Distribution and evolution of secondary metabolites in Eriocaulaceae, Lythraceae and Velloziaceae from "campos rupestres"

Hypotheses are presented on the evolution of structural patterns of secondary metabolites (flavonoids and foliar wax alkanes) and fatty acids of families of "campos rupestres". The distribution of fatty acids is given for genera of Lythraceae, with emphasis on Cuphea (supposedly more advanced) and Diplusodon. Compounds with saturated short chains represent a derived condition in Lythraceae although they are probably restricted to Cuphea. It is suggested that evolution selected for more complex flavonoid patterns in Cuphea, with the inclusion of C-glycoflavones and methoxylated flavonols (rhamnetin and isorhamnetin), which are not found in members of Diplusodon and Lafoensia. The supposedly primitive groups of Eriocaulaceae (e.g., Paepalanthus) presented more complex flavonoid patterns characterized by flavones and flavonols, the latter frequently being 6-hydroxylated or methoxylated. More advanced groups of Eriocaulaceae (e.g., Leiothrix and Syngonanthus) apparently possess only flavones, C-glycoflavones are a salient feature of species with smaller habits. In Velloziaceae, members of the primitive subfamily Vellozioideae show distribution of alkanes of foliar epicuticular wax in which C27, C29 or C31 predominate; members of the derived subfamily Barbacenioideae usually show distributions with a predominance of C33 or C35, while species of Pleurostima (Barbacenioideae) have C31 as the main homologue, thus being intermediate between the two subfamilies. It is suggested that the evolution of alkanes in Velloziaceae follows a trend toward elongation of carbon chains. The condition of advanced or primitive chemical patterns is inferred from the results of cladistic analyses based on morphological characters (Eriocaulaceae and Lythraceae), and morphological and molecular characters (Velloziaceae).

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Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (Banksia and Dryandra; Proteaceae) Based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: Implications for taxonomy and biogeography

Australian Systematic Botany ◽

10.1071/sb97026 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 321 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Austin R. Mast

Keyword(s):

Sequence Data ◽

Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽

Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽

Base Substitution ◽

Trnl Intron ◽

Single Root ◽

Cladistic Analyses ◽

Molecular Characters

Despite considerable research interest in the subtribe Banksiinae (Banksia L.f. and Dryandra R.Br.), no strongly supported phylogenetic hypothesis for the relationship between the genera exists, nor have molecular characters been sampled for phylogenetic reconstruction at any level. In this study, DNA sequence characters were sampled from chloroplast DNA (cpDNA; the trnL intron, the trnL 3′ exon, and the spacer between the trnL 3′ exon and trnF) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA; both internal transcribed spacers) of 18 species of Banksia and five of Dryandra, with six outgroup taxa from the subfamily Grevilleoideae. The molecular characters provided the opportunity to code taxa outside of Banksia for cladistic comparison with the genus—an opportunity not previously provided by morphological characters. Cladistic analyses, using parsimony, explored the effects of various weightings of transition to transversion events and base substitution to insertion and deletion events to determine which relationships in the cladograms were robust. The trnL/trnF and ITS characters strongly supported a paraphyletic Banksia with respect to a monophyletic Dryandra. The molecular results supported a single root for Thiele and Ladiges’(1996) unrooted morphological cladogram along the branch between the Isotylis to B. fuscolutea clade and the Grandes to B. tricuspis clade. George’s (1981) subgenus Banksia and section Banksia appeared dramatically non-monophyletic. The distribution of eastern taxa at derived positions on the molecular cladograms suggested considerable cladogenesis in the the genus prior to the formation of the Nullarbor Plain during the Tertiary.

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Cladistic analyses of molecular characters: The good, the bad and the ugly

Contributions to Zoology ◽

10.1163/18759866-0710103007 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 71 (1-3) ◽

pp. 93-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Maximilian J. Telford

Keyword(s):

General Solution ◽

Morphological Character ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Molecular Characteristic ◽

Cladistic Analyses ◽

Molecular Characters

Molecular cladistics is an emerging discipline in which any heritable molecular characteristic can be treated in the same way that a traditional cladist would treat a morphological character. Taxa that share specific derived molecular characters (synapomorphies)are recognized as more closely related to each other than they are to other taxa without these characters. Herein, I point out that molecular characters are susceptible to the same problems of homoplasy and uncertain polarity as morphological characters and illustrate these problems (and point towards a general solution) using examples from the Metazoa.

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Obtaining and Characterization of Alhagi persarum Boiss. et Buhse Callus Cell Cultures, Isoflavonoid Producers

Biotekhnologiya ◽

10.21519/0234-2758-2020-36-6-35-48 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 35-48

Author(s):

D.V. Коchkin ◽

G.I. Sobolkovа ◽

А.А. Fоmеnkov ◽

R.А. Sidorov ◽

А.М. Nоsоv

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Cell Culture ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Cell Cultures ◽

Mass Spectrometric ◽

Mass Spectrometric Detection ◽

Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽

Callus Cell

The physiological characteristics of the callus cell cultures of Alhagi persarum Boiss et Buhse, a member of the legume family, widely used in folk medicine, have been studied. It was shown that the source of the explant was an important factor in the initiation of callusogenesis: more intense callusogenesis (almost 100%) was observed for explants from various organs of sterile seedlings, rather than intact plants (less than 30%). As a result, more than 20 lines of morphologically different callus cell cultures were obtained, and the growth parameters for the 5 most intensively growing lines were determined. The composition of fatty acids (FA) of total lipids and secondary metabolites in the most physiologically stable callus line Aр-207 was analyzed. Using capillary gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GLC-MS), 19 individual C12--C24 FAs were identified, the main fraction of which were palmitic (~ 23%), stearic (~ 22%), linoleic (~ 14%) and α-linolenic (~ 33%) acids. The established atypical ratio of FAs (a simultaneous high content of both saturated FAs and polyunsaturated α-linolenic acid) is possibly due to the adaptation of cells to in vitro growth conditions. Phytochemical analysis of the secondary metabolites was carried out using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (UPLC MS). Compounds belonging to different structural groups of isoflavones were found. Aglycones (calycosin, formononetin and afrormosin isomer), glucosides (formononetin glucoside), as well as esters of glucosides (malonylglycosides of calicosin, formononetin, afrormosin isomers, glycitein and genistein) were detected. These secondary metabolites are widespread in plants of the Fabaceae family; however, isoflavones are rare in representatives of the Alhagi genus. The presence of malonylated isoflavone glycosides in Alhagi spp. was shown for the first time. endemic plant species, Alhagi, in vitro cell culture, callus cell culture, isoflavones, fatty acids All studies were carried out using the equipment of the "Experimental Biotechnological Facility" and the "All-Russian Collection of Cell Cultures of Higher Plants" of IРР RAS. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), contract no.18-54-06021 (Az_a), and the Government of the Russian Federation, Megagrant Project no. 075-15-2019-1882.

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QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF ARTEMISIA NILAGIRICA (CLARKE) PAMP. LEAF EXTRACT

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s2.13480 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 183

Author(s):

Parameswari P ◽

Devika Rengaswamy

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Metabolic Reaction ◽

Quantitative Investigation ◽

Artemisia Nilagirica ◽

Quantitative Examination

ABSTRACT Objective: The points of this exploration work were to decide the quantitative examination of bioactive mixes. Customarily, cutting edge meds rely on the phytochemicals got from the plant source in bigger extents. Numerous bioactive auxiliary metabolites have a positive metabolic reaction on different human diseases. Methods: In the present examination, Artemisia nilagirica, leaves were gathered, dried, powdered and put away in hermetically sealed compartments for quantitative investigation of phytochemicals according to standard strategies. Results: The methanolic leaf concentrate of enrolled 4.33 mg of alkaloids, 1.22 mg of saponins, 12.4 mg of tannins, 24.3 mg of glycosides, 10.2 mg terpenoids, 1.33 mg of coumarin, 59.4 mg of amino acids, 12.2 mg of fatty acids, 17.2 mg of flavonoids, 10.2 mg of phenols, and steroids in follows separately. Conclusion: The plant has a high helpful quality as far as an assortment of phytochemicals from leaf remove and had let to a sure level toward extraction and refinement of specific bioactive mixes for human nourishment. Keywords: Artemisia nilagirica, Secondary metabolites, Quantitative analysis, Leaf extract, Flavonoids.

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A new species of Galleria Fabricius (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) from Korea based on molecular and morphological characters

ZooKeys ◽

10.3897/zookeys.970.54960 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 970 ◽

pp. 51-61

Author(s):

Seung Jin Roh ◽

Haechul Park ◽

Seong-Hyun Kim ◽

So-Yun Kim ◽

Yong-Su Choi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Honey Bees ◽

Galleria Mellonella ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Taxonomic Study ◽

Greater Wax Moth ◽

Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽

A New Species ◽

Molecular Characters ◽

Wax Moth

The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella Linnaeus, is well known as a pest of honey bees and for the biodegradation of wax and polyethylene by their larvae. The genus Galleria has long been considered monotypic and found worldwide. A taxonomic study of the genus Galleria is presented based on morphological and molecular characters (COI, CAD, wg). A new species (Galleria similis Roh & Song, sp. nov.) is recognized on the Korean peninsula. The new species is superficially similar to G. mellonella but they can be separated by the structures of hindwing venation and male genitalia. Habitus photographs and illustrations of diagnostic characters are provided.

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AGERATUM CONYZOIDES L. (PEMANFAATAN SEBAGAI OBAT DAN BIOAKTIVITASNYA)

Jurnal Dinamika Pendidikan ◽

10.33541/jdp.v11i3.891 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 197

Author(s):

Marina Silalahi

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Wild Plants ◽

Ageratum Conyzoides ◽

Comprehensive Information

ABSTRACTAgeratum conyzoides or badotan is a wild plants which uses as traditional medicine. This plant has a distinctive aroma similar to "the smell of goats" so it is called "goatweed". This article aims to explain the use of A. conyzoides as a drug and its bioactivity. The writing of this article is based on the study of literature obtained online and offline including various scientific articles then reviewed and synthesized so as to provide comprehensive information regarding the use of A. conyzoides as traditional medicine. In traditional medicine, Ageratum conyzoides is used as medicine for wounds, ulcers, and fever. Ageratum conyzoides have secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenes, saponins, fatty acids, and alkaloids, with the main compounds stigmasterol and Î²-sitosterol. Bioactivity of A. conyzoides are antihistamine, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, cytoprotective, analgesic, antioxidant and anti diabetes mellitus.Keywords: Ageratum conyzoides, antimicrobial, Î²-sitosterol, cytoprotective, analgesic. ABSTRAKAgeratum conyzoides atau badotan merupakan salah satu tumbuhan liar yang banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai obat tradisional. Tumbuhan ini memiliki aroma khas mirip dengan â€œbau kambingâ€ sehingga disebut juga sebagai â€œgoatweedâ€. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pemanfaatan A. conyzoides sebagai obat dan bioaktivitasnya. Penulisan artikel ini didasarkan pada kajian literatur yang diperoleh secara online maupun offline meliputi berbagai artikel ilmiah kemudian dikaji dan disintesakan sehingga memberikan informasi yang kompehensif mengenai pemanfaatan A. conyzoides sebagai obat tradisional. Dalam pengobatan tradisional Ageratum conyzoides dimanfaatkan sebagai obat luka, bisul, dan demam. Ageratum conyzoides mengandung metabolit sekunder dari golongan terpenoid, flavonoid, steroid, terpen, senyawa, saponin, asam lemak, dan alkaloid, dengan senyawa utama stigmasterol dan Î²â€sitosterol. Bioaktivitas yang dimiliki oleh A. conyzoides antara lain sebagai anti histamin, antimikroba, antiplasmodial, sitoprotektif, analgesik, antioksidan dan anti diabetes mellitus.Kata Kunci : Ageratum conyzoides, antimikroba, Î²â€sitosterol, sitoprotektif, analgesik.

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Understanding the evolution of phenotypical characters in the Micarea prasina group (Pilocarpaceae) and descriptions of six new species within the group

MycoKeys ◽

10.3897/mycokeys.57.33267 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 ◽

pp. 1-30

Author(s):

Beata Guzow-Krzemińska ◽

Emmanuël Sérusiaux ◽

Pieter P. G. van den Boom ◽

A. Maarten Brand ◽

Annina Launis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Its Rdna ◽

Ancestral State ◽

Secondary Substances ◽

Gyrophoric Acid

Six new Micarea species are described from Europe. Phylogenetic analyses, based on three loci, i.e. mtSSU rDNA, Mcm7 and ITS rDNA and ancestral state reconstructions, were used to evaluate infra-group divisions and the role of secondary metabolites and selected morphological characters on the taxonomy in the M.prasina group. Two main lineages were found within the group. The Micareamicrococca clade consists of twelve species, including the long-known M.micrococca and the newly described M.microsorediata, M.nigra and M.pauli. Within this clade, most species produce methoxymicareic acid, with the exceptions of M.levicula and M.viridileprosa producing gyrophoric acid. The M.prasina clade includes the newly described M.azorica closely related to M.prasina s.str., M.aeruginoprasina sp. nov. and M.isidioprasina sp. nov. The species within this clade are characterised by the production of micareic acid, with the exception of M.herbarum which lacks any detectable substances and M.subviridescens that produces prasinic acid. Based on our reconstructions, it was concluded that the ancestor of the M.prasina group probably had a thallus consisting of goniocysts, which were lost several times during evolution, while isidia and soredia evolved independently at multiple times. Our research supported the view that the ancestor of M.prasina group did not produce any secondary substances, but they were gained independently in different lineages, such as methoxymicareic acid which is restricted to M.micrococca and allied species or micareic acid present in the M.prasina clade.

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Karakter Morfologi dan Identifikasi Molekuler dengan Menggunakan Marka Gen 12S rRNA pada Ikan Baronang (Siganus spp.) di Perairan Laut Selatan Pulau Lombok

Jurnal Sains Teknologi & Lingkungan ◽

10.29303/jstl.v6i1.156 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

Mahrus Mahrus ◽

Abdul Syukur

Keyword(s):

Fragment Size ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

12S Rrna ◽

Morphological Classification ◽

Number Of Species ◽

South Sea ◽

Random Method ◽

Molecular Characters

This study aims to obtain the certainty of the number of species of baronang fish (Siganus spp.) Siganidae family in the waters of the south sea of Lombok Island. This study used a sample of 90 fish from the fishermen's catch. Sampling used a random method three times. Observation of morphological characters used 90 and nine fishes for molecular characters-12S rRNA genes. The study used a descriptive technique for data analysis. The results showed that the fish is only one species and suspected consists of 3 variants. Three variants of fish have the same 12S rRNA genes with a fragment size of approximately 1000 bp. The morphological classification of the three groups of fish does not indicate the number of species, but no more as genetic variants.

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Towards a phylogeny of the Metazoa: evaluating alternative phylogenetic positions of Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida, with a critical reappraisal of cladistic characters

Contributions to Zoology ◽

10.1163/18759866-0730102001 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 73 (1-2) ◽

pp. 3-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Ronald A. Jenner

Keyword(s):

Sister Group ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Total Evidence ◽

Morphological Data ◽

Future Research ◽

Sister Group Relationship ◽

Cladistic Analyses ◽

Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽

Data Matrices

This paper critically assesses all morphological cladistic analyses of the Metazoa that were published during the last one and a half decades. Molecular and total evidence analyses are also critically reviewed. This study focuses on evaluating alternative phylogenetic positions of the ‘acoelomate’ worms: Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida. This paper consists of two parts. In Part I, all recently proposed sister group hypotheses and the supporting synapomorphies for these phyla are evaluated. Discrepancies in the treatment of corresponding characters in different cladistic analyses are identified, and where possible, resolved. In Part II, the overall phylogenetic significance across the Metazoa of all characters relevant for placing the ‘acoelomate’ worms is examined. The coding and scoring of these characters for other phyla are evaluated, and uncertainties in our understanding are pointed out in order to guide future research. The characters discussed in this paper are broadly categorized as follows: epidermis and cuticle, reproduction and sexual condition, development, larval forms, coeloms and mesoderm source, nervous system and sensory organs, nephridia, musculature, digestive system, and miscellaneous characters. Competing phylogenetic hypotheses are compared in terms of several criteria: 1) taxon sampling and the fulfillment of domain of definition for each character; 2) character sampling; 3) character coding; 4) character scoring and quality of primary homology; 5) quality of the proposed diagnostic synapomorphies as secondary homologies. On the basis of this study I conclude that a sister group for the Platyhelminthes has not yet been unambiguously established. A clade minimally composed of Neotrochozoa (Mollusca, Sipuncula, Echiura, Annelida) emerges as the most likely sister group of the Nemertea on the basis of morphological and total evidence analyses. Finally, morphological data currrently favor a sister group relationship of Gnathostomulida and Syndermata (probably plus Micrognathozoa). In contrast, molecular or total evidence analyses have not identified a reliable sister group of Gnathostomulida.Further progress in our understanding of metazoan phylogeny crucially depends on the improvement of the quality of currently adopted cladistic data matrices. A thorough reassessment of many of the more than 70 morphological characters discussed here is necessary. Despite the recent compilation of comprehensive data matrices, the power to test competing hypotheses of higher-level metazoan relationships is critically compromised due to uncritical data selection and poor character study in even the most recently published cladistic analyses.

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N-6 and n-3 fatty acids in different beef adipose tissues depending on the presence or absence of the gene responsible for double-muscling

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/365-cjas ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 12) ◽

pp. 515-522 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

N. Aldai ◽

M.E.R. Dugan ◽

A.I. Nájera ◽

K. Osoro

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Intramuscular Fat ◽

Mean Value ◽

Adipose Tissues ◽

Total N ◽

Mean Values ◽

Carbon Chains ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose ◽

Fatty Acid Compositions

Levels of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs, including those with 20 and 22 carbon-chains, in concentrate-fed Asturiana de los Valles (AV) yearling bulls with and without the double muscling gene (mh/mh = 24, mh/+ = 26, +/+ = 25) were measured to examine if this gene influences the pattern of PUFA deposition in different adipose tissues. Fatty acid compositions of muscle tissue (longissimus thoracis) and intermuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues were determined by gas chromatography. The composition of intramuscular fat was unique compared to the other two adipose tissues which were similar in composition. In general, n-6 and n-3 fatty acid elongation and desaturation products were affected by AV genotype and this effect was most evident in n-3 PUFAs of the intramuscular fat of mh/mh (n-6/n-3 = 11.8 and 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 = 25.3) compared to mh/+ and +/+ animals (mean values of n-6/n-3 = 9.86 and 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 = 15.5). PUFA elongation and desaturation end products did not accumulate to any great extent in intermuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues. Beef from mh/mh cattle showed greater deposition rates of n-3 elongation and desaturation products but their absolute content of total n-3 fatty acids was lower (21 mg/100 g meat) in comparison with mh/+ and +/+ cattle (mean value of 25 mg/100 g meat).

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