scholarly journals Alternative method for volumetric core removal in hardsetting soils

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 493-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herdjania Veras de Lima ◽  
Álvaro Pires da Silva ◽  
Sílvia Imhoff ◽  
Afrânio Ferreira Neves Junior
Keyword(s):  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Hydraulic Pump ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Large Soil

Due to the narrow window of ideal moisture conditions required for collecting undisturbed soil samples from hardsetting horizons in the field, this study compared the efficiency of an alternative method of soil core removal in the laboratory with that of the traditional field method by using measurements of soil bulk density data (Db). In a first sampling, cylinders were removed with a soil sampler in the field. In a second sampling, large soil blocks were removed with Kubiena-type zinc (brass) boxes in the field. Volumetric core cylinder samples were removed from these blocks in the laboratory with a manual hydraulic pump. There were no differences between the Db values determined from the laboratory and the field coring method. The laboratory method was considered more efficient than the field method because it allowed reductions in the errors made by operators in the field, and those caused by differences in soil water content. The laboratory method allows sampling in hardsetting horizons throughout the year, and collecting soil core samples under conditions of controlled moisture and applied force.

How representative is the conventional undisturbed soil core sample in terms of fllow properties?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirill Gerke ◽  
Marina Karsanina
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Image Fusion ◽  
Correlation Functions ◽  
Physical Review ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Pore Scale ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Multi Scale

<p>Classic soil physics relies heavily on the concept of representative elementary volume (REV), which is necessary to perform upscaling from the studied soil samples and parameterize continuum scale hydrological models (e.g., based on Richards equation). In this paper we explore the boundaries of the classic REV concept and conventional representativity studies that claim REV for a given physical property if its values converge to a steady value with increasing sample’s volume. We chose two conventional undisturbed soil samples from Ah and B horizons and performed pore-scale flow simulations based on their X-ray microtomography scans. The volumes of the simulation domains were 729 million of voxels with a physical volume within the order of magnitude of the whole soil core. Based on 3D pore geometry images and resulting flow velocity and pressure fields we performed REV analysis for saturated hydraulic conductivity and porosity. To further facilitate the REV analysis, we also evaluated the stationarity of pore structures by computing directional correlation functions for studied images. We concluded that neither of the studied samples can be considered to be representative due to its structural non-stationarity, which reflects on the behavior of Ksat values within the subcubes of different volume within the samples. In this contribution we extensively discuss the implications of such results. While it was possible to show that studied soil samples are not REVs for saturated hydraulic conductivity, we were unable to establish any relevant domain length scale. The latter may require tensorial flow property analysis with correct boundary conditions (Gerke et al., 2019), multi-scale soil structure imaging (Gerke et al., 2015; Karsanina et al., 2018; Karsanina and Gerke, 2018) and pore-scale simulations on fused multi-scale images (Miao et al., 2017; Gerke et al., 2018).</p><p>This work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant 20-54-12030 ННИО_а and 18-34-20131 мол_а_вед.</p><p>References:</p><p>Karsanina, M. V., Gerke, K. M., Skvortsova, E. B., Ivanov, A. L., & Mallants, D. (2018). Enhancing image resolution of soils by stochastic multiscale image fusion. Geoderma, 314, 138-145.</p><p>Gerke, K. M., Karsanina, M. V., & Mallants, D. (2015). Universal stochastic multiscale image fusion: an example application for shale rock. Scientific reports, 5, 15880.</p><p>Gerke, K. M., Vasilyev, R. V., Khirevich, S., Collins, D., Karsanina, M. V., Sizonenko, T. O., Korost D.V., Lamontagne S., & Mallants, D. (2018). Finite-difference method Stokes solver (FDMSS) for 3D pore geometries: Software development, validation and case studies. Computers & Geosciences, 114, 41-58</p><p>Karsanina, M. V., & Gerke, K. M. (2018). Hierarchical Optimization: Fast and Robust Multiscale Stochastic Reconstructions with Rescaled Correlation Functions. Physical Review Letters, 121(26), 265501.</p><p>Miao, X., Gerke, K. M., & Sizonenko, T. O. (2017). A new way to parameterize hydraulic conductances of pore elements: A step towards creating pore-networks without pore shape simplifications. Advances in Water Resources, 105, 162-172.</p><p>Gerke, K. M., Karsanina, M. V., & Katsman, R. (2019). Calculation of tensorial flow properties on pore level: Exploring the influence of boundary conditions on the permeability of three-dimensional stochastic reconstructions. Physical Review E, 100(5), 053312.</p>

scholarly journals Traffic soil compaction of an oxisol related to soybean development and yield

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 608-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽  
José Frederico Centurion ◽  
Maria Aparecida Pessoa da Cruz Centurion ◽  
Onã da Silva Freddi ◽  
Eurico Lucas de Sousa Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Compacted Soil ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Excessive traffic on the soil may affect soybean development. This research was carried out to evaluate soybean root development and grain yield under compacted soil, in an Oxisol. The following traffic treatments were used: T0 = no traffic; T1* = 1 passage of a 4 t tractor; and, T1, T2, T4 and T6, respectively for 1, 2, 4 and 6 passages of an 11 t tractor on the same location, each besides the other. After compaction, soybean [Glycine max cv. MG/BR 46 (Conquista)] was cultivated. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with six compaction levels and four replicates (plots of 9.0 m²). Undisturbed soil samples were collected in the layers 0.03-0.06, 0.08-0.11, 0.15-0.18 and 0.22-0.25 m, for physical analyses. Root analyses were performed at layers of 0.0-0.10, 0.10-0.15 and 0.20-0.25 m. Soil compaction decreased deep root development and did not affect root amount, but its distribution. Yield decreased at the penetration resistance of 2.33 MPa or higher, and soil bulk density of 1.51 Mg m-3 or higher.

scholarly journals DEGRADASI LAHAN PADA BERBAGAI TANAMAN PERKEBUNAN DI KABUPATEN DHARMASRAYA SUMATERA BARAT

Jurnal Solum ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Syafrimen Yasin ◽  
Herviyanti Herviyanti ◽  
David David
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plantation Crops

A reseach about determination land degradation on several plantation ecosystems in Dharmasraya Regency, West Sumatra. This research was aimed to study types of perennial crops (trees) which contributes to alleviate land degradation. The work was conducted in Sungai Rumbai Dystrict, Dharmasraya regency and in Soil Science Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty Andalas University. Soil samplings were taken at Ultisols having 0-8% slope (flate-undulating). Land use type being considered was original forest, oil palm, rubber, coffee, and cocoa plantation. Composite soil samples were taken for four replications on 1-20 cm depth. At each sampling site was accompanied by five drilling soils. Then, four undisturbed soil was also sampled at the same depth with disturbed soil samples for determining soil bulk density values. The data collected were analyzed statistically by using analyses of variance, and then continued by using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% level. The result showed that rubber and cacao plantation contributed to better soil ecology value than oil palm and coffee land use. It could be proved from organic carbon (OC) and bulk density (BV) of the soils which were alsmost the same as those from forest land use. Key Words: Land degradation, plantation crops

Usage of computed tomography for investigation of the soil porosity in disturbed grassland 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadri Krebstein ◽  
Tõnu Tõnutare ◽  
Kersti Vennik ◽  
Indrek Virro ◽  
Tõnis Tõnutare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Tomography System

<p>Soil disturbance will remarkably alter physical properties of the soil  and the recovery of the structure as well as mechanical strength recovery will take  years. Typically deforestation works, e.g. needed for the establishment of open military training areas, seriously influences soil mechanical state. Deforestation works involve processes like felling of trees, uprooting of stumps followed by levelling of ground. For the establishment of more favourable conditions for grass cover development, tree stumps and felling residues are mixed into the soil with a rotary thriller. Therefore, the final disturbed ground  has low density and high porosity resulting in low mechanical strength. On the  contrary, military training includes high intensity movement by soldiers and trafficking by vehicles. Thus, these types of activities presume stable soil conditions with a high mechanical strength. The aim of our research was to investigate soil density status of disturbed grassland with computed tomography. The soil samples were collected from the undisturbed area and from the grassland which was treated with the rotary thriller 2 years ago. The undisturbed soil samples were collected using plastic cylinders (of 10 cm diameter and 20 cm height) in 3 repetitions.  For comparison, smaller soil samples (5.3 cm diameter and 4 cm height) were obtained at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 cm depths  for determining the soil bulk density. In the  laboratory, the high resolution industrial computed tomography system Yxlon FF 35 CT was used with the larger soil samples. The soil samples were analyzed using the software Volume Graphics VGSTUDIO MAX 3.2.  Our results indicated the possibility of determination of distribution of pores in the soil and the changes in the porosity of soils depending on the soil treatment and the type.</p>

QUICK-MOUNT SOIL CORE SAMPLER FOR MEASURING BULK DENSITY

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. TESSIER ◽  
H. STEPPUHN
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Core Sample ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Retention Curve ◽  
Core Sampler ◽  
Good Measurement ◽  
Measurement Repeatability

The design for a sleeve-type, quick-mount soil core sampler for bulk density and soil water content determination and for collection of undisturbed soil samples is described and its performance discussed. This core sampler has been used to collect undisturbed soil core samples 47.5 mm in diameter and 300 mm long in tillage and seeding studies. Less than 2 min is required to retrieve, seal and store each soil core sample. The soil samples are contained in 50.8-mm-diameter aluminum liners which are easily sealed with plastic caps and stored for later laboratory analysis. This sampler resulted in very good measurement repeatability and provided subsamples suitable for water retention curve determinations. Key words: Soil sampler, coring device, bulk density, soil moisture, undisturbed cores

scholarly journals Machine-Learning Classification of Soil Bulk Density in Salt Marsh Environments

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4408
Author(s):  
Iman Salehi Hikouei ◽  
S. Sonny Kim ◽  
Deepak R. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Marsh Soil ◽  
Landsat 7 ◽  
Salt Marsh Soil

Remotely sensed data from both in situ and satellite platforms in visible, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared (VNIR–SWIR, 400–2500 nm) regions have been widely used to characterize and model soil properties in a direct, cost-effective, and rapid manner at different scales. In this study, we assess the performance of machine-learning algorithms including random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting machines (XGBoost), and support vector machines (SVM) to model salt marsh soil bulk density using multispectral remote-sensing data from the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) platform. To our knowledge, use of remote-sensing data for estimating salt marsh soil bulk density at the vegetation rooting zone has not been investigated before. Our study reveals that blue (band 1; 450–520 nm) and NIR (band 4; 770–900 nm) bands of Landsat-7 ETM+ ranked as the most important spectral features for bulk density prediction by XGBoost and RF, respectively. According to XGBoost, band 1 and band 4 had relative importance of around 41% and 39%, respectively. We tested two soil bulk density classes in order to differentiate salt marshes in terms of their capability to support vegetation that grows in either low (0.032 to 0.752 g/cm3) or high (0.752 g/cm3 to 1.893 g/cm3) bulk density areas. XGBoost produced a higher classification accuracy (88%) compared to RF (87%) and SVM (86%), although discrepancies in accuracy between these models were small (<2%). XGBoost correctly classified 178 out of 186 soil samples labeled as low bulk density and 37 out of 62 soil samples labeled as high bulk density. We conclude that remote-sensing-based machine-learning models can be a valuable tool for ecologists and engineers to map the soil bulk density in wetlands to select suitable sites for effective restoration and successful re-establishment practices.

The influence of forest site on rate and extent of soil compaction and profile disturbance of skid trails during ground-based harvesting

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1196-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
J R Williamson ◽  
W A Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Wet Forests

Soil compaction has been considered a principal form of damage associated with logging, restricting root growth and reducing productivity. The rate and extent of soil compaction on skid trails was measured at six field locations covering a range of dry and wet forests. Data was collected for up to 21 passes of a laden logging machine. A similar extent of compaction, averaging 0.17 g·cm-3 increase in total soil bulk density (BD), was recorded for all field sites despite substantial site and soil differences. On average, 62% of the compaction in the top 10 cm of the soil occurred after only one pass of a laden logging machine. The environment under which soils had formed played a major role in determining the BD of the undisturbed soil. Compaction was strongly related to the original BD, forest type, and soil parent material. Soil strengths obtained in the field fell below levels found to restrict root growth. However, reduction in macropores, and the effect of that on aeration and drainage could reduce tree growth. On the wettest soils logged, machine forces displaced topsoils rather than causing compaction in situ. Recommended logging methods and implications for the development of sustainability indices are discussed.

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