Relative Competitiveness of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase-Resistant Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus Rudis)

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Duff ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Dallas E. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Single Plant ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
Amaranthus Rudis ◽  
Series Study

Research was conducted to determine the competitiveness and fitness of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox)-resistant common waterhemp biotype. Protox-resistant and protox-susceptible biotypes were grown under noncompetitive and competitive arrangements in the greenhouse. In the noncompetitive study, a single plant of each biotype was planted separately in 15-cm-diam pots. Photosynthesis, leaf area, and plant biomass were measured 10, 20, 30, and 40 d after transplanting (DATP). In general, photosynthesis rate and plant biomass were similar between biotypes. However, the protox-resistant biotype had higher leaf area than the susceptible biotype at 20, 30, and 40 DATP. A replacement series study was conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate the relative competitiveness of protox-resistant and protox-susceptible common waterhemp. Photosynthesis, leaf area, plant height, and plant biomass were measured 7, 14, 21, and 28 DATP. Protox-resistant and -susceptible common waterhemp were equally competitive 28 DATP. Relative crowding coefficient values 28 DATP were 0.86, 0.89, 1.09, and 1.13 for photosynthesis, leaf area, plant height, and plant biomass, respectively. This suggests protox-resistant and -susceptible common waterhemp were equally competitive and the frequency of protox-resistant biotype is unlikely to decrease in the absence of protox–herbicide selection pressure.

Comparison of Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) and Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Growth, Development, and Competitiveness under Three Temperature Regimes

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mature Seed ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Series Study

In a replacement series study, barley was more competitive than green foxtail and wild oat at 28/22 and 22/16 C. Wild oat was more competitive with green foxtail at 22/16 C than at 28/22 C. Maximum green foxtail dry weight and leaf area was produced at 28/22 C. As temperature increased, maximum dry weight and leaf area occurred earlier during plant growth. Similarly, maximum wild oat leaf area occurred earlier with increasing temperature, but the greatest leaf area was observed at 16/10 C. Leaf area ratio (LAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) of wild oat did not differ markedly between temperature regimes. Green foxtail LAR was higher while RGR was lower at 16/10 C than at 22/16 or 28/22 C. Under the 16/10 C regime green foxtail produced little mature seed. Greatest seed numbers were produced at 28/22 C. Wild oat produced mature seed under all temperature regimes with the greatest seed numbers produced at 22/16 C.

scholarly journals Mortierella elongata Increases Plant Biomass among Non-Leguminous Crop Species

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaile Zhang ◽  
Gregory Bonito ◽  
Chih-Ming Hsu ◽  
Khalid Hameed ◽  
Rytas Vilgalys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Leguminous Crop

Recent studies have shown that M. elongata (M. elongata) isolated from Populus field sites has a dual endophyte–saprotroph lifestyle and is able to promote the growth of Populus. However, little is known about the host fidelity of M. elongata and whether M. elongata strains differ from one another in their ability to promote plant growth. Here, we compared the impacts of three Populus-associated M. elongata isolates (PMI 77, PMI 93, and PMI 624) on the growth of seven different crop species by measuring plant height, plant dry biomass, and leaf area. M. elongata isolates PMI 624 and PMI 93 increased the plant height, leaf area, and plant dry weight of Citrullus lanatus, Zea mays, Solanum lycopersicum, and Cucurbita to a much greater degree than PMI 77 (33.9% to 14.1%). No significant impacts were observed for any isolate on the growth of Abelmoschus esculentus or Glycine max. On the contrary, Glycine max significantly decreased in height by 30.6% after the inoculation of M. elongata PMI 77. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that M. elongata generally promoted metrics of the plant performance among a diverse set of importantly non-leguminous crop species. Future research on understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie strain and host variability is warranted.

scholarly journals Management Options and Factors Affecting Control of a Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) Biotype Resistant to Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase-Inhibiting Herbicides

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana B. Harder ◽  
Kelly A. Nelson ◽  
Reid J. Smeda
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
Control Options ◽  
Amaranthus Rudis ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Herbicide Activity

Repeated use of protox-inhibiting herbicides has resulted in a common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudisSauer) biotype that survived lactofen applied up to 10 times the labeled rate. Field and greenhouse research evaluated control options for this biotype of common waterhemp. In the field, PRE applications of flumioxazin at 72 g ai ha−1, sulfentrazone at 240 g ai ha−1, and isoxaflutole at 70 g ai ha−1controlled common waterhemp >90% up to 6 weeks after treatment. POST applications of fomesafen at 330 g ai ha−1, lactofen at 220 g ai ha−1, and acifluorfen at 420 g ai ha−1resulted in <60% visual control of common waterhemp, but differences were detected among herbicides. In the greenhouse, glyphosate was the only herbicide that controlled protox resistant waterhemp. The majority of herbicide activity from POST flumioxazin, fomesafen, acifluorfen, and lactofen was from foliar placement, but control was less than 40% regardless of placement. Control of common waterhemp seeded at weekly intervals after herbicide treatment with flumioxazin, fomesafen, sulfentrazone, atrazine, and isoxaflutole exceeded 85% at 0 weeks after herbicide application (WAHA), while control with isoxaflutole was greater than 60% 6 WAHA. PRE and POST options for protox-resistant common waterhemp are available to manage herbicide resistance.

Competition between ACCase-Inhibitor Resistant and Susceptible Sterile Wild Oat (Avena sterilis) Biotypes

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilias S. Travlos
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Avena Sterilis ◽  
Canopy Area

Studies were conducted to determine the growth, fecundity, and competitive ability of an acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)–inhibitor resistant (R) sterile wild oat biotype compared with a susceptible (S) biotype. Seed germination studies indicated that there were no differences in seed germination and seedling vigor between R and S biotypes at any temperature regime. R and S biotypes were grown under noncompetitive and competitive arrangement in the greenhouse. Under noncompetitive greenhouse conditions, growth of the R biotype was similar to that of the S biotype on the basis of plant height, canopy area, and plant biomass. Seed production and weight of R and S plants were also at the same levels. Furthermore, relative competitiveness among the R and S sterile wild oat biotypes was investigated by means of replacement series experiments. The R and S biotypes were compared under seven mixture proportions (6 : 0, 5 : 1, 4 : 2, 3 : 3, 2 : 4, 1 : 5, and 0 : 6). No significant differences in competitive ability were observed between R and S biotypes on the basis of plant height, canopy area, or plant biomass. In most cases, relative crowding coefficient (RCC) values at 20, 60, and 100 d after transplanting (DAT) were close to one, indicating equal competitiveness between the R and S biotypes of wild oat used in this competitive study. However, in some cases, the RCC value was 1.31 for plant height, evident of a slight competitive advantage for the R biotype at 100 DAT. In general, ACCase-inhibitor R and S sterile wild oat biotypes were equally competitive, clearly without any growth penalty for R plants in either noncompetitive or competitive conditions.

Control of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitor–Resistant Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) in Corn and Soybean

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas E. Shoup ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Amaranthus Rudis

Field experiments were conducted in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate the efficacy of herbicides on protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox, EC 1.3.3.4) inhibitor–resistant common waterhemp in corn and soybean. All corn herbicides tested gave greater than 90% common waterhemp control by 8 wk after postemergence herbicide treatment (WAPT). In soybean, common waterhemp control was less than 40% by 8 WAPT with postemergence protox-inhibiting herbicides lactofen and acifluorfen. However, preemergence protox-inhibiting herbicides sulfentrazone and flumioxazin gave greater than 85% common waterhemp control in both years. The greatest common waterhemp control in soybean was with glyphosate alone, alachlor + metribuzin, alachlor followed by (fb) glyphosate, and S-metolachlor + metribuzin fb glyphosate.

scholarly journals Impact of autumn (fall) dormancy rating on growth and development of seedling lucerne

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.T. Ta ◽  
E.I. Teixeira ◽  
D.J. Moot
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Individual Leaf ◽  
Fall Dormancy

To quantify the influence of autumn (fall) dormancy (FD) on DM production and phenological development during the seedling phase, three lucerne genotypes with contrasting ratings were grown at Lincoln University, New Zealand. A dormant (FD2), a semi-dormant (FD5), and a winter-active (FD10) genotype were inoculated and sown at a rate of 290 plants/m2 on 8 October 2014. By the end of the seedling phase (15 January 2015) the FD10 genotype had produced 20% higher shoot yield and 17% higher root yield than the other two genotypes. The percentage of total biomass partitioned to roots (Proot) was 50% for all genotypes. Total plant biomass (root + shoot yields) was 6.55 t DM/ha for FD10 compared with 5.57 t DM/ha for FD 2 and FD5. Plant height at the open-flower stage was 39.5 cm for FD10 compared with 34.5 cm for FD5 and 33.5 cm for FD2. Maximum leaf area index was similar amongst genotypes at 2.5. However, individual leaf area was 142, 119 and 111 cm2/stem for FD10, FD5 and FD2, respectively. The phyllochron was 52oCd per primary leaf (base temperature of 1oC) and consistent amongst genotypes. The number of primary leaves and branches were also conservative at 17 and 14/shoot, respectively. Therefore, differences in shoot yield among these lucerne genotypes during the seedling stage were mainly due to differences in plant height and individual leaf area expansion per plant. This led to greater light interception and therefore higher total biomass accumulation for FD10 than for the other two genotypes. Keywords: alfalfa, autumn, Medicago sativa L., phyllochron

scholarly journals The potency of mexican sunflower extract as the replacement of manure and rice husk charcoal in banana seedling

Jurnal Agro ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-54
Author(s):  
Andre Sparta ◽  
Arifah Rahmi ◽  
Panca Jarot Santoso ◽  
Ida Fitrianingsih
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Organic Manure ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Tithonia Diversifolia ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil Medium ◽  
Number Of Leaves

In the nursery, media composition plays an essential role in the growth and development of plant seedlings. Extract of Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) could be suitable for replacing organic manure and rice husk charcoal during the seedling phase. The purpose of this study is to examine the ability of Mexican sunflower extract to replace organic manure and rice husk charcoal as the source of nutrients for banana seedling. The study was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with seven treatments and three replications. Extract of Mexican sunflower promotes plant growth (plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area), improves plant biomass, and improves soil chemical properties (pH (H2O), C organic, and total N). Application twice a week of Mexican sunflower into soil medium resulted superior in plant height, the number of leaves, leaf area, and total biomass of banana seedlings compared to other treatments. Extract of Mexican sunflower could replace organic manure and rice husk charcoal as the nutrient source in banana seedlings. AbstrakPada saat pembibitan, komposisi media memiliki peranan penting terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bibit tanaman. Ekstrak bunga matahari Meksiko (Tithonia diversifolia) dapat menjadi pilihan yang cocok untuk menggantikan peran dari pupuk kandang dan sekam bakar pada fase pembibitan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari kemampuan dari ekstrak bunga matahari Meksiko untuk menggantikan peran pupuk kandang dan sekam bakar sebagai sumber nutrisi bagi bibit pisang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan tujuh perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Ekstrak bunga matahari Meksiko dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, dan luas daun), biomassa tanaman, dan property dari kimia tanah (pH (H2O), karbon  organik  dan   total nitrogen). Aplikasi dari ekstrak bunga matahari Meksiko dua kali seminggu ke media tanah menghasilkan tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, luas daun dan total biomassa tanaman yang lebih baik dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak bunga matahari Meksiko dapat menggantikan peran dari pupuk kandang sapi dan sekam bakar sebagai sumber nutrisi bagi bibit pisang.           

Competition Between Triazine-Resistant and -Susceptible Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis)

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 853-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel D. Anderson ◽  
Leon G. Higley ◽  
Alex R. Martin ◽  
Fred W. Roeth
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Volume Replacement ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
Amaranthus Rudis ◽  
Plant Densities

The relative competitiveness of triazine-resistant (TR) and -susceptible (TS) common waterhemp, as a component of fitness, was assessed using TR and TS biotypes collected from the same field in Fillmore County, Nebraska. Competition between biotypes was evaluated under greenhouse conditions using a set of replacement series experiments with five ratios of TR:TS (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:4) and four plant densities (50, 100, 150, and 300 plants m−2). No difference in final individual plant weight between TR and TS plants was observed in the absence of interbiotypic competition at all plant densities examined. Interbiotypic competition was indicated by ANOVA of plant weight and modified relative crowding coefficients (RCC) for plant weight, height, and volume. Replacement series diagrams showed TS plants were more competitive than TR plants, as measured by plant weight at densities of 50, 100, and 150 plants m−2. TS and TR plants were equally competitive at 300 plants m−2. Individual TS plant weight for 50, 100, and 150 plants m−2was greatest at the 3:1 ratio (TR:TS) and decreased as the proportion of susceptible plants increased. Individual TR plant weight for 50, 100, and 150 plants m−2was greatest at the 1:0 ratio and decreased as the TR proportion decreased. Lack of interbiotypic competition at 300 plants m−2and decreasing TS plant weight with increasing ratios suggest intrabiotypic competition. RCC values for volume and height were calculated weekly during the experiment and indicated the competitive advantage of TS plants was constant from transplanting through harvest.

scholarly journals Roses Growth and Flowering Responding to Concentration and Frequency of Seaweed (Sargassum crassifolium L.) Liquid Extract Application

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-244
Author(s):  
K. Sumangala ◽  
S. Srikrishnah ◽  
S. Sutharsan
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Seaweed Extract ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Liquid Extract ◽  
Randomized Design

Rose is a popular cut flower in Sri Lanka and mainly cultivated for the export market. An experiment was conducted at the Crop Farm, Eastern University, Sri Lanka to assess the effects of seaweed liquid extract on growth and flowering of roses (Rosa sp.) from June to September 2018. Seven treatments of seaweed liquid extract applications (10% once a week (T1), 10% twice a week (T2), 20% once a week (T3), 20% twice a week (T4), 30% once a week (T5), 30% twice a week (T6) and distilled water (T7- control)) were applied at completely randomized design with ten replications. Plant height, leaf area, plant biomass and number of flowers were significantly higher in T3. Once a week application of 20% seaweed liquid extract had the potential to increase the plant height, leaf area, plant biomass, number of flowers and dry weight of flowers in this experiment. It might be due to the presence of nutrients and the growth promoters in the S. crassifolium L. seaweed extract and optimum concentration of seaweed extract received by plants at T3.From this experiment, it could be concluded that once a week application of 20% seaweed liquid extract is suitable for promoting growth and flowering of roses.

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