scholarly journals Root phosphatase activity, plant growth and phosphorus accumulation of maize genotypes

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Torres de Toledo Machado ◽  
Ângela Maria Cangiani Furlani
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Physiological Characteristic ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
P Acquisition ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Set Up

The activity of the enzyme phosphatase (P-ase) is a physiological characteristic related to plant efficiency in relation to P acquisition and utilization, and is genetically variable. As part of a study on maize genotype characterization in relation to phosphorus (P) uptake and utilization efficiency, two experiments were set up to measure phosphatase (P-ase) activity in intact roots of six local and improved maize varieties and two sub-populations. Plants were grown at one P level in nutrient solution (4 mg L-1) and the P-ase activity assay was run using 17-day-old plants for varieties and 24-day-old plants for subpopulations. Shoot and root dry matter yields and P concentrations and contents in plant parts were determined, as well as P-efficiency indexes. Root P-ase activity differed among varieties, and highest enzimatic activities were observed in two local varieties -'Catetão' and 'Caiano' -and three improved varieties -'Sol da Manhã', 'Nitrodente' and 'BR 106'. 'Carioca', a local variety, had the lowest activity. Between subpopulations, 'ND2', with low yielding and poorly P-efficient plants, presented higher root P-ase activity as compared to 'ND10', high yielding and highly P-efficient plants. In general, subpopulations presented lower P-ase activities as compared to varieties. Positive and/or negative correlations were obtained between P-ase activity and P-efficiency characteristics, specific for the genotypes, not allowing inference on a general and clear association between root-secreted phosphatase and dry matter production or P acquisition. Genotypic variability must be known and considered before using P-ase activity as an indicator of P nutritional status, or P tolerance, adaptation and efficiency under low P conditions.

scholarly journals   Effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on phosphorus efficiency of wheat grown in an Inceptisol of subtropical India

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 230-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj-Kumar ◽  
A. Swarup ◽  
A.K. Patra ◽  
J.U. Chandrakala ◽  
K.M. Manjaiah
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Utilization

In a phytotron experiment, wheat was grown under two levels of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> [ambient (385 ppm) vs. elevated (650 ppm)], two levels of temperature (ambient vs. ambient +3&deg;C) superimposed with three levels of phosphorus (P) fertilization: 0, 100, and 200% of recommended dose. Various measures of P acquisition and utilization efficiency were estimated at crop maturity. In general, dry matter yields of all plant parts increased under elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (EC) and decreased under elevated temperature (ET); however, under concurrently elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and temperature (ECT), root (+36%) and leaf (+14.7%) dry weight increased while stem (&ndash;12.3%) and grain yield (&ndash;17.3%) decreased, leading to a non-significant effect on total biomass yield. Similarly, total P uptake increased under EC and decreased under ET, with an overall increase of 17.4% under ECT, signifying higher P requirements by plants grown thereunder. Although recovery efficiency of applied P fertilizer increased by 27%, any possible benefit of this increase was negated by the reduced physiological P efficiency (PPE) and P utilization efficiency (PUtE) under ECT. Overall, there was ~17% decline in P use efficiency (PUE) (i.e. grain yield/applied P) of wheat under ECT. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Kinetics of phosphorus uptake and root morphology of local and improved varieties of maize

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Torres de Toledo Machado ◽  
Ângela Maria Cangiani Furlani
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Maize Varieties

Interspecific and intraspecific differences in the efficiency of utilization of soil phosphorus (P) are explained, in part, by plant morphological and physiological variations, which characterize the plant for nutrient acquisition. As part of a study on maize genotypes characterization for P-uptake and use efficiency, kinetic parameters of P uptake and root morphological characters were evaluated for six local and improved maize varieties, grown in nutrient solution. The kinetic parameters related to P influx were: maximal transport rate (Vmax), the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km), and the external concentration when net uptake is zero (Cmin). Measured root morphological characters were: root length, radius, and surface area. Shoot and root dry matter yield and the P content in these parts were also determined. Diferences among varieties were observed in the kinetic parameters Vmax and Km, root length and in root/shoot dry matter ratio. Lower Km values were better indicatives of P uptake ability of the varietes and were significantly correlated to higher dry matter production and P-efficiency index.

Response of wheat genotypes efficient in P utilisation and genotypes responsive to P fertilisation to different P banding depths and watering regimes

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Valizadeh ◽  
Z. Rengel ◽  
A. W. Rate
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Hydraulic Lift ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Watering Treatment

The capacity of wheat roots to lift water from subsoil with high moisture content into dry topsoil (hydraulic lift) and the subsequent impact on P uptake from dry topsoil are poorly understood. Two experiments were set up to test the capacity of 4 wheat genotypes differing in P efficiency to take up P from the fertiliser banded in dry topsoil (with wet subsoil). The interactions among genotypes, banding depths, and watering regimes (whole-profile or subsoil-only watering) were also characterised. The root system increased soil water content from 64 to 90 g/kg soil around the P fertiliser band by taking up water in the subsoil and releasing it into the dry topsoil during the night. Phosphorus applied as a band at 20 mg P/kg soil in dry topsoil (5 cm deep) significantly increased P uptake and shoot weight compared with a nil P control. Westonia and Gutha genotypes (efficient in P utilisation, based on dry matter produced per unit of P taken up) had higher shoot weights than Aroona and Wawht 2074 (genotypes responsive to P fertilisation, based on dry matter produced per unit of P fertiliser applied). Greater growth of wheat genotypes occurred in the treatment with P fertiliser banded at a depth of 5 cm compared with 15 cm in the whole-profile watering treatment, but no difference between banding depths was noted in the subsoil-only watering treatment. Wheat genotypes responsive to P fertilisation increased P uptake and shoot weight at the 5-cm P banding depth and the whole-profile watering treatment compared with genotypes efficient in P utilisation. Phosphorus-utilisation-efficient genotypes increased shoot growth more than other genotypes in the subsoil-only watering treatment. It can be concluded that roots of various wheat genotypes lift water from wet subsoil into the dry topsoil (hydraulic lift). Phosphorus fertiliser banded at 5-cm depth in dry topsoil increased P uptake and wheat growth due to the presence of hydraulically lifted water. Genotypes that are efficient in utilising P increased shoot weight more than genotypes responsive to P fertilisers in the subsoil-only watering treatment. In contrast, P-responsive genotypes increased shoot growth more than P-utilisation-efficient genotypes when P fertiliser was banded at 5-cm depth, and a whole-profile watering regime was imposed.

scholarly journals Gafsa rock phosphate and triple superphosphate for dry matter production and P uptake by corn

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossini Mattos Corrêa ◽  
Clístenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento ◽  
Silvana Keely de Sá Souza ◽  
Fernando José Freire ◽  
Gleibson Barbosa da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Broadcast Application ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
Corn Plants

Crops in general make poor use of phosphorous fertilizer and, as a result, recommended rates and production costs are very high. Phosphorus can be made more readily available to plants by proper management of phosphate fertilization, selecting both, type of fertilizer and application method. This study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the natural Gafsa rock phosphate and the triple superphosphate on dry matter production and P uptake by corn plants cultivated in a greenhouse. Fertilizers were applied localized and broadcast/incorporated on to two soils with contrasting phosphorus capacity factors (PCF). Rock phosphate broadcast application was as efficient as triple superphosphate in increasing corn plant dry matter in the Tropudult, with lower PCF. This effect was not observed on the Haplustox, owing to the lower P solubility due to the higher Ca concentration in this soil. Triple superphosphate rates increased plant P uptake in both soils and for both application forms. Rock phosphate resulted in higher P-content in plants, but only for broadcast application on the Ultisol.

NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE, TRANSLOCATION, AND UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY OF WHEAT IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT AND CULTIVAR YIELD AND PROTEIN LEVELS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 965-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. CLARKE ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
H. W. CUTFORTH ◽  
R. M. DePAUW ◽  
G. E. WINKLEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Nitrogen Harvest Index ◽  
Nitrogen Harvest

A field study was carried out in four environments to determine the effects of available water and cultivar on N and P uptake, translocation, and utilization efficiency of wheat (Triticum spp.) cultivars with varying grain yield potential and protein concentration. Two common wheat (T. aestivum L.) cultivars, Neepawa and HY320, and two durum (T. turgidum L. var. durum) cultivars, DT367 and Wakooma, were studied. HY320 and DT367 had higher grain yield potentials and lower protein concentrations than Neepawa and Wakooma. Total plant N and P uptake was proportional to available water, and was strongly associated with dry matter accumulation. From 67 to 102% of plant N and 64–100% of P present at harvest had been accumulated by anthesis. Postanthesis uptake of N and P was greater under moist than under dry environments. There were few cultivar differences in uptake of N or P, and any differences observed were related to variations in plant dry matter. Nitrogen harvest index ranged from 71 to 85% and P harvest index ranged from 81 to 93%. Both indices responded to environment in the same way as grain harvest index; there were no cultivar differences for either N or P harvest index. From 59 to 79% of N and 75 to 87% of P present in vegetative tissues at anthesis was translocated to the grain; translocation did not vary among cultivars. The efficiency of utilization of N and P in production of harvest biomass and grain was directly proportional to water availability and was greater in the high yield cultivars HY320 and DT367 than in Neepawa and Wakooma. There was no evidence that selection for N uptake, translocation, or utilization efficiency would be useful in wheat breeding.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., T. turgidum L. var. durum, nitrogen harvest index, phosphorus harvest index

scholarly journals Phosphorus Uptake and Utilization Efficiency in Peanut1

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Krishna
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
P Accumulation ◽  
Total P

Abstract Cultivars of a crop can differ genetically with respect to their uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of phosphorus. The objective of this paper was to evaluate genetic variation for P uptake and utilization among peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes. Several traits contribute to the total P efficiency of the genotype, including root length, rate of P uptake per unit root length, leaf and pod characters such as P accumulation, and dry matter/yield produced per unit P absorbed [i.e., P efficiency ratio (PER)]. Peanut genotypes with increased P uptake and higher PER were identified. Some genotypes sustained higher PER at both low and high soil P availabilities.

scholarly journals Wheat cultivar tolerance to boron deficiency and toxicity in nutrient solution

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ângela Maria Cangiani Furlani ◽  
Cristiane Pierrotte Carvalho ◽  
José Guilherme de Freitas ◽  
Marcelo Fontanetti Verdial
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Spike Number ◽  
Set Up

Field symptoms of open spikelets in wheat were observed in specific cultivars and supposedly related to low B soils and differential B requirement among cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the response of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, IAC 24, IAC 60, IAC 287 and IAC 289, to increasing B concentrations in nutrient solution. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates and five B concentrations (0.0, 0.05, 0.2, 0.8 and 2.0 mg L-1), during 1997/1998, in a greenhouse. Plants were grown to maturity and evaluated for plant height, spike number and length, open spikelet number, grains per spike, plant parts dry matter, B, P, K, Ca and Mg leaf concentrations and total nutrient contents. The visual symptoms of B deficiency consisted of open spikelets, distorted spikes without grains. 'IAC 60' and 'IAC 287' had higher B efficiency, with the highest grain yields in lower B concentrations. The 'IAC 287' and 'IAC 24' were more tolerant to the highest B concentrations. 'IAC 24' required more B for grain production as compared to the other cultivars. The critical leaf B concentration for deficiency was 25 mg kg-1 of dry matter tissue for all cultivars, and for toxicity were: 44 to 45 mg kg-1 for 'IAC 60' and 'IAC 289'; 228 and 318 mg kg-1 for 'IAC 24' and 'IAC 287', respectively. Except for the highest B level in the nutrient solution, the leaf P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations and whole plant contents were in an adequate range in the plants and did not vary among cultivars.

scholarly journals Genotypic variation for potassium accumulation and utilization efficiency in barley under rainfed potassium stress conditions

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. S. Shivay ◽  
J. H. Chen ◽  
S. R. Ding
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Potassium Accumulation ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
K Concentration

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of K nutrition and genotypic variation on the dry matter (DM) accumulation, and the K concentration, accumulation, uptake and utilization efficiency in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Successive increases in potassium nutrition had a significant effect on the dry matter and K accumulation either in the total or in various plant parts of barley at the tillering, stem elongation, heading and maturity growth stages. K nutrition also led to significantly higher grain yield with each unit K application than without K application. The yield increase due to K application was mainly due to the improvement in spike development from tillers. Dry matter and K accumulation in various plant parts varied significantly between genotypes at the main growth stages. Among the various plant parts, the stem contained the highest K concentration, had the highest K accumulation at maturity and changed considerably with the K level, while other plant parts remained relatively unchanged. Among the eleven genotypes, genotype 98-6 had the highest grain yield and the K use efficiency of this genotype was 10.4 kg grain per kg K applied. It could thus be used as a breeding line to breed barley varieties for higher productivity under rainfed conditions with low available soil potassium.

The influence of low rates of air-dried biosolids on yield and phosphorus and zinc nutrition of wheat (Triticum durum) and barley( Hordeum vulgare)

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Weggler-Beaton ◽  
Robin D. Graham ◽  
Michael J. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Mineral Fertiliser ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Fertiliser Application

In field studies in 1992 and 1993, biosolid applications of 2 t/ha with supplements of mineral N and P were compared with a standard mineral fertiliser application (20 kg N/ha, 20 kg P/ha, 1.8–2.8 kg Zn/ha, 1.4–1.9 kg Cu/ha, 0.5–4 kg Mn/ha) on 4 soil types. Biosolid rates from 2 to 10 t/ha were applied in 1993. Shoot dry matter production at different stages of plant development (9 and 15 weeks after sowing) and grain production of Triticum durum and Hordeum vulgare, as well as nutrient concentration in shoots and grain, were taken as indicators for comparing nutrient availability of the 2 sources. A 2-t biosolid application was found to enhance dry-matter production and yield to the same extent as a mineral fertiliser application of 20 kg N/ha, 20 kg P/ha, and 1.8–2.8 kg Zn/ha. In some crop rotations and on sites with a high yield potential, additional nitrogen with 2 t biosolids/ha would be necessary to achieve such yields. However, development of durum wheat fertilised with 2 t biosolids was slower and P uptake lower than with mineral fertiliser until late booting. Durum wheat fertilised with 4 t biosolids showed similar P-uptake values as plants fertilised with the mineral fertiliser. The Zn-uptake of plants was positively correlated with biosolid application rates, showing a linear relationship. A 2-t biosolid application alleviated micronutrient deficiency to the same extent as the same rate of Zn (and Cu) given in mineral form.

Assessment of the nitrogen status of field-grown canola (Brassica napus) by plant analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Hocking ◽  
P. J. Randall ◽  
D. De Marco ◽  
I. Bamforth
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
N Status

Summary. Field trials were conducted over 2 seasons at Greenethorpe and Canowindra in the Cowra region of New South Wales to develop and calibrate plant tests for assessing the nitrogen (N) status of canola (Brassica napus). Plants were tested at 3 and 7 growth stages up to the start of flowering at Greenethorpe and Canowindra, respectively. The petiole of the youngest mature leaf (YML) was the most suitable plant part to sample for tests based on nitrate-N. Suitable plant parts for tests based on total N were the YML petiole or lamina, or the whole shoot. There was good agreement between the 2 sites in the just-adequate fertiliser N rates (rates giving 90% of maximum yield) and the critical N concentrations in the plant parts tested. Critical nitrate-N concentrations in the fresh YML petiole for dry matter production at the time of sampling the plants decreased from 1.62 to 0.14 mg nitrate-N/g fresh weight between the 4–5 leaf rosette stage (4–5 RS) and the start of flowering (SF). Critical nitrate-N concentrations in the dry YML petiole decreased from 16.5 to 0.8 mg/g dry weight between 4–5 RS and SF. Critical total N concentrations decreased from 4.5 to 2.0, 7.2 to 5.0 and 6.2 to 2.8% dry weight, in the YML petiole, YML lamina, and whole shoot, respectively, between 4–5 RS and SF. Critical nitrate-N and total N concentrations for assessing potential seed yield were similar to those for dry matter production at the time of sampling for each of the growth stages. The critical total N concentrations obtained for the YML petiole and lamina, and the whole shoot before the start of stem elongation are likely to be less precise than the critical nitrate-N concentrations in the YML petiole because of the limited response of total N concentrations to increasing rates of fertiliser N. However, total N in the YML petiole or lamina, or in the whole shoot may be a better indicator of N status for plants sampled after the start of stem elongation as nitrate-N concentrations become low and more variable, and it is harder to identify the YML. The decline in critical N concentrations must be taken into account when interpreting the results of plant tests for diagnosing the N status of canola, as sampling needs to correspond to the plant growth stage for which a particular critical N concentration has been obtained.

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