Formula Organik Cair untuk Menambah Masa Tanam Semanggi di Lahan Kering

Clover farmers in Semanggi Village, Community Unit 3 of Kendung Sememi, Surabaya, plant clover every year. Clover is a year-round plant. In the long dry season, it is very risky to die. With intensive watering treatment and organic fertilizer, it is expected to grow better and produce very high yields. A demonstration plot of clover land would provide innovation in optimal and eco-friendly clover cultivation. The method of activities in this training included lectures on understanding clover cultivation in dry land and how to provide the right fertilizer for clover. Preparation for Implementation, Preparation of Business Places, Demonstration of clover cultivation in dry land required a plot of land available with complete facilities. The tools needed were provided in the right amount so that the demonstration plot process was not complicated. The physical yield of clover, seen from the leaves, was quite satisfactory because the leaves were wide enough (quality) and would automatically increase the mass volume in terms of weight (quantity).

Pembangunan Aplikasi Manajemen Penyiraman Rumput Taman Playground Berbasis Internet of Things

<p>BUMDESMA Kecamatan Ngantang adalah Badan Usaha Milik Desa Bersama yang ada di Kecamatan Ngantang. Instansi ini adalah instansi baru yang memiliki usaha berupa <em>playground</em>. Dari awal pembukaan <em>playground </em>hingga terakhir yaitu bulan Juli 2019 pemasukan <em>playground </em>mengalami penurunan dikarenakan rusaknya rumput taman selama musim kemarau. Permasalahan yang dialami BUMDESMA adalah pemeliharaan rumput gajah mini untuk taman memerlukan metode penyiraman khusus namun BUMDESMA belum mampu menggunakan jasa penyiraman untuk menyiram taman <em>playground</em>. Dari permasalahan tersebut maka dikembangkan sistem penyiraman taman berbasis <em>Internet of Things</em> (<em>IOT</em>) untuk menekan biaya pengeluaran BUMDESMA. Sistem manajemen penyiraman taman menggunakan aplikasi yang ditanamkan pada perangkat Android untuk mengontrol sistem yang dibuat dan perangkat <em>embedded </em>untuk melakukan mekanisme penyiraman. Hasil pengujian <em>blackbox </em>menunjukan bahwa hasil uji 100% valid. Pengujian <em>usability </em>menunjukan nilai lebih dari kriteria minimum penelitian dengan nilai 72 yang berarti bahwa aplikasi dapat diterima oleh pengguna. Dari hasil pengujian efisiensi biaya menunjukan bahwa penggunaan sistem penyiraman dalam jangka panjang dapat mengurangi biaya pengeluaranan BUMDESMA dibanding penggunaan jasa penyiraman profesional.</p><p> </p><p><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></p><p><em>BUMDESMA Kecamatan Ngantang is a Joint Village-Owned Enterprises located in Ngantang District, Malang, East Java. This is a new agency that has a playground as one of the core businesses. Along from the beginning of the playground operates until the end of July 2019, playground revenue has gradually decreased. This issue arises due to the bad condition of the grass on the playground causing local people are not willing to visit that place. The playground's grass requires special watering treatment but BUMDESMA is the lack of income so they cannot afford to pay the professional grass maintenance services to actively watering the playground grass. From these problems, We proposed an IOT based garden watering system to reduce BUMDESMA expenditure costs. The garden watering management system uses a mobile application as a user interface to control the system and embedded devices for the watering mechanism. Blackbox testing of the proposed system shows that all the functional requirements are 100% valid. Usability testing shows a value of 72 which is more than the minimum threshold of usability criterion means that the application is acceptable to users. The results of cost-efficiency testing show that the proposed water systems can reduce the cost when compared to using professional watering services.</em></p><p><em><strong><br /></strong></em></p>

Soil Water Deficit and Fertilizer Placement Effects on Root Biomass Distribution, Soil Water Extraction, Water Use, Yield, and Yield Components of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Grown in 1-m Rooting Columns

Typical small-pot culture systems are not ideal for controlled environment phenotyping for drought tolerance, especially for root-related traits. We grew soybean plants in a greenhouse in 1-m rooting columns filled with amended field soil to test the effects of drought stress on water use, root growth, shoot growth, and yield components. There were three watering treatments, beginning at first flower: watered daily to 100% of the maximum soil water holding capacity (control), 75% (mild drought stress), or 50% (drought stress). We also tested whether applying fertilizer throughout the 1-m soil depth instead of only in the top 30 cm would modify root distribution by depth in the soil profile and thereby affect responses to drought stress. Distributing the fertilizer over the entire 1-m soil depth altered the root biomass distribution and volumetric soil water content profile at first flower, but these effects did not persist to maturity and thus did not enhance drought tolerance. Compared to the control (100%) watering treatment, the 50% watering treatment significantly reduced seed yield by 40%, pod number by 42%, seeds per pod by 3%, shoot dry matter by 48%, root dry matter by 53%, and water use by 52%. Effects of the 75% watering treatment were intermittent between the 50 and 100%. The 50% treatment significantly increased root-to-shoot dry matter ratio by 23%, harvest index by 17%, and water-use efficiency by 7%. Seed size was not affected by either fertilizer or watering treatments. More than 65% of the total root dry matter was distributed in the upper 20 cm of the profile in all watering treatments. However, the two drought stress treatments, especially the mild drought stress, had a greater proportion of root dry matter located in the deeper soil layers. The overall coefficient of variation for seed yield was low at 5.3%, suggesting good repeatability of the treatments. Drought stress imposed in this culture system affected yield components similarly to what is observed in the field, with pod number being the component most strongly affected. This system should be useful for identifying variation among soybean lines for a wide variety of traits related to drought tolerance.

Biological Response of Lallemantia iberica to Brassinolide Treatment under Different Watering Conditions

Lallemantia iberica (L. iberica) is an important dry season medicinal plant. Drought, an important abiotic stress, adversely affects the plant’s metabolism, which can be alleviated by plant growth regulators like brassinolides. A two-year field experiment was conducted in 2017–2018 to determine the effects of three different irrigation regimes and four brassinolide concentrations on the L. iberica biochemical properties. A split-plot based on a completely randomized block design in three replicates was used as an experimental design with the following irrigation regimes: full watering, watering until flowering and watering until branching. These were the main plots, and 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 μM brassinolide concentrations were applied as the subplots. The results showed that many antioxidant enzymes and some biochemical parameters were affected by brassinolide treatment. Furthermore, the highest membrane stability and grain yield were produced in full watering treatment in the second year, and these treatments were not affected by brassinolide application. Several concentrations of brassinolide differently affected the studied treatments, and our study suggests that the amelioration of the effects of the drought stress on L. iberica could possibly be achieved through brassinolide-induced elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging defense systems. There is a need for complementary research to prove the effectiveness of foliar application of this growth regulator to improve the growth and yield of L. iberica under water shortage conditions.

Specific leaf metabolic changes that underlie adjustment of osmotic potential in response to drought by four Quercus species

Osmotic adjustment is almost ubiquitous as a mechanism of response to drought in many forest species. Recognized as an important mechanism of increasing turgor under water stress, the metabolic basis for osmotic adjustment has been described in only a few species. We established an experiment with four species of the genus Quercus ranked according to drought tolerance and leaf habit from evergreen to broad-leaved deciduous. A cycle of watering deprivation was imposed on seedlings, resulting in well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) treatments, and their water relations were assessed from pressure-volume (P-V) curves. Leaf predawn water potential (Ψpd) significantly decreased in WS seedlings which was followed by a drop in leaf osmotic potential at full turgor (Ψπ100). The lowest values of Ψπ100 followed the ranking of decreasing drought tolerance: Q. ilex &lt; Q. faginea &lt; Q. pyrenaica &lt; Q. petraea. The leaf osmotic potential at the turgor loss point (ΨTLP) followed the same pattern as Ψπ100 across species and treatments. The pool of carbohydrates, some organic acids, and cyclitols were the main osmolytes explaining osmotic potential across species, likewise to the osmotic adjustment assessed from the decrease in leaf Ψπ100 between WW and WS seedlings. Amino-acids were very responsive to WS, particularly γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in Q. pyrenaica, but made a relatively minor contribution to osmotic potential compared with other groups of compounds. In contrast, the cyclitol proto-quercitol made a prominent contribution to the changes in osmotic potential regardless of watering treatment or species. However, different metabolites such as quinic acid, played a more important role in osmotic adjustment in Q. ilex, distinguishing it from the other species studied. In conclusion, while osmotic adjustment was present in all four Quercus species, the molecular processes underpinning this response differed according to their phylogenetic history and specific ecology.

Distinguishing between the impacts of heat and drought stress on the root microbiome of Sorghum bicolor

Water deficit and extreme temperatures regularly and considerably reduce crop productivity. While several studies have explored the role of the plant microbiome in drought tolerance, it remains to be determined how the often co-occurring factor of heat conjunctly shapes plant-microbe interactions. In order to compare the roles temperature and drought stress play in plant microbial recruitment, we conducted a growth chamber experiment with a series of temperatures (22°C, 30°C, and 38°C) and watering (drought versus watered) conditions in Sorghum bicolor, sampling soil mixtures and seedling roots at 7 and 21 days post initial stress initiation. We found that bacterial root communities had the lowest alpha diversity when under drought and at 38°C, and that temperature influenced the beta diversity of soil mixture and root microbiomes to a greater extent than watering treatment. Additionally, we observed that the relative abundances of Actinobacteria increased both under drought and incrementally with higher temperatures. Further, unique Actinobacteria were indicator species of either temperature or watered conditions and were one of the top phyla whose indicators are predominantly of high temperatures in watered conditions. Together, these data suggest that heat and drought stress differentially impact microbiome assembly in significant ways and unique Actinobacteria may be recruited under either stress. This work informs our understandings of how abiotic stresses shape crop microbiomes, as well as highlights the need for additional work to describe what mechanisms may be involved in host-mediated microbial recruitment and adaptation under various stresses in field-based studies.

Transcriptome changes induced by drought stress in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA)

Background: Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is strongly resistant to stress and an important plant used for ecological management in northern China in recent years. Currently, Jerusalem artichoke has been widely planted in the area around Qinghai Lake in Qinghai Province, China. Jerusalem artichoke can not only prevent land desertification but also has maintain most of its level of production. However, there is little research on the mechanism of drought resistance of Jerusalem artichoke.Results: We conducted transcriptome sequencing under drought stress and normal watering treatment for two varieties, QY1 and QY3, with differing degrees of drought tolerance. In the three stress periods of QY1 and QY3, 5,613, 12,985 and 24,923 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, respectively. GO analysis showed that there were more DEGs in QY1 than in QY3, but there were more up-regulated genes in QY3 than in QY1. Based on an additional analysis of the metabolic pathways under drought stress using MapMan, the most different types of metabolism included secondary metabolism, light reaction metabolism and cell wall. The up-regulated genes in QY3 were significantly more prevalent than those in QY1 and were primarily concentrated in flavor IDS, phenylpropanoids, and the shikimate and terpenoids pathway. As a whole, QY1 and QY3 both had a large number of up-regulated genes in the flavor pathway. In addition, the gene analysis of the ABA key metabolic pathway showed that QY3 had more genes in NAC and WRKY than QY1. A weighted gene co-expression network was constructed and divided into modules. By specifically analyzing the expressed modules, four modules were found to have the highest correlation with drought. Further research on the genes revealed that all 16 genes related to histone, ABA and protein kinase were the most significant in these pathways.Conclusions: In summary, these findings represent the first RNA-Seq analysis of drought stress in Jerusalem artichoke, which is of substantial significance to explore the function of drought resistance in Jerusalem artichoke and the unearthing of related genes.

Pengaruh konsentrasi larutan urin sapi sebagai media penyiraman dan pupuk organik terhadap persentase perkecambahan, persentase kecambah normal dan produksi hijauan segar pada hidroponik Fodder jagung (zea mays)

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi larutan urin sapi yang berbeda terhadap persentase perkecambahan, persentase kecambah normal dan produksi hijauan segar pada hidroponik fodder jagung (Zea mays). Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jagung kuning sebanyak 6.250 biji, urin dan air. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah percobaan lapang dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Adapun perlakuan yang di gunakan adalah P0 (100ml air), P1 (5% urin), P2 (10% urin), P3 (15% urin), P4 (20% urin). Variabel yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah persentase perkecambahan, persentase kecambah normal dan produksi hijauan segar. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA), apabila terdapat perbedaan dilakukan uji lanjut dengan menggunakan Uji BNT (Beda Nyata Terkecil).Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, menunjukkan bahwa produktivitas fodder jagung (Zea mays) dengan perlakuan penyiraman menngunakan konsentrasi larutan urin sapi yang berbeda memberi pengaruh yang sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap persentase perkecambahan, persentase kecambah normal dan produksi hijauan segar. Persentase perkecambahan tertinggi pada P1 (70,48%), persentase kecambah normal tertinggi P1 (94,63%) dan produksi hijauan segar tertinggi pada P1 (138 gram). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan konsentrasi larutan urin 5% sebagai media penyiraman dan pupuk organik memberikan nilai terbaik terhadap persentase perkecambahan, persentase kecambah normal dan hijauan segar pada hidroponik fodder jagung (Zea mays). ABSTRACT The aim of this research were to know of the effect of different concentrations of cow urine solution on the effect of urine cow solution concentration for watering media and organic fertilizer on percentage of gemination, percentage normal germination and plant production on corn fodder (Zea mays) with a hydroponic system of corn fodder (zea mays) with hydroponic systems. The material of this research were corn, urine and water. The method used was experimental field using Completely Randomized Design (CDR) with 5 treatmens and 5 replications. The treatment used is P0 (0% urine solution), P1 (5% urine solution), P2 (10% urine solution), P3 (15% urine solution), P3 (20% urine solution). The variables observed in this study were Percentage of Germination, Percentage of Normal Germination and Plant Production. Based on the results of the study, it shown that watering treatment using different concentrations of cow solution had a very significant effect (P <0.01) on germination percentage, normal germination percentage and plant production. The highest percentage of germination was P1 (70.48%), the highest percentage of normal germination was P1 (94.63%) and the highest plant production was P1 (138 grams). Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the treatment by giving 5% urine cow solution concentration for watering media and organic give the best value to fertilizer on percentage of gemination, percentage normal germination and plant production on corn fodder (Zea mays) with a hydroponic system.

Floral trait variation and links to climate in the mixed-mating annual Clarkia pulchella

The benefits of self-fertilization can vary across environments, leading to selection for different reproductive strategies and influencing the evolution of floral traits. Although stressful conditions have been suggested to favour self-pollination, the role of climate as a driver of mating-system variation is generally not well understood. Here, we investigate the contributions of local climate to intraspecific differences in mating-system traits in Clarkia pulchella Pursh in a common-garden growth chamber experiment. We also tested for plastic responses to soil moisture with watering treatments. Herkogamy (anther–stigma spacing) correlated positively with dichogamy (timing of anther–stigma receptivity) and date of first flower, and northern populations had smaller petals and flowered earlier in response to experimental drought. Watering treatment alone had little effect on traits, and dichogamy unexpectedly decreased with annual precipitation. Populations also differed in phenological response to watering treatment, based on precipitation and winter temperature of their origin, indicating that populations from cool and dry sites have greater plasticity under different levels of moisture stress. While some variation in floral traits is attributable to climate, further investigation into variation in pollinator communities and the indirect effects of climate on mating system can improve our understanding of the evolution of plant mating.