Evolution of uterine cervical cancer mortality from 1979 to 1998 in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

A decrease in uterine cervical cancer (CC) mortality has been observed in developed countries. However, mortality data in Brazil suggest that CC is one of the most frequent causes of cancer death in women; it is the fourth cause of death from cancer in women in Rio Grande Sul State. A time-trend ecological study was performed to analyze CC mortality trends in Rio Grande do Sul from 1979 to 1998. Data were collected from the Mortality Information System, Brazilian Ministry of Health (DATASUS). Standardized mortality ratios were calculated and linear regression was used for time-trend analysis. The impact of cervical cancer death on life expectancy was also estimated for the study population using potential years of life lost (PYLL). Standardized mortality ratios during the study period revealed a positive linear trend of 0.17, and the mean annual mortality rate was 7.58/100,000. Cervical cancer accounted for 21.9 ± 1.33 PYLL during the period. In conclusion, although CC is a preventable and curable disease, an increase is observed in mortality from this cause in Rio Grande do Sul State, which may suggest failure in screening programs for cervical cancer.

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Cohort study of ageing from Bagé (SIGa-Bagé), Brazil: profile and methodology

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11078-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Elaine Thumé ◽

Marciane Kessler ◽

Karla P. Machado ◽

Bruno P. Nunes ◽

Pamela M. Volz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Health Care ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Primary Health Care ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Cognitive Testing ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Primary Health ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background The Bagé Cohort Study of Ageing is a population-based cohort study that has recently completed the first follow-up of a representative sample of older adults from Bagé, a city with more than 100,000 inhabitants located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This is one of the first longitudinal studies to assess the impact of primary health care coverage on health conditions and inequalities. Our aim is to investigate the prevalence, incidence and trends of risk factors, health behaviours, social relationships, non-communicable diseases, geriatric diseases and disorders, hospitalisation, self-perceived health, and all-cause and specific-cause mortality. In addition, we aim to evaluate socioeconomic and health inequalities and the impact of primary health care on the outcomes under study. Methods/design The study covers participants aged 60 or over, selected by probabilistic (representative) sampling of the urban area of the city of Bagé, which is covered by Primary Health Care Services. The baseline examination included 1593 older adults and was conducted from July 2008 to November 2008. After eight to nine years (2016/2017), the first follow-up was conducted from September 2016 to August 2017. All participants underwent an extensive core assessment programme including structured interviews, questionnaires, cognitive testing (baseline and follow-up), physical examinations and anthropometric measurements (follow-up). Results Of the original participants, 1395 (87.6%) were located for follow-up: 757 elderly individuals (47.5%) were re-interviewed, but losses in data transfer occurred for 22. The remaining 638 (40.1%) had died. In addition, we had 81 (5.1%) refusals and 117 (7.3%) losses. Among the 1373 older adults who were followed down, there was a higher proportion of female interviewees (p=0.042) and a higher proportion of male deaths (p=0.001) in 2016/2017. There were no differences in losses and refusals according to gender (p=0.102). There was a difference in average age between the interviewees (68.8 years; SD ±6.5) and non-interviewees (73.2 years; SD ±9.0) (p<0.001). Data are available at the Department of Social Medicine in Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for any collaboration.

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Bovine rabies in Rio Grande do Sul: positivity rates, geographical distribution, and seasonal occurrence

Acta Veterinaria Brasilica ◽

10.21708/avb.2021.15.4.10072 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 267-274

Author(s):

Bruno Egídio Cappelari ◽

Jéssica Grace da Silveira ◽

Julio César de Almeida Rosa ◽

José Carlos Ferreira ◽

Giovana Dantas

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Geographical Distribution ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Viral Encephalitis ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Laboratory Diagnosis ◽

Seasonal Occurrence ◽

Human Rabies ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

The Impact

Rabies is a zoonotic disease characterized by acute viral encephalitis. It is almost 100% fatal for infected animals. While cases of human rabies have still been registered in Brazil, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul rabies is considered a controlled disease in urban areas. However, the transmission of bovine rabies – which has been largely associated with the Desmodus rotundus bat – is endemic. Additionally, there are estimates that only 10% of rabies cases are reported. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the positivity rates, geographical distribution, and seasonal occurrence of bovine rabies in RS, as well as the sampling practices in rabies surveillance. Using samples submitted for laboratory diagnosis from 2016 to 2019, we conducted a retrospective study of the sample results, positivity rates, and seasonal occurrence of rabies in cattle. Throughout these four years, less than a third of state municipalities sent samples for diagnosis, suggesting that the occurrence of rabies might still be underestimated in non-sampled areas. A higher number of rabies cases were reported in 2019, a year in which the most diagnosed samples and the highest positivity percentages were recorded. However, the case numbers registered between 2016 and 2019 were not significantly different. We found that the summer and autumn months presented statistically different positivity rates. Besides this, we did not find any positive D. rotundus samples, despite the positivity rates for bovine rabies. Active surveillance, especially of bat populations and under-sampled regions, must be strengthened to correctly estimate the impact of rabies.

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Asthma Mortality in Canada, 1946 to 1990

Canadian Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1155/1995/921501 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 61-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Robert S Hogg ◽

Martin T Schechter ◽

Julio SG Montaner ◽

James C Hogg

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Population Based ◽

Years Of Life Lost ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Statistics Canada ◽

Standardized Mortality Ratios ◽

The Impact ◽

Asthma Mortality

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of asthma on Canadian mortality rates over a 45-year period.DESIGN: A descriptive, population-based study.SETTING: Canada.SUBJECTS: All persons who died from asthma in Canada from 1946 to 1990 as reported to Statistics Canada in Ottawa.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Standardized mortality ratios, age-specific patterns of death, potential years of life lost (PYLL) and life expectancy lost.RESULTS: A total of 12,010 male and 8486 female asthma deaths were recorded in Canada from 1946 to 1990. Mortality rates for both sexes declined from a high of between three to six deaths in 1951 to 1955 to approximately two deaths per 100,000 in 1986 to 1990, with the decline in rates being greater for males than females. Age-specific mortality rates were highest al all ages in 1951 to 1955, except for 15 to 24 years when deaths rates for the 1981 to 1985 period were greater. PYLL exhibit the same pattern as mortality, peaking in 1951 to 1955 and subsequently declining with each period. Loss in life expectancy due to asthma was about one month (not significant) in all time periods.CONCLUSIONS: Asthma mortality rates have declined significantly over the study period. This decline appears to be linked with the convergence of sex-specific rates and with changes in the patterning or age-specific mortality. The impact of asthma on the life expectancy of Canadians is small.

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An appropriate data set size for digital soil mapping in Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832013000200007 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 359-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Alexandre ten Caten ◽

Ricardo Simão Diniz Dalmolin ◽

Fabrício de Araújo Pedron ◽

Luis Fernando Chimelo Ruiz ◽

Carlos Antônio da Silva

Keyword(s):

Rio Grande ◽

Northern Region ◽

Soil Mapping ◽

Digital Soil Mapping ◽

Digital Information ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Predictive Capacity ◽

Data Set ◽

Data Volume ◽

The Impact

Digital information generates the possibility of a high degree of redundancy in the data available for fitting predictive models used for Digital Soil Mapping (DSM). Among these models, the Decision Tree (DT) technique has been increasingly applied due to its capacity of dealing with large datasets. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the data volume used to generate the DT models on the quality of soil maps. An area of 889.33 km² was chosen in the Northern region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The soil-landscape relationship was obtained from reambulation of the studied area and the alignment of the units in the 1:50,000 scale topographic mapping. Six predictive covariates linked to the factors soil formation, relief and organisms, together with data sets of 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 % of the total data volume, were used to generate the predictive DT models in the data mining program Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA). In this study, sample densities below 5 % resulted in models with lower power of capturing the complexity of the spatial distribution of the soil in the study area. The relation between the data volume to be handled and the predictive capacity of the models was best for samples between 5 and 15 %. For the models based on these sample densities, the collected field data indicated an accuracy of predictive mapping close to 70 %.

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Análise e distribuição espacial do potencial para a sustentabilidade no pós-pandemia do COVID-19 nos municípios do Rio Grande do Sul

Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física ◽

10.26848/rbgf.v14.6.p3564-3582 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 3542

Author(s):

Jéssica Mazutti Penso-Campos ◽

Eliane Fraga da Silveira ◽

Eduardo Périco

Keyword(s):

Spatial Analysis ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Risk Map ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Weak Correlation ◽

Ecological Analysis ◽

Sustainability Index ◽

Main Action ◽

The Impact ◽

Spatial Independence

A pandemia causada pelo coronavírus disparou a possibilidade da crise em diversos segmentos, sobretudo com a adoção do isolamento social, principal ação para o controle da doença infectocontagiosa. O presente estudo justifica-se pela preocupação em relação às tendências do desenvolvimento sustentável no pós-pandemia da COVID-19, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A mensuração do grau de sustentabilidade dos municípios segue a tese de que, quanto maior for o grau de sustentabilidade dos municípios, menor o impacto da pandemia, e maiores os recursos para restabelecer o equilíbrio. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar a distribuição espacial do potencial para a sustentabilidade no pós-pandemia do COVID-19, nos municípios do Rio Grande do Sul, a fim de gerar um mapa de risco sobre os municípios com menor e maior potencial para a sustentabilidade no pós-pandemia. Foi realizada uma análise ecológica, aplicado o instrumento Barômetro da Sustentabilidade, realizada a distribuição e análise espacial, utilizando o cálculo do Índice de Moran. Os resultados apresentam a distribuição e análise espacial do número de casos confirmados, coeficiente de incidência e quantitativo de óbitos pela COVID-19 no Estado. A espacialidade pode explicar o coeficiente de incidência da doença. Foi estimado o potencial para a sustentabilidade e gerado o mapa de risco do potencial para a sustentabilidade, no pós-pandemia do COVID-19, para os municípios do Rio Grande do Sul. Spatial analysis and distribution of the potential for sustainability in the post-pandemic of COVID-19 in the municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul A B S T R A C TThe pandemic caused by the coronavirus triggered the possibility of the crisis in several segments, especially with the adoption of social isolation, the main action for the control of the infectious disease, therefore, the present study is justified by the concern in relation to the trends of sustainable development in the post-pandemic of COVID-19, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Measuring the degree of sustainability of the municipalities follows the thesis that the greater the degree of sustainability of the municipalities, the less the impact of the pandemic, and the greater the resources to restore balance. The objective of the research is to analyze the spatial distribution of the potential for sustainability in the post-pandemic of COVID-19, in the municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul, in order to generate a risk map with less and greater potential for sustainability in the post- pandemic. This study was carried out by means of an ecological analysis and application of the Barometer of sustainability, later the distribution and spatial analysis was carried out by means of the Moran Index. The spatial analysis, performed by calculating the Moran Index, showed significant spatial independence for confirmed cases (I = 0.058; p = 0.024) and deaths (I = 0.032; p = 0.039), and a significant, albeit weak, correlation. for the incidence coefficient (I = 0.234; p = 0.001) of COVID-19. Spatiality does not explain the distribution of cases and deaths. However, when taking into account the population size of the municipalities, in relation to the number of cases, expressed by the incidence coefficient, the spatial aggregation gains merit. The potential for sustainability was estimated and the risk map of the potential for sustainability was generated, in the post-pandemic of COVID-19, for the municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul.Keywords: Moran index; Sustainability Barometer; Sustainability Index; coronavirus; Pandemic.

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AVALIAÇÃO DO WRF-4DVAR EM UM CASO DE EVENTO SEVERO NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

Ciência e Natura ◽

10.5902/2179460x18698 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 1077

Author(s):

Luana Ribeiro Macedo ◽

João Luiz Martins Basso ◽

Yoshihiro Yamasaki

Keyword(s):

Data Assimilation ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Real Data ◽

Radar Reflectivity ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Mesoscale System ◽

Accumulated Rainfall ◽

Reflectivity Data ◽

The Impact

The WRF mesoscale system 4DVAR data assimilation technique have been used with the purpose of evaluating the impact of the meteorological data assimilation on the numeric time prognosis over the Rio Grande do Sul state. It has been done utilizing the surface and altitude data. The consistency analysis has been done evaluating the numerical prognosis exploring the differences between the analysis with and without data assimilation. The produced prognosis results have been compared spatially using the TRMM satellite data as well as the Canguçu radar reflectivity data. The accumulated rainfall has been validated and compared spatially with the TRMM data for the time period of 12 hours comprehended between October 29th and 30th of 2014. It was possible to realize that as well as the WRF, the WRFVAR overestimated the rainfall values. The radar reflectivity field without data assimilation for October 30th at 06:00UTC detected most accurately the reflectivity centers over the state. On the other hand this field with data assimilation did not present good skill. The temperature field analyses reveal that the 4DVAR assimilation system contributes, one way or another, presenting a little improvement for some points compared to the real data.

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Crenças e mitos acerca do exame preventivo de câncer de colo uterino

Revista Enfermagem Atual In Derme ◽

10.31011/reaid-2016-v.79-n.17-art.332 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 79 (17) ◽

Author(s):

Débora Biffi ◽

Karine Stumm ◽

Dienefer Reis ◽

Luana Daudt ◽

Fabiano Carpes

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Cervical Cancer ◽

Women's Health ◽

Screening Test ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Qualitative Approach ◽

Northern Coast ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Health Strategy

Objetivo: Conhecer as crenças e mitos em relação ao exame preventivo do câncer de colo uterino de mulheresatendidas em uma unidade de atenção básica. Método: Pesquisa do tipo descritiva, exploratória, com abordagemqualitativa, a ser desenvolvida em uma Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) do litoral norte do Rio Grande doSul, os sujeitos serão mulheres de 35 a 64 anos, que já tenham realizado o exame preventivo do câncer de colouterino, serão 15 mulheres com idade entre 35 e 64 anos que tenham realizado o exame preventivo anteriormentee que se disponham a participar voluntariamente da entrevista. Os dados serão coletados através de entrevistasemiestruturada. Resultados Esperados: Espera-se que ao identifi car as principais crenças relacionadas ao examepreventivo do câncer de colo do útero, com desenvolvimento de ações de enfermagem que diminuam os sentimentosnegativos relacionados a este exame.Palavras-chave: Saúde da Mulher, Neoplasia de Colo de Útero; Enfermagem. ABSTRACTObjective: To know the beliefs and myths regarding preventive examinations for cervical cancer of women attendinga unit of primary care. Method: Research descriptive, exploratory and qualitative approach to be developed in aFamily Health Strategy (ESF) of the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul, the subjects will be women 35-64 yearsold who have already done preventive examinations for cervical cancer and are will be 15 women aged 35 to64 who have completed the screening test before and who are willing to participate voluntarily in the interview.Data will be collected through semi-structured interview. Expected results: Expected to to identify the mainbeliefs related to preventive examinations for cervical cancer, with development of nursing actions to reduce thenegative feelings related to this exam.Keywords: Women’s Health, Neoplasia Colo Uterus; Nursing.

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PANDEMIA DE COVID-19 E PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE DO IDOSO NA PERSPECTIVA DE TRABALHADORES DA SAÚDE

Revista Políticas Públicas ◽

10.18764/2178-2865.v25n1p199-211 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 199

Author(s):

Xavéle Braatz Petermann ◽

Sheila Kocourek

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Promotion ◽

Primary Health Care ◽

Emotional Health ◽

Rio Grande ◽

The Elderly ◽

Support Network ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Primary Health ◽

The Impact

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a influência da pandemia de COVID-19 na promoção da saúde do idoso na perspectiva de trabalhadores da saúde da atenção primária. Trata de um estudo de caso, transversal e qualitativo desenvolvido em um município de pequeno porte do interior do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Participaram sete trabalhadores, sendo a amostra intencional, por conveniência e saturação. Os dados foram coletados mediante grupo focal e entrevistais individuais e analisados por meio da análise temática. As categorias que denotaram a influência da pandemia de COVID-19 na promoção da saúde do idoso compreenderam o distanciamento da rede de suporte social e a rede de apoio familiar. Os resultados encontrados retrataram o impacto da pandemia na vida dos idosos, em especial na saúde mental e emocional, sendo necessárias diretrizes de continuidade das ações de promoção da saúde.PANDEMIC OF COVID-19 AND HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE ELDERLY FROM THE HEALTH WORKERS PERSPECTIVEAbstractThis study aimed to analyze the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the promotion of elderly health from the perspective of primary health care workers. This is a case study, cross-sectional and qualitative developed in a small city in the interior of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Seven workers participated, the sample being intentional, for convenience and saturation. Data were collected through a focus group and individual interviews and analyzed through thematic analysis. The categories that denoted the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic in promoting the health of the elderly included the distance from the social support network and the family support network. The results found portrayed the impact of the pandemic on the lives of the elderly, especially on mental and emotional health, requiring guidelines for the continuity of health promotion actions.Keywords: Health Promotion. Elderly. COVID-19. Health worker. Primary Health Care.

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Ameaças da judicialização da saúde à integridade do sistema de saúde segundo a teoria dos sistemas sociais de Niklas Luhmann: uma análise a partir dos dados do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul em 2018

Revista Derecho y Salud | Universidad Blas Pascal ◽

10.37767/2591-3476(2020)13 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 148-157

Author(s):

Tarsila Rorato Crusius ◽

Mártin Perius Haeberlin

Keyword(s):

Health System ◽

Political System ◽

Social Systems ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Niklas Luhmann ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Know How ◽

Systems Perspective ◽

El Sistema ◽

The Impact

El estudio busca comprender cómo la judicialización puede comprometer la integridad del sistema de la salud, desde la perspectiva de la Teoría General de los Sistemas Sociales de Niklas Luhmann. Para esto, primero busca saber cómo las decisiones judiciales actúan como irritaciones para el sistema de la salud. Despues, analiza el impacto de estas decisiones en el sistema, basándose en datos de la judicialización en Rio Grande do Sul, en 2018. Finalmente, analiza los riesgos para la integridad del sistema de salud representado por la judicialización, así como las respuestas del sistema político brasileño. Se presume que las respuestas del sistema de la salud a las amenazas planteadas por la judicialización dependen de las respuestas de otros sistemas sociales. La metodología es exploratoria, con investigación bibliográfica. Se concluye que la capacidad de respuesta de los sistemas sociales a estas irritaciones definirá la posibilidad de mantener su integridad y diferenciación. O estudo busca compreender como a judicialização pode comprometer a integridade do sistema da saúde na perspectiva da Teoria Geral dos Sistemas Sociais de Niklas Luhmann. Para isso, primeiramente busca conhecer como decisões judiciais atuam como irritações ao sistema da saúde. Em um segundo momento, analisa o impacto destas decisões no sistema, a partir dos dados da judicialização em saúde no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em 2018. Por fim analisa os riscos à integridade do sistema da saúde representados pela judicialização, bem como as respostas estruturadas pelo sistema político brasileiro. Parte-se da hipótese de que as respostas do sistema da saúde às ameaças representadas pela judicialização da saúde dependem das respostas de outros sistemas sociais. A metodologia é de caráter exploratório, com realização de pesquisa bibliográfica. Conclui-se que a capacidade de resposta dos sistemas sociais a estas irritações definirá a possibilidade de manutenção de sua integridade e diferenciação. This study seeks to understand how judicialization may compromise the integrity of the health system from Niklas Luhmann’s General Theory of Social Systems perspective. For this, it first seeks to know how judicial decisions act as irritations to the health system. Secondly, it analyzes the impact of these decisions on the system, based on data from health judicialization in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in 2018. Finally, it analyzes the risks to the integrity of the health system represented by judicialization, as well as the responses structured by the Brazilian political system. It is hypothesized that health system responses to threats posed by judicialization depend on responses from other social systems. The methodology is exploratory, with bibliographical research. It is concluded that the responsiveness of social systems to these irritations will define the possibility of maintaining their integrity and differentiation.

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Avaliação da influência do tipo de cobrança e da composição do tráfego sobre o desempenho operacional de praças de pedágio

TRANSPORTES ◽

10.14295/transportes.v18i3.448 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Marta Rodrigues Obelheiro ◽

Marcelo Leismann de Oliveira ◽

Helena Beatriz Bettella Cybis

Keyword(s):

Rio Grande ◽

The State ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Collection System ◽

Electronic Toll Collection ◽

Toll Plazas ◽

Service Times ◽

Toll Collection ◽

Toll Plaza ◽

The Impact

Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o impacto da composição do tráfego e das condições de cobrança na capacidade de praças de pedágio. As variações das condições de cobrança de pedágio avaliadas neste estudo incluem reduções nos tempos de atendimento nas cabines manuais, bem como os impactos decorrentes da adoção, e crescente adesão, dos usuários à cobrança eletrônica de pedágio. As informações sobre tempos de atendimento utilizados no estudo correspondem a dados reais coletados em praças de pedágio do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As análises foram realizadas a partir da simulação de uma praça de pedágio através do software de microssimulação VISSIM. Os resultados evidenciaram e quantificaram o aumento de capacidade das praças associado ao treinamento de arrecadadores e à adoção de tarifas que facilitam o troco. Neste estudo melhorias associadas a estas medidas corresponderam a um aumento de até 19% na capacidade da praça. Melhorias bem mais significativas de desempenho, entretanto, podem ser atingidas com o aumento da adesão dos usuários ao sistema de cobrança eletrônica de pedágio.Abstract: This study aims to assess the impact of the composition of traffic and charging conditions on the capacity of toll plazas. The toll charging conditions evaluated in this study include the reductions in service times at manual toll booths, the introduction of electronic toll collection and the increase in electronic collection compliance rates. Service times adopted in this study correspond to data collected at toll plazas of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Analyses presented in this paper are based on toll plaza simulations through the microsimulation software VISSIM. The simulation outcomes evidenced and quantified the capacity increase associated with collectors training and the adoption of fares that simplified the change. In this study, improvements associated with these measures corresponded to an increase of up to 19% of the plaza capacity. More significant improvements in performance, however, can be achieved by increasing the compliance of the electronic toll collection system.

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