scholarly journals Molecular prevalence of trichomonad species from pet shop puppies and kittens in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoyuki Itoh ◽  
Yuko Iijima ◽  
Isao Ogura ◽  
Natsumi Yonekura ◽  
Satoshi Kameshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Zoonotic Transmission ◽  
Tritrichomonas Foetus ◽  
Soft Or ◽  
Pentatrichomonas Hominis

Abstract Pentatrichomonas hominis and Tritrichomonas foetus (cat genotype) have been commonly identified as intestinal trichomonads in both dogs and cats. Although P. hominis is considered as non-pathogenic protozoa in many kinds of mammals, it has the potential for zoonotic transmission. T. foetus has been recognized as the emerging causative agent of diarrhea in cats without the risk of zoonotic transmission. As pet shops are the major source of young companion animals, the present study discusses the molecular prevalence of P. hominis and T. foetus from 544 pet shop puppies and 409 kittens. The results suggest that the prevalence of P. hominis (puppies: 7.0%; kittens: 0.5%) and T. foetus (puppies: 0%; kittens: 2.4%) in pet shop young animals are low. In addition, the infections of P. hominis and T. foetus are not always associated with the clinical signs (soft or diarrhea feces).

Chronic kidney disease in adult horses: causes, diagnosis and management

UK-Vet Equine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 195-204
Author(s):  
Rachel Gough ◽  
Kate McGovern
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Terminal Condition ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽  
Adequate Quality ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase

Chronic kidney disease is a rare disease in horses, unlike humans and companion animals where it is frequently encountered. There are multiple causes, although, since the disease typically presents late in the disease process, the instigating factor is often not ascertained. Clinical signs most commonly include weight loss, ventral oedema and polyuria-polydipsia. There is a need for more sensitive markers of renal damage or dysfunction so that the disease can be detected earlier in its course. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin are potential biomarkers that are being investigated in this regard. Currently, once the diagnosis has been made, treatment is supportive only, with no options to halt the progression of the disease. Although this is a terminal condition, horses can be maintained with an adequate quality of life for several years after diagnosis in some cases.

scholarly journals Parasitological, Hematological, and Immunological Response of Experimentally Infected Sheep with Venezuelan Isolates of Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma equiperdum, and Trypanosoma vivax

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nereida Parra-Gimenez ◽  
Armando Reyna-Bello
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Trypanosoma Vivax ◽  
Veterinary Importance

There are three trypanosoma species of veterinary importance in South America: (1) Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of derrengadera mechanically transmitted by bloodsucking insects such as tabanids, (2) Trypanosoma vivax, also mechanically transmitted by some dipteras hematophages as tabanids and/or Stomoxys, and (3) T. equiperdum, a tissue parasite adapted to sexual transmission and the causative agent of dourine, a distinctive disease that affects only Equidae. In order to evaluate the parasitological, hematological, and serological response of sheep infected with T. vivax, T. evansi, and T. equiperdum, four female sheep were experimentally infected with Venezuelan trypanosome field isolates: two T. evansi of differing virulences, one T. equiperdum; one T. vivax. Parasitemia and clinical parameters such as hematocrit, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and body temperature were measured. T. evansi caused a chronic disease with undulant parasitemia alternating with some cryptic periods of at least 54 days, with no clinical signs. T. equiperdum, never described as infectious to ruminants, also caused a chronic disease with low undulant parasitemia. T. vivax caused an acute infection with severe anemia showing a drop of more than 70% of the hematocrit value, high fever, and rapid deterioration of physical condition, for 36 days of infection. Indirect ELISAs using crude extracts of the three species of trypanosomes as antigens were performed for detection of anti-trypanosome antibodies in sheep sera. Cross-reaction was observed between the three parasite species. These results show that sheep are susceptible to the three-trypanosome species and suggest they can act as a reservoir when sheep are raised and managed with other important livestock such as cattle, horses, buffalos, or goats. These findings are especially interesting for T. equiperdum, a species that has not been reported as infective to sheep.

scholarly journals Co-infection by Tritrichomonas foetus and Pentatrichomonas hominis in asymptomatic cats

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 980-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Spitz dos Santos ◽  
Vera Lúcia Teixeira de Jesus ◽  
Douglas McIntosh ◽  
Bruno Pereira Berto ◽  
Carlos Wilson Gomes Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Tritrichomonas Foetus ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Simultaneous Infection ◽  
Pentatrichomonas Hominis

Abstract: Tritrichomonas foetus, a parasite well known for its significance as a venereally transmitted pathogen in cattle, has been identified as a cause of chronic large bowel diarrhea in domestic cats in many countries of the world. In Brazil, several studies on the diagnosis of bovine trichomoniasis have been performed, but until now, no study was made regarding feline trichomoniasis. Thus, this is the first study to report the occurrence of T. foetus and Pentatrichomonas hominis in cats using morphological and molecular analysis. Feces from 77 cats were examined, four of which (5.2%) were positive for the presence of parabasalids. Morphological analysis of stained smears revealed piriform trophozoites showing the three anterior flagella, elongated nucleus and axostyle ending abruptly in fillet, characteristic of T. foetus. In scanning and transmission electron microscopy, identification characters similar to those previously reported for T. foetus were observed. The cultures containing trophozoites were submitted for molecular analysis, which resulted positive for T. foetus DNA using specific primers (TFR3 and TFR4), and all samples were positive and subjected to sequencing in which they showed 99.7-100% similarity with another isolate sequencing of T. foetus (JX960422). Although no trophozoite with consistent morphology of P. hominis has been visualized in the samples, differential diagnosis was performed using specific primers for P. hominis (TH3 and TH5) amplicon. In three of the four samples (3.89%) sequencing revealed 100% similarity when compared with another sequence of P. hominis deposited in Genbank (KC623939). Therefore, the present study revealed through the diagnostic techniques employed the simultaneous infection by T. foetus and P. hominis in the feces of cats. However, it was necessary to use more than one technique for the diagnosis of the co-infection. These results demonstrate the importance of a correct diagnosis to allow an appropriate treatment by the veterinarian.

scholarly journals Dermatophytosis in companion animals: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1174-1181
Author(s):  
Alsi Dara Paryuni ◽  
Soedarmanto Indarjulianto ◽  
Sitarina Widyarini
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Dermatophyte Species ◽  
Dermatophyte Infection ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Dermatophytosis, a zoonotic disease, is caused by fungi of three main genera, namely, Micropsorum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. Specific lesions of dermatophyte infections are localized in the face, legs, and/or tail. Skin lesions in infected animals demonstrate localized alopecia, erythema, and crust, which are more commonly known as ringworm. Factors that affect dermatophytosis include the dermatophyte species; virulence factors of the agent; and the immune status, age, and sex of the host. High levels of cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines have also been reported to play an important role in dermatophyte infection. This review aims to explore and understand factors that affect dermatophyte infection with an emphasis on the prevalence, clinical signs, pathogenesis, immune response, and the roles of cortisol and cytokines in companion animals infected by a dermatophyte.

scholarly journals Beak and feather disease virus haemagglutinating activity using erythrocytes from African Grey parrots and Brown-headed parrots : research communication

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kondiah ◽  
J. Albertyn ◽  
R.R. Bragg
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Haemagglutinating Activity ◽  
Feather Disease Virus ◽  
Positive Results

Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is a common viral disease of wild and captive psittacine birds characterized by symmetric feather loss and beak deformities. The causative agent, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), is a small, circular single-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the genus Circovirus. BFDV can be detected by PCR or the use of haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays that detect antigen and antibodies respectively. Erythrocytes from a limited number of psittacine species of Australian origin can be used in these tests. In South Africa, the high cost of these birds makes them difficult to obtain for experimental purposes. Investigation into the use of erythrocytes from African Grey parrots and Brown-headed parrots yielded positive results showing the haemagglutinating activity of their erythrocytes with purified BFDV obtained from confirmed clinical cases of the disease. The HA activity was further confirmed by the demonstration of HI using BFDV antiserum from three different African Grey parrots previously exposed to the virus and not showing clinical signs of the disease.

scholarly journals Companion Animals as Models for Inhibition of STAT3 and STAT5

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Kieslinger ◽  
Alexander Swoboda ◽  
Nina Kramer ◽  
Barbara Pratscher ◽  
Birgitt Wolfesberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Companion Animals ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Human Counterpart ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Safety Studies ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Trial Phase ◽  
Stat Pathway

The use of transgenic mouse models has revolutionized the study of many human diseases. However, murine models are limited in their representation of spontaneously arising tumors and often lack key clinical signs and pathological changes. Thus, a closer representation of complex human diseases is of high therapeutic relevance. Given the high failure rate of drugs at the clinical trial phase (i.e., around 90%), there is a critical need for additional clinically relevant animal models. Companion animals like cats and dogs display chronic inflammatory or neoplastic diseases that closely resemble the human counterpart. Cat and dog patients can also be treated with clinically approved inhibitors or, if ethics and drug safety studies allow, pilot studies can be conducted using, e.g., inhibitors of the evolutionary conserved JAK-STAT pathway. The incidence by which different types of cancers occur in companion animals as well as mechanisms of disease are unique between humans and companion animals, where one can learn from each other. Taking advantage of this situation, existing inhibitors of known oncogenic STAT3/5 or JAK kinase signaling pathways can be studied in the context of rare human diseases, benefitting both, the development of drugs for human use and their application in veterinary medicine.

scholarly journals Total prostatectomy combined with urethral anastomosis in a dog: a case report

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 280-286
Author(s):  
P Przadka ◽  
B Liszka ◽  
A Piatek ◽  
P Skrzypczak ◽  
S Dzimira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Skeletal System ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Neoplastic Process ◽  
Laparotomy Wound ◽  
Total Prostatectomy

Prostate cancer is the most common prostate disease diagnosed in castrated dogs. However, prostate cancer is considered to be quite rare in dog population. The presence of prostate tumours can lead to urethral obstruction. Other clinical signs include asymmetric, painful, hard growths on rectal examination, neurological deficit or lameness of the pelvic limbs and general symptoms such as anorexia, weight loss or difficult urination. The neoplastic process may spread to the neighbouring organs and give metastases to the lymph nodes, lungs and skeletal system. Patient with histopathologically confirmed prostate cancer should be examined for metastases. The prognosis is usually unfavourable because of late diagnosis and the presence of metastases. Therapeutic options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Complete prostatectomy carries with it many complications and often requires osteotomy of pelvic fusions. For that reason, total prostatectomy is not commonly performed in companion animals; however, it should be considered in cases of early detection with the absence of metastases. This report presents the procedure of a complete prostatectomy in a dog with a pre-pubic anastomosis of the urethra, without osteotomy of the pelvic septum. The anastomosis of the urinary tract was placed outside the abdominal cavity, caudally from the laparotomy wound. The presented technique seems to be appropriate for the treatment of malignant tumours of the prostate gland in dogs.

scholarly journals Hepacivirus NS3/4A Proteases Interfere with MAVS Signaling in both Their Cognate Animal Hosts and Humans: Implications for Zoonotic Transmission

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (23) ◽  
pp. 10670-10681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anggakusuma ◽  
Richard J. P. Brown ◽  
Dominic H. Banda ◽  
Daniel Todt ◽  
Gabrielle Vieyres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Zoonotic Transmission ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Immune Signaling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Innate Immune Signaling

ABSTRACTMultiple novel members of the genusHepacivirushave recently been discovered in diverse mammalian species. However, to date, their replication mechanisms and zoonotic potential have not been explored in detail. The NS3/4A serine protease of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is critical for cleavage of the viral polyprotein. It also cleaves the cellular innate immune adaptor MAVS, thus decreasing interferon (IFN) production and contributing to HCV persistence in the human host. To investigate the conservation of fundamental aspects of the hepaciviral life cycle, we explored if MAVS cleavage and suppression of innate immune signaling represent a common mechanism employed across different clades of the genusHepacivirusto enhance viral replication. To estimate the zoonotic potential of these nonhuman hepaciviruses, we assessed if their NS3/4A proteases were capable of cleaving human MAVS. NS3/4A proteases of viruses infecting colobus monkeys, rodents, horses, and cows cleaved the MAVS proteins of their cognate hosts and interfered with the ability of MAVS to induce the IFN-β promoter. All NS3/4A proteases from nonhuman viruses readily cleaved human MAVS. Thus, NS3/4A-dependent cleavage of MAVS is a conserved replication strategy across multiple clades within the genusHepacivirus. Human MAVS is susceptible to cleavage by these nonhuman viral proteases, indicating that it does not pose a barrier for zoonotic transmission of these viruses to humans.IMPORTANCEVirus infection is recognized by cellular sensor proteins triggering innate immune signaling and antiviral defenses. While viruses have evolved strategies to thwart these antiviral programs in their cognate host species, these evasion mechanisms are often ineffective in a novel host, thus limiting viral transmission across species. HCV, the best-characterized member of the genusHepaciviruswithin the familyFlaviviridae, uses its NS3/4A protease to disrupt innate immune signaling by cleaving the cellular adaptor protein MAVS. Recently, a large number of HCV-related viruses have been discovered in various animal species, including wild, livestock, and companion animals. We show that the NS3/4A proteases of these hepaciviruses from different animals and representing various clades of the genus cleave their cognate host MAVS proteins in addition to human MAVS. Therefore, cleavage of MAVS is a common strategy of hepaciviruses, and human MAVS is likely unable to limit replication of these nonhuman viruses upon zoonotic exposure.

Human ocular onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca lupi (Spirurida, Onchocercidae) in Iran

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mowlavi ◽  
F. Farzbod ◽  
A. Kheirkhah ◽  
I. Mobedi ◽  
D.D. Bowman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Onchocerca Lupi ◽  
Nodular Lesions

AbstractCases of canine onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca lupi are increasingly reported from Europe and the western United States of America. The zoonotic role of this parasite had already been suspected in Europe as the clinical signs and histopathology seen in two ocular cases from Albania and the Crimean region were very similar to those of canine ocular onchocerciasis. In the most recent reports of human onchocerciasis, O. lupi has been morphologically and molecularly identified as the causative agent of ocular infestation in two patients from Turkey, and one patient from Tunisia. Here, we report an additional case of nodular lesions involving two, and possibly more, immature worms in a patient from Iran. The parasite was found to belong to the genus Onchocerca based on morphological features and the species was confirmed as O. lupi from a partial sequence analysis of 12S ribosomal DNA.

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