scholarly journals Intensive Production and Management of Marandu Palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’) Accelerates Leaf Turnover but Does Not Change Herbage Mass

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1846
Author(s):  
Fernando Ongaratto ◽  
Marcia Helena Machado da Rocha Fernandes ◽  
Erick Escobar Dallantonia ◽  
Lais de Oliveira Lima ◽  
Guilherme Alves do Val ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Leaf Lifespan ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Leaf Turnover ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Stocking Rates

Pasture intensification through higher stocking rates, nitrogen fertilization and intensified grazing management in beef cattle production optimizes pasture use by increasing the forage harvested. We aimed to assess its effects on the morphogenesis and canopy structure of Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’ (marandu palisadegrass) pastures. The treatments consisted of marandu palisadegrass pastures managed under continuous stocking and a canopy height of 25 cm, with different levels of intensification: extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive systems N-fertilized with 0 kg, 75 kg, and 150 kg N ha−1 year−1, respectively, as ammonium nitrate (32% of N), with four replicates (paddocks) in a completely randomized design. Phyllochron (9.8 days) and leaf lifespan (34.7 days) were shorter in intensified pastures, whereas herbage mass was similar among treatments. Extensive pastures had a higher proportion of senescent material; thus, more intensive systems showed higher proportions of leaves and stems, although the leaves-to-stem ratio remained similar across production systems. The defoliation interval was lower in intensive (14.4 days) and higher in extensive (18.7 days) treatments. Thus, pasture intensification accelerates leaf appearance, decreases leaf lifespan, shortens the tiller defoliation interval and increased herbage accumulation rate but does not change herbage mass. The extensive system produces excessive forage losses due to dead material.

scholarly journals Herbage accumulation and canopy structure during stockpiling of Marandu, Piatã, Xaraés, and Paiaguás brachiariagrass cultivars

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoel Eduardo Rozalino Santos ◽  
Lucas Santos de Moraes ◽  
Flávio Henrique de Oliveira Fernandes ◽  
Bruno Humberto Rezende Carvalho ◽  
Gabriel de Oliveira Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Year ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
Mechanical Cutting

Abstract: The objective of this work was to compare herbage accumulation and canopy structural characteristics during the stockpiling period of the Marandu, Piatã, Xaraés, and Paiaguás cultivars of Urochloa brizantha. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replicates. The experiment was repeated for two years (2017 and 2018), under mechanical cutting conditions, and the canopies were stockpiled for 90 days, from March to June. In the first year, forage mass was higher for the Xaraés and Paiaguás cultivars; however, in the second year, Xaraés showed a forage mass higher than that of the other cultivars. The number of vegetative tillers at the end of the stockpiling period was higher for Paiaguás, contrary to what was observed for number of reproductive tillers. The herbage accumulation rate was higher for the Paiaguás and Xaraés cultivars. The Paiaguás grass stands out for its high herbage accumulation rate during the stockpiling period and for its higher number of vegetative tillers and lower number of reproductive tillers than that of the other cultivars.

scholarly journals Physiological response of marandu grass seeds exposed to NPK fertilizer

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciane da Cunha Codognoto ◽  
Thassiane Telles Conde ◽  
Kátia Luciene Maltoni ◽  
Glaucia Amorim Faria ◽  
André Rodrigues dos Reis
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Seed Mixture ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha

ABSTRACT: To facilitate seeding process of forage species, a common practice is to mix seeds with fertilizers in monocropping and intercropping or in implementing integrated livestock production systems. However, in prolonged periods of contact, the fertilizer’s salinity and acidity negatively affect the seeds’ physiological quality. Therefore, this study intends to verify the effect of ten periods (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours) of exposure to granular NPK fertilizer 04-30-16 on the vigor and germination of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu seeds. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replication. The fertilizer and seed mixture registered a negative effect on seed moisture content, electrical conductivity, emergence, emergence speed index, and seedling and radicle length as the period of exposure to the fertilizer increased from 3 to 120 hours.

scholarly journals Structural and Productive Characteristics of Urochloa Cultivars Submitted to Different Defoliation Frequencies in Semiarid Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Dos Santos Oliveira ◽  
João Virgínio Emerenciano Neto ◽  
Rodrigo Da Silva Santos ◽  
Breno Ramon de Souza Bonfim ◽  
Fábio Nunes Lista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Urochloa Decumbens ◽  
Cutting Interval ◽  
Defoliation Frequency ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha

This study assessed the effect of three cutting intervals (30, 45 and 60 days) on structural and production features of five different cultivars (Urochloa Brizantha: Marandu, Piatã and Xaraés; Urochloa decumbens: Basilisk; Urochloa hybrid: Mulato I). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design. The interaction between the defoliation frequency and the cultivars not significant to the length and width of the leaf blade, the diameter of the stem, and the number of living leaves. There was no effect of the cutting intervals on the width of the leaf blade, and the number or living leaves. The length and width of the leaf blade were highest in the Xaraés grass. The diameter of the stem, the height canopy and the forage mass grew as a function of the cutting interval. Cv. Xaraés displayed the highest heights and was the most productive. Stems and leaves masses, and the accumulation rates grew with the increase of the cutting intervals. The ratio leaf blade stem decreased as increasing the cutting intervals. Urochloa pastures should be handled with defoliation frequencies up to 45 days. Cv. Xaraés displays a high dry matter production and we suggest its use in intensive production systems.

scholarly journals Effects of timing of nitrogen fertilizer application on responses by tropical grasses

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-191
Author(s):  
Carlos E. A. Cabral ◽  
Aline M. Motta ◽  
Alyce R. M. Santos ◽  
Fagner J. Gomes ◽  
Bruno C. Pedreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha

Timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application can influence grass regrowth, so it is important to identify how tropical grasses respond to delays in applying fertilizer after defoliation. Our objective was to identify the effects of timing of N fertilizer application after harvest on the productive, morphogenic and structural characteristics of 3 tropical grasses: ‘Xaraés’ (Urochloa brizantha [Hochst. ex A. Rich.] Stapf cv. Xaraés), ‘Marandu’ (Urochloa brizantha [Hochst. ex A. Rich.] Stapf cv. Marandu) and ‘Tanzânia’ (Megathyrsus maximus [Jacq.] cv. Tanzânia). The experiments were performed in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design, with 5 delays in applying N after harvesting (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days). Delaying fertilizer application did not affect the forage mass of Xaraés and Marandu palisade grass (7.4 and 7.8 g/pot, respectively). There was a linear decrease in number of leaves per tiller and leaf appearance rate, but tiller population density and phyllochron increased linearly as fertilizer application was delayed. Grass forage mass (12.2‒10.6 g/pot), number of leaves per tiller (3.1‒2.6 leaves/tiller) and forage accumulation rate (0.47 to 0.41 g DM/d) of Tanzânia guinea decreased linearly as N application was delayed, but tiller population density was unaffected (25 tillers/pot). Based on our results, N fertilizer should be applied to Tanzânia guinea grass pastures as soon as possible after harvest and certainly before 3 days, while there is not the same urgency with Xaraés and Marandu where fertilization could be delayed up to 12 days without significant detriment. These suggestions need to be tested in a field study before being recommended widely.

scholarly journals Morphogenesis of stockpiled Marandu, Piatã, Xaraés and Paiaguás brachiariagrass cultivars

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1413-1421
Author(s):  
M.E.R. Santos ◽  
I.C. Ferreira ◽  
B.H.R. Carvalho ◽  
G.O. Rocha ◽  
G.S. Borges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Elongation Rate ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
Leaf Appearance

ABSTRACT The objective this study was to identify differences in the morphogenic patterns of four Urochloa brizantha cultivars (marandu, piatã, xaraés and paiaguás grasses) during the stockpiling period. A completely randomized design was used, with three replications, in experimental plots of 9m². The evaluations took place over 2 years. The grasses were stockpiled for 92 (Year 1) and 95 (Year 2) days. The leaf appearance rate of paiaguás grass was higher, compared to other grasses. In Year 1, the stem elongation rate of xaraés grass was higher than other grasses. At the end of stockpiling period of Year 1, the tiller population density (TPD) was higher in the paiaguás grass, intermediate in the xaraés and marandu grasses and lower in the piatã grass. At the end of the stockpiling period in Year 2, TPD was higher in the paiaguás grass canopy, intermediate in the marandu and piatã grasses canopies, and lower in the xaraés grass canopy. Paiaguás grass has greater leaf growth during the stockpiling period and is therefore suitable for use under stockpiled grazing. Xaraés grass has high stem elongation during the stockpiling period, which is why its use under stockpiled grazing must be accompanied by adjustments in pasture management.

Seasonal alteration in sward height of Marandu palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha) pastures managed by continuous grazing interferes with forage production

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suleize Terra ◽  
Flávia Maria de Andrade Gimenes ◽  
Alessandra Aparecida Giacomini ◽  
Luciana Gerdes ◽  
Marisa Xavier Manço ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Hot Season ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
The Stability

Changes in sward height of pastures managed by continuous grazing according to climatic seasonality may alter tillering and forage production. In order to evaluate the feasibility of seasonal alteration in sward height of Marandu palisade grass pastures (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) R.D. Webster; syn. Urochloa brizantha (A.Rich.) Stapf) under continuous grazing management, we studied two constant sward heights (15 cm and 30 cm), and one height that was initiated at 30 cm, reduced to 15 cm in June (dry and cold season) and returned to 30 cm in December (wet and hot season) (30–15–30 cm). Pastures managed at 30–15–30 cm had a greater tiller appearance rate (22 tillers/100 tillers.30 days) than those maintained at 15 cm and 30 cm (16 and 17 tillers/100 tillers.30 days, respectively). In the 30–15–30 cm pastures, a lower accumulation rate of dead material was observed during the dry and cold season (June–August), which resulted in a higher leaf and lower dead material accumulation rate during the second growth season (wet and hot season, December–January). Planned reduction in sward height during the cold season can be used safely because it permits better seasonal distribution and utilisation of forage production without compromising the stability of Marandu palisade grass pastures.

scholarly journals Productivity and morphological composition of Xaraés palisade grass under three light intensities

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 2749
Author(s):  
Vinicius Carreteiro Gomes ◽  
Juliana da Silva Barros ◽  
Paulo Roberto de Lima Meirelles ◽  
Ciniro Costa ◽  
Erikelly Aline Ribeiro de Santana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Light Reduction ◽  
Production Studies ◽  
Light Production ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
Artificial Shading

The adaptation of Urochloa brizantha to Brazilian ecosystems and the use of artificial shading in low light production studies are important tools to obtain productive responses and to know the behavior of plants when used in integration with arboreal components. The experiment was conducted at the FMVZ - UNESP in Botucatu city, São Paulo state, Brazil. The study aimed to evaluate the yield of U. brizantha (syn Brachiaria brizantha) cv. Xaraés (Xaraés palisade grass) under three light intensities and four cuts. The experimental design was a randomized block with three treatments (natural luminosity, 30% light reduction, and 60% light reduction), three replicates and four cuts. The following morphological components were determined: leaf area index (LAI), forage accumulation rate (FAR), total forage mass (TFM), stem yield (SY), leaf yield (LY), and dead material yield (DMY). Light intensity influenced grass productivity, and the best performance was reached under 60% shading, which had higher values of TFM, LY, SY, LAI, and FAR if compared to natural luminosity. Thus, a reduction of 60% in light intensity showed to be the most productive and the best alternative under those conditions.

scholarly journals Glauconitic siltstone as a multi-nutrient fertilizer for Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú

2019 ◽  
pp. 1280-1287
Author(s):  
Isabel Cristina Acciardi Violatti ◽  
Camila de Andrade Carvalho Gualberto ◽  
Luiz Henrique Silveira ◽  
Gustavo Alves Santos ◽  
Bárbara Campos Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Manganese Sulfate ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Efficient Alternative ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha

Potassium (K) is one of the most absorbed nutrients by forage plants and it is found at low levels in tropical soils, requiring large amounts of fertilizers. The use of glauconitic siltstone as multi-nutrient fertilizers is an economic alternative to improve pasture-based production systems due to their low-cost production and long-term nutrient release. This study evaluated the effect of the glauconitic siltstone (GS) powder on three successive crops of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha). Two experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions, one using a Typic Dystrustox and the other a Typic Quartzipsamment. Both experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design with one factor, i.e., five glauconitic siltstone doses (0, 5, 20, 40, and 80 mg dm-3 of K2O) and four replications. In addition, three additional treatments were used, as potassium chloride, wollastonite and manganese sulfate at doses of 80 mg dm-3 of K2O, 270 mg dm-3 of silicon (Si) and 2 mg dm-3 of manganese (Mn), respectively. The sources were incubated for 60 days on the two soil types and, after the incubation period, Urochloa brizantha plants were grown. Three consecutive cuts were performed at 68, 104 and 168 days after sowing. The application of the GS in tropical soils promoted increases in plant dry matter, as well as K, Si and Mn levels in soil samples and accumulated in plants. In general, greater effects were obtained following the application of GS after consecutive cropping cycles due to its long-term release. Results described in this study provide an important understanding of the use of glauconitic siltstone as multi-nutrient fertilizers in tropical soils, being an efficient alternative to improve soil fertility and increase tropical pasture productivity.

scholarly journals Biomass components and structure of massai grass fertilized with nitrogen and grazed by sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1411-1420
Author(s):  
M.N. Lopes ◽  
M.J.D. Cândido ◽  
R.C.F.F. Pompeu ◽  
R.G. Silva ◽  
M.S.S. Carneiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

ABSTRACT To evaluate the biomass components of massai grass subjected to nitrogen (N) fertilization levels (control - 0; 400; 800 and 1200 kg ha-1 year-1 of N) and under rotational stocking with sheep, this study was undertaken using a completely randomized design with measurements repeated in time. A quadratic response was observed reaching maximum values as the levels of nitrogen fertilization increased for green forage biomass, green leaf biomass, green stem biomass (5,172.9; 4,146.3; 1,033.9 kg ha-1 cycle-1, respectively), forage total density (179.1 kg ha-1 cm-1), canopy height (36.8 cm) and live material/dead material ratio (4.0) at levels 896; 934; 797; 879.2; 751.4 and 1,161 kg ha-1 year-1 of N, respectively. For all variables, oscillation was observed between the grazing cycles studied. Nitrogen fertilization has a positive response on the biomass components and canopy structure of massai grass.

scholarly journals Impact of elevated temperature scenarios on potato leaf development

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nereu A. Streck ◽  
Lilian O. Uhlmann ◽  
Alencar J. Zanon ◽  
Dilson A. Bisognin
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Potato Leaf ◽  
Linear Temperature ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to simulate the impact of elevated temperature scenarios on leaf development of potato in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Leaf appearance was estimated using a multiplicative model that has a non-linear temperature response function which calculates the daily leaf appearance rate (LAR, leaves day-1) and the accumulated number of leaves (LN) from crop emergence to the appearance of the upper last leaf. Leaf appearance was estimated during 100 years in the following scenarios: current climate, +1 °C, +2 °C, +3 °C, +4 °C e +5 °C. The LAR model was estimated with coefficients of the Asterix cultivar in five emergence dates and in two growing seasons (Fall and Spring). Variable of interest was the duration (days) of the crop emergence to the appearance of the final leaf number (EM-FLN) phase. Statistical analysis was performed assuming a three-factorial experiment, with main effects being climate scenarios, growing seasons, and emergence dates in a completely randomized design using years (one hundred) as replications. The results showed that warmer scenarios lead to an increase, in the fall, and a decrease, in the spring growing season, in the duration of the leaf appearance phase, indicating high vulnerability and complexity of the response of potato crop grown in a Subtropical environment to climate change.

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