Antioxidants and dairy production: the example of flax

This manuscript reports on the main problems decreasing productivity of dairy cows (e.g. fatty liver syndrome and poor fertility) and how antioxidants could enhance it. High producing dairy cows are prone to oxidative stress, and the situation can be exacerbated under certain environmental, physiological, and dietary conditions. Antioxidants have important effects on the expression of genes involved in the antioxidant status, which may enhance animal health and reproduction. Moreover, antioxidants may contribute to decrease the incidence of spontaneous oxidized flavour in milk enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Plant lignans are strong antioxidants and flax is the richest source of plant lignans. Flax lignans are converted in the mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol. The main mammalian lignan in milk is enterolactone and flax lignans are converted in enterolactone mainly under the action of ruminal microbiota. Therefore, ruminal microbiota may be the most important flora to target for plant lignan metabolism in order to increase concentration of mammalian lignan antioxidants in milk of dairy cows. However, more research is required to improve our knowledge on metabolism of other antioxidants in dairy cows and how they can contribute in decreasing milk oxidation.

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Ameliorative Effect of Spinach on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced in Rats by a High-Fat Diet

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20071662 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 1662 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Laura Elvira-Torales ◽

Gala Martín-Pozuelo ◽

Rocío González-Barrio ◽

Inmaculada Navarro-González ◽

Francisco-José Pallarés ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

High Fat ◽

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Stress Biomarkers ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

And Oxidative Stress

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of dietary carotenoids from spinach on the inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers, liver lipid profile, and liver transcriptomic and metabolomics profiles in Sprague–Dawley rats with steatosis induced by a high-fat diet. Two concentrations of spinach powder (2.5 and 5%) were used in two types of diet: high-fat (H) and standard (N). Although rats fed diet H showed an accumulation of fat in hepatocytes, they did not show differences in the values of adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and oxygen radical absorption (ORAC) in plasma or of isoprostanes in urine compared with animals fed diet N. The consumption of spinach and the accumulation of α and β carotenes and lutein in the liver was inversely correlated with serum total cholesterol and glucose and the content of hepatic cholesterol, increasing monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and reducing cholesterol in the livers of rats fed diet H and spinach. In addition, changes in the expression of genes related to the fatty liver condition occurred, and the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and cholesterol increased, mainly through the overexpression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs). Related to liver metabolites, animals fed with diet H showed hypoaminoacidemia, mainly for the glucogenic aminoacids. Although no changes were observed in inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers, the consumption of spinach modulated the lipid metabolism in liver, which must be taken into consideration during the dietary treatment of steatosis.

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A Review of Lignan Metabolism, Milk Enterolactone Concentration, and Antioxidant Status of Dairy Cows Fed Flaxseed

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24010041 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

André Brito ◽

Yu Zang

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Animal Health ◽

Dietary Manipulation ◽

Limited Information ◽

Health It ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside ◽

Major Site ◽

Ruminal Microbiota

Lignans are polyphenolic compounds with a wide spectrum of biological functions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic activities, therefore, there is an increasing interest in promoting the inclusion of lignan-rich foods in humans’ diets. Flaxseed is the richest source of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside—a compound found in the outer fibrous-containing layers of flax. The rumen appears to be the major site for the conversion of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside to the enterolignans enterodiol and enterolactone, but only enterolactone has been detected in milk of dairy cows fed flaxseed products (whole seeds, hulls, meal). However, there is limited information regarding the ruminal microbiota species involved in the metabolism of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Likewise, little is known about how dietary manipulation such as varying the nonstructural carbohydrate profile of rations affects milk enterolactone in dairy cows. Our review covers the gastrointestinal tract metabolism of lignans in humans and animals and presents an in-depth assessment of research that have investigated the impacts of flaxseed products on milk enterolactone concentration and animal health. It also addresses the pharmacokinetics of enterolactone consumed through milk, which may have implications to ruminants and humans’ health.

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Fructose, Omega 3 Fatty Acids, and Vitamin E: Involvement in Pediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12113531 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3531

Author(s):

Gigliola Alberti ◽

Juan Cristóbal Gana ◽

José L. Santos

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most common form of liver disease in both adults and children, becoming the leading cause for liver transplant in many countries. Its prevalence has increased considerably in recent years, mainly due to the explosive increase in pediatric obesity rates. NAFLD is strongly associated with central obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and it has been considered as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Its complex pathophysiology involves a series of metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative stress processes, among others. Given the sharp increase in the prevalence of NAFLD and the lack of an appropriate pharmacological approach, it is crucial to consider the prevention/management of the disease based on lifestyle modifications such as the adoption of a healthy nutrition pattern. Herein, we review the literature and discuss the role of three key nutrients involved in pediatric NAFLD: fructose and its participation in metabolism, Omega-3 fatty acids and its anti-inflammatory effects and vitamin E and its action on oxidative stress.

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The effects of non-esterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate on the hepatic CYP2E1 in cows with clinical ketosis

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029919000025 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 68-72

Author(s):

Zhicheng Peng ◽

Xiaobing Li ◽

Zhe Wang ◽

Guowen Liu ◽

Xinwei Li

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Blood Concentrations ◽

Cytochrome P4502e1 ◽

Esterified Fatty Acids ◽

Cyp2e1 Expression ◽

Expression And Activity

AbstractDairy cows with ketosis display severe oxidative stress as well as high blood concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) plays an important role in the induction of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate CYP2E1 expression and activity in the liver of clinically ketotic cows (in vivo) and the effects of NEFA and BHB on CYP2E1 expression and activity in hepatocytes (in vitro). Dairy cows with clinical ketosis exhibited a low blood concentration of glucose but high concentrations of NEFA and BHB. Hepatic mRNA, protein expression, and activity of CYP2E1 were significantly higher in cows with clinical ketosis than in control cows. In vitro, both NEFA and BHB treatment markedly up-regulated the mRNA and protein expressions as well as activity of CYP2E1 in cow hepatocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that high levels of NEFA and BHB significantly up-regulate the expression and activity of hepatic CYP2E1, and may be influential in the induction of oxidative stress in cows with clinical ketosis.

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Endogenous liver protections against lipotoxicity and oxidative stress to avoid the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver to more serious disease

Current Molecular Medicine ◽

10.2174/1573405617666210712141600 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Miguel-Angel Barrios-Maya ◽

Angélica Ruiz-Ramírez ◽

Mohammed El-Hafidi

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Ros Generation ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Stress Markers ◽

Serious Disease ◽

Accumulation Of Lipids ◽

And Oxidative Stress

: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disorder characterized by an ectopic accumulation of lipids in at least 5% of hepatocytes. The first phase of the disease, called hepatic steatosis, progresses over time to chronic conditions such as steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatic insufficiency and cancer. The accumulation of free fatty acids in hepatocytes, particularly saturated fatty acids, is a key process in the development and progression of NAFLD. Furthermore, the accumulation of oxidative stress markers in NAFLD is closely linked to lipotoxicity due to impaired lipid metabolism and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, endogenous mechanisms are activated early in the liver to protect against lipotoxicity and oxidative stress, thus preventing liver mass loss and disease progression. Thus, in order to develop appropriate therapies, the purpose of this review is to discuss recent data from the literature regarding the importance of intrinsic mechanisms deployed by the liver in protecting itself against the adverse effects related to chronic lipid accumulation and ROS generation.

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Metabolic factors affecting the inflammatory response of periparturient dairy cows

Animal Health Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s1466252309990016 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 53-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 182

Author(s):

Lorraine M. Sordillo ◽

G. A. Contreras ◽

Stacey L. Aitken

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Systemic Inflammation ◽

Dominant Factor ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Periparturient Period ◽

Health Disorders ◽

And Oxidative Stress

AbstractDairy cattle are susceptible to increased incidence and severity of disease during the periparturient period. Increased health disorders have been associated with alterations in bovine immune mechanisms. Many different aspects of the bovine immune system change during the periparturient period, but uncontrolled inflammation is a dominant factor in several economically important disorders such as metritis and mastitis. In human medicine, the metabolic syndrome is known to trigger several key events that can initiate and promote uncontrolled systemic inflammation. Altered lipid metabolism, increased circulating concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and oxidative stress are significant contributing factors to systemic inflammation and the development of inflammatory-based diseases in humans. Dairy cows undergo similar metabolic adaptations during the onset of lactation, and it was postulated that some of these physiological events may negatively impact the magnitude and duration of inflammation. This review will discuss how certain types of fatty acids may promote uncontrolled inflammation either directly or through metabolism into potent lipid mediators. The relationship of increased lipid metabolism and oxidative stress to inflammatory dysfunction will be reviewed as well. Understanding more about the underlying cause of periparturient health disorders may facilitate the design of nutritional regimens that will meet the energy requirements of cows during early lactation and reduce the susceptibility to disease as a function of compromised inflammatory responses.

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