Development and transdifferentiation of the heart-associated alary muscles inDrosophila

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Frasch
Keyword(s):  
Alary Muscles

scholarly journals Digestive And Tracheal System of Menopon Gallinae (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) Infesting Poultry Bird (Gallus Gallus Domesticus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Surman Arya ◽  
Suneel Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Gallus Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Visceral Organs ◽  
Binocular Microscope ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Poultry Shaft Louse ◽  
Alary Muscles

The digestive and tracheal system of a poultry shaft louse, Menopon gallinae (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) has been studied in greater details. Alimentary canal of louse was dissected out along with crop under stereozoom binocular microscope. Entire alimentary canal of M. gallinae was found more or less straight and has three basic parts (fore-gut, mid-gut and hind-gut) while crop-teeth was present in the crop. The posterior end of crop contains 20-30 well developed crop-teeth arranged in a single arced plate, in comb-like fashion. Mid-gut was found as simple tube and contributes nearly one half of the total length, while the hind-gut was marked by the opening of Malpighian tubules in alimentary canal. The heart of M. gallinae is of simplest kind, one chambered bulbous structure having three pairs of laterally placed ostia and supported by four pairs of alary muscles. In the tracheal system there were seven pairs of spiracles occurred on the terga of M. gallinae. The first pair of spiracle was found located close to legs while remaining six abdominal spiracles occur from segment 3rd to 8th. The degree of tracheation of various visceral organs has also been noted.

Ultrastructure of moth alary muscles and their attachment to the heart wall

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1539-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Sanger ◽  
F.V. McCann
Keyword(s):  
Heart Wall ◽  
Alary Muscles

Memoirs: The Muscles of the Adult Honey-bee (Apis mellifera L.)

1928 ◽  
Vol s2-71 (284) ◽  
pp. 563-651
Author(s):  
GUY D. MORISON
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Muscle Attachment ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Histological Appearance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Alary Muscles

1. The entire musculature of the alimentary canal is described in gross and in histological detail. The development of the muscle is considered. The innervation is described, likewise the tracheation and its relation to muscular activity and the bloodstream. 2. The heart is described with a detailed histological account of its muscle-fibres. Its tracheation is described and its apparent lack of innervation is discussed. 3. The ‘alary’ muscles of the dorsal diaphragm are described with a detailed account of their histology, innervation, and tracheation. 4. The ventral diaphragm is described as well as the histology, innervation, and tracheation of its muscle-fibres. The course of blood and physiological questions connected with it receive discussion. 5. The muscles of the reproductive organs of drone, queen, and worker are described with particular reference to the histology, innervation, tracheation, and physiology of their fibres. 6. The indirect muscles of the wings (fibrous muscle) have their histology, innervation, and tracheation described in detail. The method of contraction of the entire muscles and of the individual fibres and fibrils is discussed. The sarcosomes are described with their physiological significance to contraction. 7. The attachment of all the types of muscle found in the bee is described in histological detail. Different opinions of muscle attachment to chitin are summarized. 8. Throughout the paper, histological measurements are given for the various types of muscle-fibres and their nuclei in the three castes of bee. Since in the three castes the histological appearance is so similar for each type of muscle, the illustrations have been limited to portions of the muscles of worker bees.

Control of the alary muscles of locust dorsal diaphragm

1981 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. MILLER ◽  
K. S.-RÓZSA
Keyword(s):  
Alary Muscles

scholarly journals Twist regulates Yorkie to guide lineage reprogramming of syncytial alary muscles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Rose ◽  
Jakob Bartle-Schultheis ◽  
Katrin Domsch ◽  
Ingolf Reim ◽  
Christoph Schaub
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Process ◽  
Hippo Pathway ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Lineage Reprogramming ◽  
Twist Expression ◽  
Founder Cells ◽  
The Hippo Pathway ◽  
Alary Muscles ◽  
Unique Mechanism

SummaryThe genesis of syncytial muscles is typically considered as a paradigm for an irreversible developmental process. Notably, transdifferentiation of syncytial muscles is naturally occurring during Drosophila development. The ventral longitudinal heart-associated musculature (VLM) arises by a unique mechanism that revokes the differentiated fate from the so-called alary muscles and comprises at least two distinct steps: syncytial muscle cell fragmentation into single myoblasts and direct reprogramming into founder cells of the VLM lineage. Here we provide evidence that the mesodermal master regulator twist plays a key role during this reprogramming process. Acting downstream of Drosophila Tbx1 (Org-1) in the alary muscle lineage, Twist is crucially required for the derepression of the Hippo pathway effector Yki and thus for the initiation of syncytial muscle dedifferentiation and fragmentation. Subsequently, cell-autonomous FGFR-Ras-MAPK signaling in the resulting mono-nucleated myoblasts is maintaining Twist expression, thereby stabilizing nuclear Yki activity and inducing their lineage switch into the founder cells of the VLM.

scholarly journals Yorkie and JNK revert syncytial muscles into myoblasts during Org-1 dependent lineage reprogramming

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Schaub ◽  
Marcel Rose ◽  
Manfred Frasch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Cellular Reprogramming ◽  
List Type ◽  
T Box ◽  
Lineage Reprogramming ◽  
Kinase Cascade ◽  
Alary Muscles

SummaryLineage reprogramming has become a prominent focus in research since it was demonstrated that lineage restricted transcription factors can be used in vitro for direct reprogramming [1]. Recently, we reported that the ventral longitudinal musculature (VLM) of the adult Drosophila heart arises in vivo by direct lineage reprogramming from alary muscles (AM), a process which starts with dedifferentiation and fragmentation of syncytial alary muscles into mononucleate myoblasts. Central upstream activators of the genetic program regulating the development of VLMs from alary muscles are the T-box factor Org-1 (Drosophila Tbx1) and the LIM homeodomain factor Tup (Drosophila Islet1) [2]. However, the events downstream of Org-1 and Tup that exert dedifferentiation and fragmentation of alary muscles have been unknown. In the present report, we shed light on the initiation of this first step of transdifferentiation and show that AM lineage specific activation of Yorkie (Yki), the transcriptional co-activator of the transcription factor Scalloped (Sd), has a key role in initiating AM lineage reprogramming. An additional necessary input comes from active dJNK signaling, which contributes to the inactivation of the Hippo kinase cascade upstream of Yki and furthermore activates dJun. The synergistic activities of the Yki/Sd and dJun/dFos (AP-1) transcriptional activator complexes in the absence of Hippo activity initiate AM dedifferentiation and lead to the expression of Myc and piwi, which are crucial for different aspects of AM transdifferentiation. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms that mediate muscle lineage plasticity during a cellular reprogramming process occurring in vivo.HighlightsDirect lineage reprogramming of alary muscles depends on Yorkie and JNKYorkie and JNK mediate reversal of syncytial muscle cell fateYki/Sd and AP-1 induce alary muscle dedifferentiation synergisticallyYki dependent Myc induces and Piwi mediates reprogramming of alary muscles

Circulatory and ventilatory movements of the abdomen in mosquitoes

1982 ◽  
Vol 215 (1198) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ventilatory Function ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Variable Amplitude ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Peristaltic Contractions ◽  
Alary Muscles ◽  
Lateral Walls

The lateral walls of the abdomen in freshly emerged male and female mosquitoes undergo intermittent bursts of peristaltic contractions. These movements, which may be quite violent, are lost at about 24 h in females at 30 °C but persist in males for a further 24–30 h; they are regained, however, in both sexes after a meal, even in adults 2 weeks old. The movements are associated with the muscles of the ventral diaphragm and are interpreted as being mainly circulatory in function. Rhythmic lateral contractions of a gentler nature occur throughout the life of adult mosquitoes; they are associated with the alary muscles and are interpreted as being mainly ventilatory in function. In mature unfed adults the abdominal tergites overlap the pleurae in which lie the spiracles; the lateral contractions cause this longitudinal fold to undergo a rhythmic flapping motion of variable amplitude but constant frequency. It is suggested that this flapping fold protecting the spiracles also has a ventilatory function and could perhaps be interpreted as the primordial insect wing in its early non-alary form and function. An independent peristaltic wave sometimes occurs along this fold in young adults.

scholarly journals Innervation of an amphipod heart

1954 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Alexandrowicz
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Local System ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Pericardial Cavity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Alary Muscles ◽  
Cardiac Nerves

SummaryIn the heart of Marinogammarus marinus three systems of nerve elements have been found, viz. (1) a local system consisting of a ganglionic trunk situated on the dorsal surface of the heart and sending branches to the muscle fibres, (2) two paired nerves, termed the 1st and 2nd cardiac nerves, connecting the local system with the central nervous system, and (3) nerves supplying the muscles of the arterial valves. It is assumed that the local system rules the beat of the heart and that the cardiac nerves have a regulating function.Not directly connected with the heart, but having relation to the blood circulation are two sets of nerves: (1) nerves supplying the alary muscles, presumably regulating the pressure in the pericardial cavity, and (2) nerves spreading over the lateral wall of the pericardium in neuropile-like plexuses and supposed to have a neurosecretory function.It is suggested that the centre controlling the blood circulation could be localized in the infraoesophageal ganglion.

scholarly journals Alary muscles and thoracic alary-related muscles are atypical striated muscles involved in maintaining the position of internal organs

Development ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (8) ◽  
pp. dev185645
Author(s):  
Laetitia Bataillé ◽  
Nathalie Colombié ◽  
Aurore Pelletier ◽  
Achim Paululat ◽  
Gaëlle Lebreton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Striated Muscles ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Alary Muscles

scholarly journals Yorkie and JNK revert syncytial muscles into myoblasts during Org-1–dependent lineage reprogramming

2019 ◽  
Vol 218 (11) ◽  
pp. 3572-3582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Schaub ◽  
Marcel Rose ◽  
Manfred Frasch
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Transcriptional Activators ◽  
Direct Reprogramming ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Lineage Reprogramming ◽  
Adult Drosophila ◽  
Alary Muscles ◽  
Shed Light

Lineage reprogramming has received increased research attention since it was demonstrated that lineage-restricted transcription factors can be used in vitro for direct reprogramming. Recently, we reported that the ventral longitudinal musculature of the adult Drosophila heart arises in vivo by direct lineage reprogramming from larval alary muscles, a process that starts with the dedifferentiation and fragmentation of syncytial muscle cells into mononucleate myoblasts and depends on Org-1 (Drosophila Tbx1). Here, we shed light on the events occurring downstream of Org-1 in this first step of transdifferentiation and show that alary muscle lineage-specific activation of Yorkie plays a key role in initiating the dedifferentiation and fragmentation of these muscles. An additional necessary input comes from active dJNK signaling, which contributes to the activation of Yorkie and furthermore activates dJun. The synergistic activities of the Yorkie/Scalloped and dJun/dFos transcriptional activators subsequently initiate alary muscle fragmentation as well as up-regulation of Myc and piwi, both crucial for lineage reprogramming.

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