteichoic acid induces inflammatory alveolar bone loss through prostaglandin E production in osteoblasts

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-92744-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tsukasa Tominari ◽

Ayumi Sanada ◽

Ryota Ichimaru ◽

Chiho Matsumoto ◽

Michiko Hirata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Bone Loss ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Osteoclast Differentiation ◽

Lipoteichoic Acid ◽

Alveolar Bone Loss ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria

AbstractPeriodontitis is an inflammatory disease associated with severe alveolar bone loss and is dominantly induced by lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria; however, the role of Gram-positive bacteria in periodontal bone resorption remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major cell-wall factor of Gram-positive bacteria, on the progression of inflammatory alveolar bone loss in a model of periodontitis. In coculture of mouse primary osteoblasts and bone marrow cells, LTA induced osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. LTA enhanced the production of PGE2 accompanying the upregulation of the mRNA expression of mPGES-1, COX-2 and RANKL in osteoblasts. The addition of indomethacin effectively blocked the LTA-induced osteoclast differentiation by suppressing the production of PGE2. Using ex vivo organ cultures of mouse alveolar bone, we found that LTA induced alveolar bone resorption and that this was suppressed by indomethacin. In an experimental model of periodontitis, LTA was locally injected into the mouse lower gingiva, and we clearly detected alveolar bone destruction using 3D-μCT. We herein demonstrate a new concept indicating that Gram-positive bacteria in addition to Gram-negative bacteria are associated with the progression of periodontal bone loss.

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Pyelonephritis in Pediatric Uropathic Patients: Differences from Community-Acquired Ones and Therapeutic Protocol Considerations. A 10-Year Single-Center Retrospective Study

Children ◽

10.3390/children8060436 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 436

Author(s):

Giovanni Parente ◽

Tommaso Gargano ◽

Stefania Pavia ◽

Chiara Cordola ◽

Marzia Vastano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Success Rate ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Klebsiella Spp

Pyelonephritis (PN) represents an important cause of morbidity in the pediatric population, especially in uropathic patients. The aim of the study is to demonstrate differences between PNs of uropathic patients and PNs acquired in community in terms of uropathogens involved and antibiotic sensitivity; moreover, to identify a proper empiric therapeutic strategy. A retrospective study was conducted on antibiograms on urine cultures from PNs in vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) patients admitted to pediatric surgery department and from PNs in not VUR patients admitted to Pediatric Emergency Unit between 2010 and 2020. We recorded 58 PNs in 33 patients affected by VUR and 112 PNs in the not VUR group. The mean age of not VUR patients at the PN episode was 1.3 ± 2.6 years (range: 20 days of life–3 years), and almost all the urine cultures, 111 (99.1%), isolated Gram-negative bacteria and rarely, 1 (0.9%), Gram-positive bacteria. The Gram-negative uropathogens isolated were Escherichia coli (97%), Proteus mirabilis (2%), and Klebsiella spp. (1%). The only Gram-positive bacteria isolated was an Enterococcus faecalis. As regards the antibiograms, 96% of not VUR PNs responded to beta-lactams, 99% to aminoglycosides, and 80% to sulfonamides. For the VUR group, mean age was 3.0 years ± 3.0 years (range: 9 days of life–11 years) and mean number of episodes per patient was 2.0 ± 1.0 (range: 1–5); 83% of PNs were by Gram-negatives bacteria vs. 17% by Gram-positive: the most important Gram-negative bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (44%), Escherichia coli (27%), and Klebsiella spp. (12%), while Enterococcus spp. determined 90% of Gram-positive UTIs. Regimen ampicillin/ceftazidime (success rate: 72.0%) was compared to ampicillin/amikacin (success rate of 83.0%): no statistically significant difference was found (p = 0.09). The pathogens of PNs in uropathic patients are different from those of community-acquired PNs, and clinicians should be aware of their peculiar antibiotic susceptibility. An empiric therapy based on the association ampicillin + ceftazidime is therefore suggested.

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