scholarly journals Biomass components of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo managed at different growth ages and seasons

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theyson Duarte MARANHÃO ◽  
Magno José Duarte CÂNDIDO ◽  
Marcos Neves LOPES ◽  
Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco POMPEU ◽  
Maria Socorro de Souza CARNEIRO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Response ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Maximum Point ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Dry Seasons

SUMMARY This study was carried out aiming to evaluate the biomass components of elephant grass cv. Roxo at seven growth ages, during rainy, transition and dry seasons. A completely randomized design was adopted with a split plot arrangement over time. The treatments consisted of seven growth ages (9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54 and 63) and three seasons (rainy, transition and dry). The variables green forage biomass, dead forage biomass, green stem biomass and green leaf blade biomass showed positive linear responses to age and had their magnitude influenced by the evaluated seasons. The live/dead material ratio showed a decreasing linear response as a function of age. The leaf blade/stem ratio showed a negative linear adjustment in the rainy season, reaching a critical value of 1.0 at 59 days, and it showed a quadratic adjustment in the transition season, with the maximum point at 27.53 days; however, this ratio was not influenced by age in the dry season, revealing an average value of 2.22 ± 0.27. The canopy height and leaf area index showed a positive linear response to age in the three seasons. Tiller population density showed quadratic behaviour for age, with maximum estimated values of 134 and 110 til. m-2 at 31.24 and 37.40 days in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Rainfall seasonality influences the magnitude of the daily increase of the distinct biomass components of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo.

scholarly journals Accumulation and partition of macronutrients in Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo managed under different growth ages and seasons

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theyson Duarte Maranhão ◽  
Magno José Duarte Cândido ◽  
Ismail Soares ◽  
Marcos Neves Lopes ◽  
Rafael Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Linear Behavior ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to evaluate the macronutrient accumulations in leaf, stem, and shoot of elephant grass cv. Roxo. The treatments consisted of seven growth ages (9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, and 63 days) and three growing seasons (rainy, transition, and dry). A completely randomized design and a split-plot time arrangement were used, where the ages were the plots and the seasons the subplots, with three replications. Interaction between the factors age and season of cultivation for the contents and the daily accumulation rates of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S in leaf, stem, and shoot fractions were calculated. The margins of daily accumulation of nutrients N, P, K, Mg, and S presented positive linear behavior in all seasons studied; however, with variation in the magnitude of the response between them. The daily accumulation rate of Ca in the canopy was adjusted to a linear model for the rainy and dry seasons and to a quadratic model for the transition season, reaching a maximum of 4.60 kg ha-1 at 59.76 days of growth. The accumulation of nutrients in elephant grass cv. Roxo showed the following decreasing order: K > N > P > Mg > Ca > S in the rainy and transition seasons, while in the dry season the following decreasing order was observed: K > P > N > Ca > Mg > S.

scholarly journals Effect of post-grazing residual leaf blade-length on the regrowth vigor of Piatã grass grazed under intermittent stocking

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
Wagner Soares da Costa Junior ◽  
Emerson Alexandrino ◽  
Joaquim José de Paula Neto ◽  
José Messias de Rezende
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Canopy Height ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
Peak Value

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of post-grazing residual leaf blades (RLB) of different lengths on the morphogenic and structural characteristics of Urochloa brizantha ‘Piatã’ grazed upon by beef cattle. A completely randomized design was used, with three RLB lengths (2, 4, and 6 cm) and two paddocks as replicates over two grazing seasons (wet and wet-dry transition). To monitor the weekly forage growth, two representative clumps and 48 tillers per treatment were marked after grazing. The procedure continued until the plants reached the target pre-grazing height of 35–40 cm. Morphogenic characteristics were not affected by the treatments or seasons, with minor changes observed in mean sheath length (MSL) within season and tiller population density (TPD). The MSL reached its peak value of 210.37 mm during the wet season relative to 175.89 mm during the wet-dry transition. The TPD reached its lowest value (680 tillers m-2) at the highest defoliation intensity (2 cm) relative to that at the lowest defoliation intensity (720 tillers m-2). The different RLB lengths modified canopy height variably; canopy height was the highest with the 6 cm leaves (24.31 cm), but did not vary between the 2 cm and 4 cm leaves. The post-grazing leaf area index and interception of photosynthetically active radiation were modified by season. The highest defoliation intensity (2 cm) increased the rest period by seven days when compared with the lowest defoliation intensity (6 cm).

scholarly journals Resíduo líquido de laticínio como fertilizante para o capim Mombaça

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Perlon Maia Santos ◽  
José Expedito Cavalcante Silva ◽  
Antonio Clementino Santos ◽  
Jose Geraldo Donozetti Santos ◽  
Aridouglas Santos Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Dairy Waste ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Dead Material

The chemical or organic fertilizer can be responsible for the sustainability of pastures, with an alternative of application for the agro-industry subproducts. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of dairy waste application on Mombaça grass agronomic characteristics to verify the potential supply of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Six doses of liquid dairy waste corresponding to 10, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 400 m³ ha-¹ were evaluated in four production cycles. The accumulation of dry forage, leaf blade, stem, dead material, leaf area index, number of tillers, leaf/stem and plant height were evaluated. Increasing levels resulted in the increase of the grass performance. The application of 400 m³ ha-¹ of liquid dairy waste ensures similar productions when compared to the application of P and K through chemical fertilizers, replacing 25% of the phosphorus and 100% of potassium fertilization. The liquid dairy waste can be used as a potassium supplier to Mombaça grass and have a positive residual effect on biomass accumulation.

scholarly journals EFEK PROBIOTIK DAN SELUBIOSE TERHADAP VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS (VFA) DAN NH3 RUMINAL DOMBA GARUT

Jurnal BIOMA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Atin Supiyani
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Sheep Rumen ◽  
Ph Range

The composition of feed can improve and optimize the fermentation in sheep rumen. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of probiotic and cellobiose to rumen fermentation of sheep. Four adult (weight ±13.5 kg) rumen fistulae sheep were used. The fed given were King grass (Pennisetum purpureum), rice bran and soybean meal that are protected by formaldehyde 0.3% as base feed. Fed treatment were probiotics (0,5% and 1%) and cellobiose (1 ppm and 3 ppm). Parameters measured were pH, N-NH3 and VFA concentration of rumen fluid at 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after feeding with Completely Randomized Design Factorials 4x5 and continued with Duncan test (α=0,05). The ruminal pH range for all treatments between 6.27 - 6.89. The maximum N-NH3 concentration value has been reached at 2 hours after feeding 12.25-18.75 mM. At 0 hours, the total VFA concentration was at an average value of 294.91 mg% and then increased at 2-6 hours reaching its maximum value in the range 661.97-767.70 mg% (p<0.05). The addition of probiotics and cellobiose can optimize rumen fermentation of sheep.

scholarly journals Biomass components and structure of massai grass fertilized with nitrogen and grazed by sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1411-1420
Author(s):  
M.N. Lopes ◽  
M.J.D. Cândido ◽  
R.C.F.F. Pompeu ◽  
R.G. Silva ◽  
M.S.S. Carneiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

ABSTRACT To evaluate the biomass components of massai grass subjected to nitrogen (N) fertilization levels (control - 0; 400; 800 and 1200 kg ha-1 year-1 of N) and under rotational stocking with sheep, this study was undertaken using a completely randomized design with measurements repeated in time. A quadratic response was observed reaching maximum values as the levels of nitrogen fertilization increased for green forage biomass, green leaf biomass, green stem biomass (5,172.9; 4,146.3; 1,033.9 kg ha-1 cycle-1, respectively), forage total density (179.1 kg ha-1 cm-1), canopy height (36.8 cm) and live material/dead material ratio (4.0) at levels 896; 934; 797; 879.2; 751.4 and 1,161 kg ha-1 year-1 of N, respectively. For all variables, oscillation was observed between the grazing cycles studied. Nitrogen fertilization has a positive response on the biomass components and canopy structure of massai grass.

scholarly journals On the lack of adaptation in the Tristichaceœ and Podostemaceœ

1914 ◽  
Vol 87 (598) ◽  
pp. 532-550 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Great Uniformity ◽  
High Degree

With the exception of some of the parasitic orders, such as the Balanophoraceœ , there are probably no families of flowering plants—one might almost include flowerless—which are so completely transformed from the average or mesophytic type of the phanerogams into types which are so completely unique and peculiar, as the Tristichaceæ and still more the Podostemaceæ. Nor are there any in which, with such very great uniformity in the conditions of life, there is such remarkable variety in the morphological structure. The structure of the orders, or rather of their members, being unique, and the conditions under which they live being also unique, it has been taken for granted that the former is in a high degree adapted to the latter, the flat thallus-like expansions of stem or root being looked upon as admirably suited to the rushing water in which they live. So long as we were almost completely ignorant of the actual living plants, and content with dead material collected mainly in the dry seasons, this was all very well, but now that for 17 years I have devoted much attention to these plants,* have studied them in the living condition in their natural habitats in India, Ceylon, and Brazil, have followed them from germination right through their life-history, and in other ways become absolutely familiar with them, and as a result of all this have arrived at diametrically opposite conclusions, it will repay us to examine into the question in some detail.

Effects of Phosphorus and Carbofuran on the Growth and Nitrogen Fixation of Azolla pinnata and the Yield of Rice

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Singh ◽  
P. K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Azolla Pinnata ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Nitrogen Yield ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Dry Seasons

SUMMARYThe effects of phosphorus fertilizer and the insecticide carbofuran on the growth and N2-fixation of Azolla pinnata and on the growth, grain yield and nitrogen uptake of intercropped rice were examined in a wet and a dry season. Treatment with phosphorus or carbofuran increased the biomass of Azolla and the amount of nitrogen fixed (nitrogen yield) in both seasons, but the response was much better in the dry season. Azolla inoculation at 1.0 t ha−1 resulted in a greater bio mass and nitrogen yield than inoculation at 0.5 t ha−1. In the dry season, a combination of phosphorus and carbofuran enhanced the growth and N2-fixation of Azolla more than either treatment alone. Carbofuran treatment slowed the rate of decomposition of Azolla, particularly in the dry season. The plant height, leaf area index and dry matter production of rice at flowering time were increased in the plots treated with phosphorus or carbofuran in the wet season and these treatments increased rice grain yield and nitrogen uptake in both the wet and dry seasons.

scholarly journals Production and quality of Tifton 85 pastures overseeded with black oat: effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 2071
Author(s):  
João De Assis Farias Filho ◽  
Fabiana Luiza Matielo de Paula ◽  
Adalberto Luiz de Paula ◽  
Wagner Paris ◽  
Fabrício Ghinzelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dead Material

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the bromatological quality, forage production, and botanical and structural composition of Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) pastures overseeded with black oat (Avena strigosa). Four treatments were evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme (irrigated and non-irrigated × fertilized and non-fertilized), with three replicates, in a completely randomized design. In irrigated paddocks, the irrigation system was activated when the soil matric potential reached a value equal to, or higher than, 10 kPa and 135 kg N ha-1 was applied to fertilized paddocks, divided into four applications. The forage mass pre- and post-grazing, total forage production, and the botanical, structural, and bromatological composition of the pastures were evaluated. No interaction was observed between the irrigation and nitrogen fertilization factors for any of the variables and no significant differences were observed in forage mass between pre- and post-grazing or in Tifton leaf and stem percentages. Nitrogen fertilization had a significant effect on forage production, which was 2626.41 kg dry matter (DM) ha-1 higher in fertilized pastures than in unfertilized pastures. In addition, fertilization resulted in a lower percentage of dead material (6.66%), higher percentage of oat leaves (30.84%), higher leaf:stem ratio (1:45), higher crude protein content (24.13%), lower levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (64.57%) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (32.86%), and higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (73.01%) than in unfertilized pastures. The use of irrigation did not influence total forage production, however, it resulted in pastures with lower NDF (65.97%) and ADF (33.54%), and higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (73.48%) than unirrigated pastures. Nitrogen fertilization produced improvements in pasture structure, associated with higher dry matter yield and bromatological quality, while irrigation only produced pastures with lower fiber content and greater digestibility.

scholarly journals Caracterização dos Estratos Verticais de Pastagens Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu Manejadas em Diferentes Alturas

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 09-15
Author(s):  
Rafaela Machado dos Santos ◽  
José Victor Pronievks Barreto ◽  
Mateus Ludovico Zamboti ◽  
Camila Cano Serafim ◽  
Kivia Cardoso Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Environment Effects ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha

A estrutura da pastagem é uma característica determinante tanto da dinâmica de crescimento da planta quanto do comportamento ingestivo dos animais. O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever a densidade da forragem e a proporção dos componentes morfológicos da planta, nos estratos verticais de pastagens de capim Marandu, submetido ao pastejo em diferentes alturas. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado e as análises de variância e de regressão. Durante o experimento, as alturas médias dos seis piquetes utilizados foram de 10, 17, 18, 29, 32 e 50 cm. O material coletado foi separado, em lâmina foliar, colmo verde e material morto, que foram analisados quanto ao teor de matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro. Os estratos verticais apresentaram diferentes composições em relação aos componentes morfológicos de acordo com a altura do pasto. Os estratos próximos ao solo apresentaram maior densidade de forragem com valores de 370 a 543 kg/ha.cm, maior proporção de colmos verdes (30 a 53%) e material morto (25 a 52%) e menor de lâminas foliares (10 a 35%). Independente da altura do pasto, os estratos superiores são mais sensíveis aos efeitos do animal e do ambiente, e apresentaram maiores teores de PB e FDN para lâminas foliares e colmos. Nos estratos acima de 15 cm, os valores de PB e FDN das lâminas foliares verdes variaram entre 10,3 e 13,6% e 49,3 e 54,2%, respectivamente. O manejo em diferentes alturas altera as características dos estratos verticais do pasto, principalmente, nos estratos acima de 15 cm.   Palavras-chave: Altura do Pasto. Densidade Forrageira. Colmos Verdes. Material Morto. Lâmina Foliar.   Abstract The pasture structure is a determining characteristic of both the plant growth dynamics and the animals ingestive behavior. The objective of the work was to describe the density and the proportion of the plant’morphological components, in the pastures vertical strata of Marandu grass, subjected to grazing at different heights. The design used was completely randomized and the analysis of variance and regression.  During the experiment, the average heights of  six paddocks used were 10, 17, 18, 29, 32 and 50 cm. The collected material was separated into leaf blade, green stem and dead material, which were analyzed as to the dry matter content, crude protein and fiber in neutral detergent. The vertical strata presented different compositions in relation to the morphological components according to the height of the pasture.  The near-soil strata showed higher forage density with values from 370 to 543 kg/ha.cm, higher proportion of green stems (30 to 53%) and dead material (25 to 52%) and smaller number of leaf blades (10 to 35%). Regardless of the height of the pasture, the upper strata are more sensitive to the animal and the environment effects, and presented higher levels of CP and NDF for leaf blades and stems.  In the strata above 15 cm, the values of PB and NDF of the green leaf blades varied between 10.3 and 13.6% and 49.3 and 54.2%, respectively. The management of different heights change the characteristics of the pasturevertical strata, mainly in the strata above 15 cm.   Keywords: Height of the Pasture. Forage Density. Green Stems. Dead Material. Leaf Laminas.  

scholarly journals Intensive Production and Management of Marandu Palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’) Accelerates Leaf Turnover but Does Not Change Herbage Mass

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1846
Author(s):  
Fernando Ongaratto ◽  
Marcia Helena Machado da Rocha Fernandes ◽  
Erick Escobar Dallantonia ◽  
Lais de Oliveira Lima ◽  
Guilherme Alves do Val ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Leaf Lifespan ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Leaf Turnover ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Stocking Rates

Pasture intensification through higher stocking rates, nitrogen fertilization and intensified grazing management in beef cattle production optimizes pasture use by increasing the forage harvested. We aimed to assess its effects on the morphogenesis and canopy structure of Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’ (marandu palisadegrass) pastures. The treatments consisted of marandu palisadegrass pastures managed under continuous stocking and a canopy height of 25 cm, with different levels of intensification: extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive systems N-fertilized with 0 kg, 75 kg, and 150 kg N ha−1 year−1, respectively, as ammonium nitrate (32% of N), with four replicates (paddocks) in a completely randomized design. Phyllochron (9.8 days) and leaf lifespan (34.7 days) were shorter in intensified pastures, whereas herbage mass was similar among treatments. Extensive pastures had a higher proportion of senescent material; thus, more intensive systems showed higher proportions of leaves and stems, although the leaves-to-stem ratio remained similar across production systems. The defoliation interval was lower in intensive (14.4 days) and higher in extensive (18.7 days) treatments. Thus, pasture intensification accelerates leaf appearance, decreases leaf lifespan, shortens the tiller defoliation interval and increased herbage accumulation rate but does not change herbage mass. The extensive system produces excessive forage losses due to dead material.

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