Absorption and Translocation of Glyphosate, Metsulfuron, and Triclopyr in Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum)

Weed Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey T. Hutchinson ◽  
Kenneth A. Langeland ◽  
Gregory E. MacDonald ◽  
Robert Querns
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Florida Everglades ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Horizontal Movement ◽  
Old World ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Southern Florida

Old World climbing fern is one of the most invasive plants in natural areas of central and southern Florida. The fern spreads across the landscape by wind-blown spores and invades isolated and undisturbed habitats such as interior portions of the Florida Everglades. Land managers in Florida have reported that multiple herbicide treatments are required to control the fern, which could indicate that herbicides do not translocate throughout the plant in long-established populations. We conducted a greenhouse study to determine the absorption and translocation patterns in Old World climbing fern using the three herbicides most commonly used for management of this plant by land managers in Florida. Using14C-labeled herbicides, we evaluated absorption and translocation of glyphosate (2.25 kg ai ha−1), metsulfuron (0.10 kg ai ha−1), and triclopyr (1.68 kg ai ha−1) in Old World climbing fern using five different application scenarios (cut-and-spray, basal spray, 25% foliar spray, 50% foliar spray, and 100% foliar spray). Triclopyr was absorbed to the greatest extent (60.3%) of applied radioactive compounds compared to glyphosate (31.2%) and metsulfuron (19.8%). The majority of radioactivity remained in treated leaves for all herbicides with only small percentages of the absorbed radioactivity being detected in other plant parts. All three herbicides translocated acropetally and basipitally to some extent. Radioactivity, for the most part, translocated evenly throughout the plants but the greatest amount of radioactivity derived from triclopyr occurred in rhizomes when the cut-and-spray and basal applications were used. The radioactivity in rhizomes derived from glyphosate was greater in those treated using cut-and-spray. Based on autoradiographs, there was limited horizontal movement of any herbicide in the rhizomes of Old World climbing fern which could explain why resprouts are observed several weeks following treatment.

Imazamox Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism by Cereal Rye (Secale cereale) at Low Temperatures

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Ostlie ◽  
Dale Shaner ◽  
Melissa Bridges ◽  
Phillip Westra
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Warm Temperature ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Treated Leaf

AbstractCereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) control in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) can be difficult with existing selective herbicides. High phenotypic diversity within populations coupled with suboptimal herbicide application conditions leads to varying degrees of control with herbicide treatments. The following research focused on the consequence of low temperature on imazamox fate inS. cereale. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the number of warm-temperature days required for imazamox to controlS. cereale. Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of imazamox was evaluated under warm (22/18C) and cold (4/4C) temperatures to identify changes to the fate of imazamox under different environmental conditions. In greenhouse conditions, more than 5 d of warm temperature following herbicide application was required to achieve 80%S. cerealemortality. Absorption of imazamox was reduced 20% whenS. cerealewas subjected to cold compared with warm temperatures. Only 10% of applied imazamox was moved from the treated leaf in continuous cool temperatures compared with greater than 60% in warm conditions. In cold conditions, imazamox content increased in all tested plant parts evaluated for the duration of the study, whereas in warm conditions, imazamox concentrations decreased in root and crown tissues after 3 d. Imazamox behavior was affected more by temperature thanS. cerealegrowth stage.Secale cerealemetabolism of imazamox was reduced, but not stopped in cold temperatures. After 6 d, only a 10% difference in intact imazamox remained between temperature treatments. In cold temperatures, reduced absorption and translocation, coupled with continued metabolism, allow plants to recover from an otherwise lethal imazamox treatment.

Cadillo (Urena lobata) control with POST herbicides

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 387-392
Author(s):  
José Luiz C. S. Dias ◽  
Guilherme Esteves Duarte ◽  
Wendy Linares Colombo ◽  
Brent A. Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
The Common ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Biomass Reduction

AbstractCadillo is an invasive species in Florida pastures and natural areas. Despite its invasiveness, relatively few studies have evaluated cadillo management. Thus, the objective of this research was to determine effective POST herbicides for cadillo control in Florida. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted at the Range Cattle Research and Education Center near Ona, FL, in 2015 and 2016. In the greenhouse study, triclopyr-ester, aminopyralid, metsulfuron, 2,4-D amine, aminopyralid+metsulfuron, aminocyclopyrachlor+metsulfuron, and imazapyr+aminocyclopyrachlor+metsulfuron provided ≥80% control of cadillo 28 d after treatment (DAT). Aminocyclopyrachlor at 17 and 35 g ha–1were the only treatments with <80% control, with 70% and 75% control, respectively. Similar results were reflected in cadillo dry biomass reduction. The herbicide treatments used in the field study were triclopyr-ester, aminopyralid, 2,4-D amine, aminocyclopyrachlor, and triclopyr+fluroxypyr. Most treatments provided excellent control in the field (≥90% control) 30 DAT, and by 60 DAT all treatments provided 100% control. Results from these studies suggest that cadillo is susceptible to many of the common POST herbicides utilized in pastures and natural areas in Florida.

Mapping Invasive Plant Distributions in the Florida Everglades Using the Digital Aerial Sketch Mapping Technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
LeRoy Rodgers ◽  
Tony Pernas ◽  
Steven D. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Florida Everglades ◽  
Mapping Technique ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Positional Accuracy ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Old World

AbstractThe management of exotic, invasive plants is among the most challenging undertakings of natural resource managers, particularly in large, remote landscapes. The availability of information on the distribution and abundance of invasive plants is vital for effective strategic planning yet is often unavailable because of high costs and long procurement times. This paper presents results of a large-scale invasive plant mapping effort in the Florida Everglades utilizing digital aerial sketch mapping (DASM) and evaluates its utility for guiding management decisions. The distribution and abundance (cover) of four priority invasive plant species—Australian pine, Brazilian pepper, melaleuca, and Old World climbing fern—were mapped over 728,000 ha in the Everglades during 2010 to 2012. Brazilian peppertree was the most widely distributed and abundant species, occupying 30,379 ha. Melaleuca was also widely distributed and occupied 17,802 ha. Old World climbing fern occupied only 7,033 ha but its distribution was generally concentrated in heavy infestations in the northern Everglades. Australian pine was the least abundant of the mapped species and tended to be limited to the southeastern Everglades region. DASM proved to be a cost-effective means of obtaining region-wide distribution and abundance information for these species at broad scales (> 500 m), but detection rates and positional accuracy declined at finer scales. Both canopy type (forested vs. unforested) and distance from flight transect appear to be important factors for detection accuracy.

Selective herbicides for control of hen’s eyes (Ardisia crenata) in forests and natural areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-235
Author(s):  
Richard Cristan ◽  
Patrick J. Minogue ◽  
Stephen F. Enloe ◽  
Brent Sellers ◽  
Anna Osiecka
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Invasive Shrub ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

AbstractHen’s eyes (Ardisia crenata Sims) is a shade-tolerant invasive shrub displacing native understory in forests of the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. Few studies have explored herbicide effectiveness on A. crenata, with foliar applications of triclopyr amine or triclopyr ester typically referenced as the standard treatments. This study evaluated efficacy of eight foliar herbicide treatments and a nontreated check at three locations at 12 mo after the first treatment (12MAT1) and 12 mo after the second treatment (12MAT2) on established (greater than 8-cm high) and seedling (less than 8-cm high) A. crenata. Treatments were four triclopyr formulations: amine, ester, choline, and acid (all at 4.04 kg ae ha−1); imazamox (1.12 and 2.24 kg ae ha−1); flumioxazin (0.43 kg ai ha−1); and triclopyr amine plus flumioxazin (4.04 + 0.43 kg ae ha−1). At 12MAT1, triclopyr ester, the high rate of imazamox, and triclopyr acid resulted in greater control of established A. crenata than any other herbicide (68%, 66%, and 64%, respectively). At 12MAT2, all herbicides except flumioxazin resulted in some control of A. crenata. Triclopyr ester, triclopyr acid, and the high rate of imazamox provided 95%, 93%, and 92% control, respectively. Triclopyr choline did not perform as well as the acid or ester formulations, and the tank mix of flumioxazin and triclopyr amine did not improve control over triclopyr amine alone. This study identified triclopyr acid and imazamox (2.24 kg ae ha−1) as new options for A. crenata control and indicated variation in the performance among the four triclopyr formulations.

Distribution and Diurnal Variation of Nonstructural Carbohydrate in Peanut Grown Under Unshaded and Shaded Conditions1

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Farnham ◽  
H. D. Gross ◽  
J. J. Cappy
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Shade Cloth

Abstract Diurnal variation in carbohydrate content of plant parts has been recognized for many years. Such variation in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plant has received little attention. In order to better understand the dynamics of carbohydrate accumulation and utilization in peanut, a greenhouse study was undertaken to examine the effects of shading on diurnal patterns of carbohydrate distribution in this crop. The cultivar, NC 4, was grown under unaltered greenhouse conditions (control) or under shade cloth (37% of photosynthetic photon flux of control). Plants were harvested 40 and 64 days after planting, at beginning bloom and full-pod. At each harvest date plants were sampled every three hours during a 24-h cycle. The concentrations of reducing and nonreducing sugars and starch were analyzed in leaf, stem, and root plus nodule tissues for all samples. Control plants accumulated about twice the dry matter, nodule mass, and fixed N2 as shaded. The carbohydrate concentration was greater in tissues of controls than in those of shaded plants. Growth stage affected both carbohydrate concentration in tissues and the diurnal variation within tissues. All plants harvested at the bloom stage showed significant but individual diurnal effects on concentrations of reducing and nonreducing sugars and starch in leaves, and significant and comparable patterns of nonreducing sugars and starch in roots. Plants harvested at the pod stage exhibited few significant diurnal effects; there was substantial plant-to-plant variability at this stage. Results from this study emphasize the importance of considering the time of day and developmental stage when analyzing nonstructural carbohydrates in peanut tissues.

Predicting rapid invasion of the Florida Everglades by Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum)

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Volin ◽  
Michael S. Lott ◽  
Jordan D. Muss ◽  
Dianne Owen
Keyword(s):  
Florida Everglades ◽  
Old World

scholarly journals The Critical Importance of Old World Fruit Bats for Healthy Ecosystems and Economies

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheema Abdul Aziz ◽  
Kim R. McConkey ◽  
Krizler Tanalgo ◽  
Tuanjit Sritongchuay ◽  
Mary-Ruth Low ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Old World ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Foraging Movement ◽  
The Many ◽  
Anthropogenic Threats

Despite extensive documentation of the ecological and economic importance of Old World fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) and the many threats they face from humans, negative attitudes towards pteropodids have persisted, fuelled by perceptions of bats as being pests and undesirable neighbours. Such long-term negativity towards bats is now further exacerbated by more recent disease-related concerns, particularly associated with the current COVID-19 pandemic. There remains an urgent need to investigate and highlight the positive and beneficial aspects of bats across the Old World. While previous reviews have summarised these extensively, numerous new studies conducted over the last 36 years have provided further valuable data and insights which warrant an updated review. Here we synthesise research on pteropodid-plant interactions, comprising diet, ecological roles, and ecosystem services, conducted during 1985-2020. We uncovered a total of 311 studies covering 75 out of the known 201 pteropodid species (37%), conducted in 47 countries. The majority of studies documented diet (52% of all studies; 67 pteropodid species), followed by foraging movement (49%; 50 pteropodid species), with fewer studies directly investigating the roles played by pteropodids in seed dispersal (24%; 41 pteropodid species), pollination (14%; 19 pteropodid species), and conflict with fruit growers (12%; 11 pteropodid species). Pteropodids were recorded feeding on 1072 plant species from 493 genera and 148 families, with fruits comprising the majority of plant parts consumed, followed by flowers/nectar/pollen, leaves, and other miscellaneous parts. Sixteen pteropodid species have been confirmed to act as pollinators for a total of 21 plant species, and 29 pteropodid species have been confirmed to act as seed dispersers for a total of 311 plant species. Anthropogenic threats disrupting bat-plant interactions in the Old World include hunting, direct persecution, habitat loss/disturbance, invasive species, and climate change, leading to ecosystem-level repercussions. We identify notable research gaps and important research priorities to support conservation action for pteropodids.

scholarly journals TOLERANCE OF ORNAMENTAL GRASSES TO POSTEMERGENCE GRASS HERBICIDES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1104G-1104
Author(s):  
Joanna Hubbard ◽  
Ted Whitwell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Ornamental Grasses ◽  
Grass Weed

Ornamental grasses are popular landscape plants and often encounter turf encroachment or other grass weed problems. Several postemergence grass herbicides are available for use in turf and ornamentals and herbicide tolerance information is needed for ornamental grass species. Fifteen ornamental grasses including species from the genera Calamagrostis, Cortaderia, Eragrostis, Erianthus, Miscanthus, Sorghastrum, Spartina, Panicum and Pennisetum were field planted in Clemson, SC in May 1989 and Festuca species in November, 1989. Herbicide treatments were fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-P and sethoxydim at 0.4 kg a.i.·ha-1 applied 4 weeks after planting and an untreated control. Height and injury evaluations were taken at weekly intervals and plants were harvested 10 weeks after treatment. Fenoxaprop-ethyl treated Calamagrostis and Festuca species treated with all herbicides were the only treatments that were the same as untreated controls in terms of % injury, height and dry weight. Three ornamental Calamagrostis species were evaluated in a greenhouse study to determine the level of tolerance to fenoxaprop-ethyl at 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 kg a.i.·ha-1. No visual injury symptoms were seen on any treatments as compared to untreated controls but growth rates of the youngest leaves did vary among species shortly after treatment.

scholarly journals TOLERANCE OF ORNAMENTAL GRASSES TO POSTEMERGENCE GRASS HERBICIDES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1104g-1104
Author(s):  
Joanna Hubbard ◽  
Ted Whitwell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Ornamental Grasses ◽  
Grass Weed

Ornamental grasses are popular landscape plants and often encounter turf encroachment or other grass weed problems. Several postemergence grass herbicides are available for use in turf and ornamentals and herbicide tolerance information is needed for ornamental grass species. Fifteen ornamental grasses including species from the genera Calamagrostis, Cortaderia, Eragrostis, Erianthus, Miscanthus, Sorghastrum, Spartina, Panicum and Pennisetum were field planted in Clemson, SC in May 1989 and Festuca species in November, 1989. Herbicide treatments were fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-P and sethoxydim at 0.4 kg a.i.·ha-1 applied 4 weeks after planting and an untreated control. Height and injury evaluations were taken at weekly intervals and plants were harvested 10 weeks after treatment. Fenoxaprop-ethyl treated Calamagrostis and Festuca species treated with all herbicides were the only treatments that were the same as untreated controls in terms of % injury, height and dry weight. Three ornamental Calamagrostis species were evaluated in a greenhouse study to determine the level of tolerance to fenoxaprop-ethyl at 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 kg a.i.·ha-1. No visual injury symptoms were seen on any treatments as compared to untreated controls but growth rates of the youngest leaves did vary among species shortly after treatment.

scholarly journals Population Structure and Curative Uses of Invasive Plants in and around the Protected Forests of Bangladesh: A Means of Utilization of Potential Invasive Species

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Habibur Rahman ◽  
Bishwajit Roy
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Fallow Land ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Protected Forests

Invasive plants were planted in Bangladesh to improve the stand stock quickly and meet the country’s rapidly growing demand for timber. Although invasive species have negative impacts on local ecosystems, but some species are useful too. Therefore, the present study was conducted in and around two protected forests of Bangladesh to assess the status, species diversity, and curative uses of invasive plants. A total of 60 sample plots were surveyed from 5 habitat types, for example, forest, roadside, homestead, fallow land, and others. Plants uses data were collected through interviews and focus group discussions. Study recorded 43 invasive medicinal plant species belonging to 28 families, of which Asteraceae constituted the highest family importance value (21.9). Among the habitat types, fallow land (32 species) and roadside (29 species) possess the highest number of species. Based on people’s perceptions, plants were categorized into three level of invasion: low (11 species), moderate (19 species), and high (13 species). The use of aerial plant parts was higher (68%) than the whole plant (17%). Consensus of local community’s (ICF) was high in managing gastrointestinal (0.65) followed by respiratory (0.60) diseases. A number of biological diversity indices were applied to quantify definite diversity. Therefore, a national programme must be initiated to increased invasive plant inventory, monitoring, and research on distinguishing the harmful from the harmless species and identifying the potential uses of invasive species.

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