Time-dependent effects of chitosan on dentin structures

Complete debridement with smear layer removal are essential measures for achieving a successful outcome of root canal treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan at different concentrations on the removal of the smear layer and on dentin structure after 3 and 5 min of application. Twelve recently extracted maxillary canine teeth were instrumented using the crown-down technique and irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite. The specimens were distributed according to the time and concentration of the final irrigating solution: G1: 0.1% chitosan for 3 min; G2: 0.2% chitosan for 3 min; G3: 0.37% chitosan for 3 min; G4: 0.1% chitosan for 5 min; G5: 0.2% chitosan for 5 min; G6: 0.37% chitosan for 5 min. All samples were prepared for SEM analysis. G1 exhibited removal of the smear layer, but not the smear plugs. G2 showed visible and open tubules with slight erosion of the peritubular dentin. Cleaning in G3 was similar to that in G2, however, the erosive effect was greater. There was expansion of the diameter of the tubules in G4; and in G5 and G6, there was severe erosion with deterioration of dentin surface. In conclusion, 0.2% chitosan for 3 min appeared to be efficient for removing the smear layer, causing little erosion of dentin.

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The effect of pH of the sodium hypochlorite on smear layer removal

Stomatoloski glasnik Srbije ◽

10.2298/sgs1003134k ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 134-140

Author(s):

Branislav Karadzic ◽

Nina Dimitrijevic ◽

Dragica Manojlovic ◽

Tomislav Trisovic

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Root Canal ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Endodontic Treatment ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Effect Of Ph ◽

Canal Irrigation ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Ph Values

Introduction. Canal irrigation is an important segment of endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of 0.5% NaOCl solutions of different pH values on smear layer removal. Material and Methods. Thirty-two freshly extracted single rooted teeth with gangrenous pulp were used in the study. The samples were divided into four groups of eight teeth in each. Four solutions of 0.5% NaOCl having pH values 5, 7, 9 and 12 respectively, were used during chemomechanical instrumentation with hand instruments and using step back technique. SEM analysis was done to assess the quality of smear layer removal in apical, middle and coronal part of root canal. Presence and quantity of smear layer and detritus was quantified using the scale from 1 to 5. Results. SEM analysis results showed similar results for 0.5% NaOCl solutions of different pH values in root canal cleaning with no statistically significant differences. Conclusion. The most effective cleaning root canal was achieved with 0.5% NaOCl solution of pH 5.

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Smear layer removal capacity of disinfectant solutions used with and without EDTA for the irrigation of canals: a SEM study

Pesquisa Odontológica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s1517-74912003000400010 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 349-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Ana Carolina Silveira Cardoso de Menezes ◽

Caio Gorgulho Zanet ◽

Márcia Carneiro Valera

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Significance Level ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Root Canals ◽

Removal Capacity ◽

Group 5

The purpose of this study was to carry out a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of the cleaning qualities and smear layer removal from root canal walls, instrumented and irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl, 2.0% chlorhexidine and saline solutions. Fifty extracted teeth were used in this study. All teeth were radiographed to determine the existence of a single canal. The crowns were cut at the cervical limit and the root canals were instrumented with K-type files up to size 45. During root canal preparation, irrigations were made with the different solutions being evaluated: Group 1: 2.5% NaOCl (10 roots); Group 2: 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA for 2 minute (10 roots); Group 3: 2.0% chlorhexidine (10 roots); Group 4: 2.0% chlorhexidine and 17% EDTA for 2 minutes (10 roots); Group 5: saline solution (5 roots); Group 6: saline solution and 17% EDTA for 2 minutes (5 roots). After instrumentation, the canals were irrigated with each one of the solutions and the roots were cut in the buccolingual direction for SEM analysis, at the cervical, middle and apical thirds, to ascertain the presence or absence of smear layer and debris. SEM analysis was performed by three calibrated examiners and scores were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis test at the significance level of p = 5%. Results showed that the use of 17% EDTA decreased the smear layer significantly (p < 0.05) for all evaluated solutions in all thirds. When EDTA was not used, a significantly higher quantity of smear layer on the apical third was observed only in the NaOCl groups. The use of 17% EDTA was significant for debris removal except for the chlorhexidine groups. The following conclusion could be drawn: the use of 17% EDTA was necessary to enhance cleanness of the root canals.

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Time-dependent effect of various irrigants for root canal on smear layer removal

Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences ◽

10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_195_18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Shikha Singh ◽

Monika Singh ◽

AbdulR Salgar ◽

Namratha Chandrahari ◽

Nandagiri Prathibha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Dependent Effect ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Time Dependent Effect

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Evaluation of 0.5% peracetic acid and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite on smear layer removal of root canal instrumented by three rotary systems

Brazilian Dental Science ◽

10.14295/bds.2014.v17i1.959 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 62

Author(s):

Ana Paula Martins Gomes ◽

Lais Dos Santos Lissi ◽

Marcella Batista Pavanello Coelho ◽

Eduardo Galera Da Silva ◽

Frederico Canato Martinho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acid Solution ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Peracetic Acid ◽

Root Canal ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽

Font Size ◽

Hypochlorite Solution ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Root Canal Irrigants

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 0.5% peracetic acid solution and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution on smear layer removal of root canal walls after rotary instrumentation. Material and methods: Sixty single-rooted human teeth with standardized length had their canals instrumented by three rotary systems (Biorace, MTwo and Endowave), varying the irrigation solution, as follows (n=10): G1- Biorace System + 0.5% peracetic acid solution; G2- Biorace System + 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution; G3- MTwo System + 0.5% peracetic acid solution; G4- MTwo System + 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution; G5- Endowave System + 0.5% peracetic acid solution; G6- Endowave System + 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution. After instrumentation, the roots were cleaved and the dentin walls were evaluated by SEM at x500 and x2000 magnification for assessing the cleaning of the root canals at the cervical, middle and apical thirds. The analyzed area was quantified according to the total number of tubules present and the percentage of open tubules at each region. Data were submitted to statistical analysis by ANOVA and Tukey tests, at the significance level of 5%. Results: There were no statistical significant differences among the experimental groups. In all groups the smear layer removal at cervical and medium thirds was higher than that of apical third. Conclusion: It was concluded that the cleaning obtained at the apical third was lower in all groups studiedand neither the instrumentation technique nor the irrigating solution was able to promote total smear layer removal from root canal walls. KEYWORDS: Peracetic acid; Root canal irrigants; Scanning electron microscopy; Sodium hypochlorite.

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The Effectiveness of Three Different Plant Extracts Used as Irrigant in Removal of Smear Layer: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study

Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry ◽

10.5005/johcd-9-1-16 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 16-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A Gupta ◽

V Goyal ◽

J Duhan ◽

S Hans ◽

P Sangwan

Keyword(s):

Plant Extracts ◽

Root Canal ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Ocimum Sanctum ◽

Control Group ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Scanning Electron Microscope Study ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Scanning Electron

ABSTRACT Aim In the present study, the role of three plant extracts as irrigant in root canal cleaning after instrumentation was evaluated. The effect of Syzygium aromaticum (S. Aromaticum), Ocimum sanctum (O. Sanctum) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) plant extracts was evaluated in smear layer removal. Methods The study was divided into different groups having 5 teeth each using various irrigating agents to evaluate smear layer removal. Group A: O. Sanctum extract; group A1: O. Sanctum extract with EDTA, group B: S. Aromaticum extract; group B1 S. Aromaticum extract with EDTA, group C: C. zeylanicum extract; group C1 C. zeylanicum extract with EDTA and two control group of 5 teeth each in group D: 3% NaOCl; group D1 3% NaOCl with EDTA (as positive control) and group E: Distilled water (as negative control); group E1 3% Distilled water with EDTA. Each tooth was split longitudinally and prepared for examination by scanning electron microscopy. Results The herbal extracts were effective in cleaning root canal walls when combine with EDTA with maximum activity of S. Aromaticum extract with EDTA group. Conclusion Under the condition of present study the three herbal plant extracts were ineffective in removal of smear layer when used alone.

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A Comparative Evaluation of Cleaning Efficacy (Debris and Smear Layer Removal) of Hand and Two NiTi Rotary Instrumentation Systems (K3 and ProTaper): A SEM Study

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1445 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1028-1035

Author(s):

Sangeetha Vallikanthan ◽

K Balakoti Reddy ◽

Shreemoy Dash ◽

Sowmya Kallepalli ◽

N Chakrapani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Comparative Evaluation ◽

Group Iv ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Group I ◽

Rotary Instruments ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sem Study ◽

Cleaning Efficacy

ABSTRACT Objectives The present study was conducted to compare the cleaning efficacy (debris and smear layer removal) of hand and two NiTi rotary instrumentation systems (K3 and ProTaper). Materials and methods Sixty single rooted human maxillary anterior teeth decoronated at the cementoenamel junction were used. All the specimens were divided into four groups of 15 teeth each, group I—ProTaper rotary instrumentation done, group II—K3 rotary instrumentation done, group III—Stainless steel K-file instrumentation done, group IV—root canal irrigation without instrumentation. Root canal preparation was done in a crown down manner and 3% sodium hypochlorite was used as irrigant after each file followed by final rinse with 5 ml of 17% EDTA solution, then specimens were scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination. Results Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's HSD test. Group I showed highly statistical significant difference compared to other groups. There was no statistically significant difference considering smear layer at any levels among the groups with no smear layer formation in group IV. Conclusion ProTaper rotary instrumentation showed the maximum cleaning efficacy followed by K3 rotary instrumentation in the coronal, middle and apical thirds of the root canal. Clinical significance ProTaper rotary instruments are more efficient than hand and K3 rotary instruments during root canal treatment. How to cite this article Reddy KB, Dash S, Kallepalli S, Vallikanthan S, Chakrapani N, Kalepu V. A Comparative Evaluation of Cleaning Efficacy (Debris and Smear Layer Removal) of Hand and Two NiTi Rotary Instrumentation Systems (K3 and ProTaper): A SEM Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6):1028-1035.

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Efficacy of four different irrigation techniques combined with 60°C 3% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA in smear layer removal

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/1472-6831-14-114 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Xiangjun Guo ◽

Hui Miao ◽

Lei Li ◽

Shasha Zhang ◽

Dongyan Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Layer Removal

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In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties and Smear Layer Removal/Sealer Penetration of a Novel Silver-Citrate Root Canal Irrigant

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13010194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 194 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Riccardo Tonini ◽

Massimo Giovarruscio ◽

Fabio Gorni ◽

Andrei Ionescu ◽

Eugenio Brambilla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Phosphate Buffer Solution ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Tetrazolium Salt ◽

Apical Portion ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Root Canal Irrigation ◽

Group I

This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a novel silver-citrate root canal irrigation solution (BioAKT) on smear layer removal, sealer penetration after root canal instrumentation and antibacterial activity. Single-root teeth were endodontically treated, sealed with an epoxi-amine resin sealer and irrigated using: Group I: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); Group II: silver-citrate solution (BioAKT); Group III: phosphate buffer solution (PBS); Group IV: 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Smear layer removal and silver deposition at the coronal, middle and apical portion of each canal were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Sealer penetration into dentinal tubules at coronal, middle and apical portion was assessed through dye-assisted confocal microscopy (CSM). Both SEM and CSM micrographs were evaluated by two examiners (κ = 0.86), who were blind to the irrigation regimens; scores were given according to the degree of penetration of the sealer. Data analysis included Pearson’s x2 and Sidak’s multiple comparisons. Dentin discs were polished and sterilized. Enterococcus faecalis biofilms were grown using a continuous-flow bioreactor under anaerobic conditions for 72 h. Specimens were irrigated with the tested solutions, and bacterial viability was assessed using a tetrazolium salt assay (MTT). Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA and Student’s post-hoc t-test (p < 0.05). BioAKT and EDTA were the most efficient solutions both in removing the smear layer and allowing sealer penetration. However, at the apical portion BioAKT performed significantly better compared to EDTA both in smear layer removal and sealer penetration (p < 0.05). BioAKT and NaOCl showed comparable antibacterial effect (p = 0.53). In conclusion, BioAKT represents a suitable smear layer removal agent, which allows for reliable sealer penetration at the apical portion of the root canal system and offers significant antibacterial properties.

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Evaluation of four final irrigation protocols for cleaning root canal walls

International Journal of Oral Science ◽

10.1038/s41368-020-00091-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Qiang Li ◽

Qian Zhang ◽

Xiaoying Zou ◽

Lin Yue

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Confocal Laser ◽

Bacterial Survival ◽

Bacterial Inhibition ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Canal Systems

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of four final irrigation protocols in smear layer removal and bacterial inhibition in root canal systems. Thirty roots inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis were prepared with ProTaper Universal files. The teeth were disinfected by conventional needle irrigation, sonic agitation using the EndoActivator device, passive ultrasonic irrigation, or an M3 Max file. Teeth with no root canal preparation served as blank controls for the establishment of the infection baseline. Teeth with preparation but no final irrigation served as a post-instrumentation baseline. After the final irrigation, the teeth were sectioned in half. One half of each tooth was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess smear layer removal using a five-point scale. The other half was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) using the LIVE/DEAD BackLight bacterial viability kit to evaluate the depth of bacterial survival in dentinal tubules. SEM analysis revealed no significant difference in smear layer removal throughout the whole canal among the EA, PUI, and M3 Max groups (P > 0.05). CLSM revealed that PUI achieved the greatest bacterial inhibition depth in the coronal ((174.27 ± 31.63) μm), middle ((160.94 ± 37.77) μm), and apical ((119.53 ± 28.49) μm) thirds of the canal (all P < 0.05 vs. other groups). According to this comprehensive SEM and CLSM evaluation, PUI appears to have the best infection control ability in root canal systems.

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