Usage of computed tomography for investigation of the soil porosity in disturbed grassland 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadri Krebstein ◽  
Tõnu Tõnutare ◽  
Kersti Vennik ◽  
Indrek Virro ◽  
Tõnis Tõnutare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Tomography System

<p>Soil disturbance will remarkably alter physical properties of the soil  and the recovery of the structure as well as mechanical strength recovery will take  years. Typically deforestation works, e.g. needed for the establishment of open military training areas, seriously influences soil mechanical state. Deforestation works involve processes like felling of trees, uprooting of stumps followed by levelling of ground. For the establishment of more favourable conditions for grass cover development, tree stumps and felling residues are mixed into the soil with a rotary thriller. Therefore, the final disturbed ground  has low density and high porosity resulting in low mechanical strength. On the  contrary, military training includes high intensity movement by soldiers and trafficking by vehicles. Thus, these types of activities presume stable soil conditions with a high mechanical strength. The aim of our research was to investigate soil density status of disturbed grassland with computed tomography. The soil samples were collected from the undisturbed area and from the grassland which was treated with the rotary thriller 2 years ago. The undisturbed soil samples were collected using plastic cylinders (of 10 cm diameter and 20 cm height) in 3 repetitions.  For comparison, smaller soil samples (5.3 cm diameter and 4 cm height) were obtained at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 cm depths  for determining the soil bulk density. In the  laboratory, the high resolution industrial computed tomography system Yxlon FF 35 CT was used with the larger soil samples. The soil samples were analyzed using the software Volume Graphics VGSTUDIO MAX 3.2.  Our results indicated the possibility of determination of distribution of pores in the soil and the changes in the porosity of soils depending on the soil treatment and the type.</p>

scholarly journals Alternative method for volumetric core removal in hardsetting soils

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 493-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herdjania Veras de Lima ◽  
Álvaro Pires da Silva ◽  
Sílvia Imhoff ◽  
Afrânio Ferreira Neves Junior
Keyword(s):  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Hydraulic Pump ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Large Soil

Due to the narrow window of ideal moisture conditions required for collecting undisturbed soil samples from hardsetting horizons in the field, this study compared the efficiency of an alternative method of soil core removal in the laboratory with that of the traditional field method by using measurements of soil bulk density data (Db). In a first sampling, cylinders were removed with a soil sampler in the field. In a second sampling, large soil blocks were removed with Kubiena-type zinc (brass) boxes in the field. Volumetric core cylinder samples were removed from these blocks in the laboratory with a manual hydraulic pump. There were no differences between the Db values determined from the laboratory and the field coring method. The laboratory method was considered more efficient than the field method because it allowed reductions in the errors made by operators in the field, and those caused by differences in soil water content. The laboratory method allows sampling in hardsetting horizons throughout the year, and collecting soil core samples under conditions of controlled moisture and applied force.

Evaluation of the Mechanical Strength of Disturbed Military Training Areas based on the Physical and Chemical Parameters of Soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kersti Vennik ◽  
Tõnu Tõnutare ◽  
Kadri Krebstein
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Cone Penetrometer ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Military Training Areas

<p>Military training areas have to sustain the intensive usage of tracked and wheeled vehicles and the dismounted movement of soldiers. The periodic nature of training activities causes heavy loads, including a high number of loading repetitions on the soil; this makes the mechanical strength and recovery of soil a consequential issue. In many cases, the preparation of new training areas involves field preparations, e.g. earthmoving or deforestation activities that lead to serious disturbance of soil, especially its natural mechanical strength. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential methods to determine the conditions of previously disturbed military training areas. Soil measurements were carried out two years after deforestation works. Within this study, soil samples were collected and the mechanical strength of soil was determined in July and November 2020, with the aim to characterize soil conditions during dry and wet periods. Soil bulk density as well as cone penetrometer and dynamic cone penetrometer measurements were carried out.  In chemical parameters of soil, the total carbon content was measured as an indicator of uniformity by mixing organic matter in the soil surface (25 cm) layer. As the development of plant cover and especially its tight root system is very important for increasing the mechanical strength of soil, the content of plant available nutrients (P, K, Mg and Ca) was also measured. To evaluate the uniformity of blended upper soil layer, the soil was divided into 5 different layers of 5 cm thick each. The bulk density was determined for each layer. The chemical parameters of soil were determined for each layer separately and a diagram of element content in profile was created according to obtained results. This presentation will address the preliminary results of field measurements.</p>

scholarly journals Traffic soil compaction of an oxisol related to soybean development and yield

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 608-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽  
José Frederico Centurion ◽  
Maria Aparecida Pessoa da Cruz Centurion ◽  
Onã da Silva Freddi ◽  
Eurico Lucas de Sousa Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Compacted Soil ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Excessive traffic on the soil may affect soybean development. This research was carried out to evaluate soybean root development and grain yield under compacted soil, in an Oxisol. The following traffic treatments were used: T0 = no traffic; T1* = 1 passage of a 4 t tractor; and, T1, T2, T4 and T6, respectively for 1, 2, 4 and 6 passages of an 11 t tractor on the same location, each besides the other. After compaction, soybean [Glycine max cv. MG/BR 46 (Conquista)] was cultivated. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with six compaction levels and four replicates (plots of 9.0 m²). Undisturbed soil samples were collected in the layers 0.03-0.06, 0.08-0.11, 0.15-0.18 and 0.22-0.25 m, for physical analyses. Root analyses were performed at layers of 0.0-0.10, 0.10-0.15 and 0.20-0.25 m. Soil compaction decreased deep root development and did not affect root amount, but its distribution. Yield decreased at the penetration resistance of 2.33 MPa or higher, and soil bulk density of 1.51 Mg m-3 or higher.

Changes in soil physical properties after one pass of a sugarcane haulout unit

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 733 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Braunack ◽  
T. C. Peatey
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Cone Resistance ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Control Traffic

Summary. Field trials were established at different locations within the Herbert River area near Ingham in North Queensland to assess the ratooning ability and yield of sugarcane after a wet harvest. Treatments consisted of harvesting under dry conditions and then applying 50 mm of irrigation, followed by no traffic (control), traffic of a haulout unit directly over the harvested row (traffic treatment), and traffic as above with the application of further irrigation to maintain wet soil conditions (traffic + water treatment). Undisturbed soil cores were collected from the row before harvest and after treatment imposition to assess the change in soil physical properties due to traffic. Soil cone resistance was also measured. Soil physical properties changed significantly after traffic with increases in soil bulk density and soil cone resistance and decreases in saturated hydraulic conductivity. The greatest change occurred in the top 20 cm of the profile. Yield at one site was significantly reduced after traffic and the effect was enhanced in the presence of water after traffic. It is suggested that to maintain good soil conditions in the row all traffic should be restricted to the central part of the inter-row. One way to achieve this is to match crop row spacing with equipment track widths.

scholarly journals DEGRADASI LAHAN PADA BERBAGAI TANAMAN PERKEBUNAN DI KABUPATEN DHARMASRAYA SUMATERA BARAT

Jurnal Solum ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Syafrimen Yasin ◽  
Herviyanti Herviyanti ◽  
David David
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plantation Crops

A reseach about determination land degradation on several plantation ecosystems in Dharmasraya Regency, West Sumatra. This research was aimed to study types of perennial crops (trees) which contributes to alleviate land degradation. The work was conducted in Sungai Rumbai Dystrict, Dharmasraya regency and in Soil Science Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty Andalas University. Soil samplings were taken at Ultisols having 0-8% slope (flate-undulating). Land use type being considered was original forest, oil palm, rubber, coffee, and cocoa plantation. Composite soil samples were taken for four replications on 1-20 cm depth. At each sampling site was accompanied by five drilling soils. Then, four undisturbed soil was also sampled at the same depth with disturbed soil samples for determining soil bulk density values. The data collected were analyzed statistically by using analyses of variance, and then continued by using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% level. The result showed that rubber and cacao plantation contributed to better soil ecology value than oil palm and coffee land use. It could be proved from organic carbon (OC) and bulk density (BV) of the soils which were alsmost the same as those from forest land use. Key Words: Land degradation, plantation crops

scholarly journals Soil Compaction after Increasing the Number of Wheeled Tractors Passes on Forest Soils in West Carpathians

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Michal Allman ◽  
Zuzana Dudáková ◽  
Martin Jankovský ◽  
Mária Vlčková ◽  
Vladimír Juško ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
West Carpathians

Soil disturbance and compaction are inherent in ground-based harvesting operations. These changes are affected by numerous factors, related mainly to the technical parameters of the machines, soil conditions, and the technology used. This study aimed to analyze the changes of surface layers of soil caused by skidder traffic without loads on the Cambisols of Western Carpathians. We observed changes in the soil bulk density and penetration resistance. The results showed that only machine traffic caused a 0.32 to 0.35 (g cm−3) increase in soil bulk density. Besides machine traffic, bulk density was affected by soil moisture content. Penetration resistance of soil increased by 0.15 to 1.04 (MPa) after traffic of 40 machines. Penetration resistance showed a lower increase after traffic, and regression and correlation analysis proved a relationship between penetration resistance, skeleton content, and penetration depth, besides the number of machine passes (r = 0.33–0.55). Observing the changes in the physical properties of soils caused by machine traffic allows for a more detailed view of the effects of forest harvesting machinery on forest soils.

scholarly journals Initial results from a prototype whole-body photon-counting computed tomography system

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Yu ◽  
S. Leng ◽  
S. M. Jorgensen ◽  
Z. Li ◽  
R. Gutjahr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Tomography System ◽  
Initial Results

scholarly journals Machine-Learning Classification of Soil Bulk Density in Salt Marsh Environments

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4408
Author(s):  
Iman Salehi Hikouei ◽  
S. Sonny Kim ◽  
Deepak R. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Marsh Soil ◽  
Landsat 7 ◽  
Salt Marsh Soil

Remotely sensed data from both in situ and satellite platforms in visible, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared (VNIR–SWIR, 400–2500 nm) regions have been widely used to characterize and model soil properties in a direct, cost-effective, and rapid manner at different scales. In this study, we assess the performance of machine-learning algorithms including random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting machines (XGBoost), and support vector machines (SVM) to model salt marsh soil bulk density using multispectral remote-sensing data from the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) platform. To our knowledge, use of remote-sensing data for estimating salt marsh soil bulk density at the vegetation rooting zone has not been investigated before. Our study reveals that blue (band 1; 450–520 nm) and NIR (band 4; 770–900 nm) bands of Landsat-7 ETM+ ranked as the most important spectral features for bulk density prediction by XGBoost and RF, respectively. According to XGBoost, band 1 and band 4 had relative importance of around 41% and 39%, respectively. We tested two soil bulk density classes in order to differentiate salt marshes in terms of their capability to support vegetation that grows in either low (0.032 to 0.752 g/cm3) or high (0.752 g/cm3 to 1.893 g/cm3) bulk density areas. XGBoost produced a higher classification accuracy (88%) compared to RF (87%) and SVM (86%), although discrepancies in accuracy between these models were small (<2%). XGBoost correctly classified 178 out of 186 soil samples labeled as low bulk density and 37 out of 62 soil samples labeled as high bulk density. We conclude that remote-sensing-based machine-learning models can be a valuable tool for ecologists and engineers to map the soil bulk density in wetlands to select suitable sites for effective restoration and successful re-establishment practices.

scholarly journals Complementary Use of Magnetometric Measurements for Geochemical Investigation of Light REE Concentration in Anthropogenically Polluted Soils

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 457
Author(s):  
Piotr Fabijańczyk ◽  
Jarosław Zawadzki
Keyword(s):  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Light Rare Earth ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
Chemical Measurements ◽  
Geochemical Investigation ◽  
Light Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Soil Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Geophysical Measurements

The purpose of this study was to use fast geophysical measurements of soil magnetic susceptibility (κ) as supplementary data for chemical measurements of selected light rare earth elements (REEs) in soil. In order to ensure diversity in soil conditions, anthropogenic conditions and types of land use, seven areas were selected, all located in regions subjected to past or present industrial pollution. Magnetometric parameters were measured using a selected magnetic sensor that was specially designed for measurements of soil cores and were used to classify collected soil cores into six distinctive types. The analysis of REEs concentrations in soil was carried out taking into account the grouping of collected soil samples based on the type of study area (open, forested and mountain), and additionally on the measured magnetometric parameters of collected soil cores. A use of magnetometric measurements provided different, but complementary to chemical measurements information, which allowed to obtain deeper insight on REEs concentrations in soils in studied areas.

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